Ka hao, mai ke kila i kekahi visually?

Maloosvedomlonny kanaka, e hoomanao i ka papa kuhikuhiE kūkulu nā o keia ka hao. Iā Kalani ike i ka hua'ōlelo "metala" pili i ka hao-kalapona oka a - kila a hoolei hao. Ua makemake mea e mau loa kekahi mau mea, a loa oluolu e hoomaopopo. Naʻe, haawiia mai ka laulā huahelu o ke ano a me ka hōʻailona a ke olonā i laina oko i loko o ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka mea hiki ole i ka hoʻoholo' ana i kekahi o ia mau mea. He nui ke i hou nā mākau ma ka mea, e ike i ka pane ana i ka ninau: hoolei hao i ka ke kila ma mua oʻokoʻa?

kiola hao

An oka haku mele 'ana i loaʻa ka hao, kalapona ma ka nui o ka 2,14-6,67, luaipele, phosphorus, manganese, silikone a me nā mea hoʻonui, kapa puaa hao. I ka moolelo o ka smelting hoomaka ma ke Iron Age. An nui mall mea, i ke kumu ke hooheheeia, a me ka steelmaking holoʻokoʻa.

hi'ona:

1. Roughness i loaa i kekahi matte oho waihoʻoluʻu.
2. Ke Kēhaupaʻa ma 1000-1600˚S ke kaumaha ma muli o ka haku mele 'ana (ma ka awelika no ka hanalima - 1000-1200˚S keʻokeʻo puaʻa hao heheʻe, a ma kiekie Mahana O Ke Kai).
3. Nuʻa 7200-7600 kg / ka m ^3.
4. I Kekahi Mau wela: 540 J / (kg˚S).
5. High paakiki: 400-650NV.
6. Low ductility, nui popopo ka wā malalo i ka puʻe; i ka lani kiekie loa nā loina no elongation ua ductile ductile hao δ = 6-12%.
7. Low ikaika: 100-200 MPa no ka ductile kona waiwai hiki 300-370 MPa, no kekahi papa o ka kiʻekiʻe - 600-800 MPa.
8. Hoohalike ma ka wela lapaʻau, akā, kākaʻikahi, a me ka malama nui, no ka mea, mea ano o ke kaʻina hana o ka ńlua.
9. Doped hoʻohana kākoʻo Nine Inch hehee wale, akā, nui degere o doping hou complicates ka aaioee keʻano o ka hanaʻana.
10. Ua wehewehe aku e kupono weldability, maikai machinability, maikaʻi ninini waiwai. Forging a me ka hahiʻana hiki ole e.
11. Good abrasion ia'ku a me ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai.

Hao - ka mea no ke kino māhele, 'iniha, kapuaʻi, mīkini wahi ua hanaʻia ma ka hana ana. He He nui ke keʻena o ka feedstock no ka kila smelting.

kila

Hao-kalapona oka a ec kalapona i loko o ka nui o ka i oi aku mamua o 2,14%, a me ka hao - ole e emi malalo o 45%, ua kapaia ke kila. Kona papa kuhikuhiE ano:

1. I laumania, ka mea, i ke kālā ano me ka kiʻiona sheen.
2. Ke Kēhaupaʻa loko o 1450˚S.
3. I ka pa apŘ mea, mai 7700 a hiki i 7900 kg / ka m ^3.
4. Ka wela nona iho i mehana ea o ka 462 J / (kg˚S).
5. Low paakiki, he awelika o 120-250 HB.
6. Maikaʻi plasticity: elongation ololi δ no kekahi lama loli aʻe i loko o 5-35% no ka hapanui - δ≥20-40%.
7. ʻO ia hoʻi, ke aiee o tensile ikaika no mall mea - 300-450 MPa; no ka kiʻekiʻe-ikaika oka a - 600-800 MPa.
8. Good waiwai amenable e? Iaea ma ka wela a me ka himikotermicheskoy aaioee.
9. 'Imi doped me nā Nine Inch oihana mua a me ka mea o ka hoʻololi' ana i ka waiwai a me ka hana.
10. Qualitatively kiʻekiʻe weldability hana ana, a me ka workabilityʻoki puʻe.
11. Wehewehe aku ma ka haʻahaʻa ka popopo e kū'ē'ē mai.

Steel - he mele mall oka a pau i loko o ke kālā no metallurgy, ma paʻi 'enekinia, instrumentation a me ka' ike loea.

E kau i ke kumu o nā lāliʻi o ke 'ano o ka

E noʻonoʻo i ka piha 'ano o kēia mau oka a pau, ka mea, he pomaikai, e hoʻohana i ka ike o ka hao, mai ke kila oko ao. ʻalo me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hoopii mai ai, ke kanalua kona kumu, rationally koke ke hoole i ka papa kuhikuhiE hoʻohanohano i keʻanoʻenehana waiwai. No laila, e hoolei hao - i ka nininiʻia. No ka mea, produces he mea pa, paa paipu, mīkini casings, Hawaii, nui mea mea hoʻonohonohoʻia. O ke kila wahi i no mea a pau nui like 'ole a me ka manaʻo pohihihi, mai keia noi forging, hahiʻana, unuhi aku la ia, ape a me nā epekema no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e hana ana i ka puʻuwai. Penei, ina he mea kekahi ninau e pili ana i ke kumu o ke kilo hiki ia i lana ai - keia mea kila. Inā 'oe e hoihoi i loko o ke kumu o ka papakaukau ipu keleawe - ia Aloha hao. Inā 'oe pono e aʻo mai mea i ka Hawaii neo? Aaiiai? A me ka crankshaft - e akoakoa ai i nā koho no iaia e like me nā mea hiki.

Kala like 'ole' ano a me ka fragility Ka Ikepili

I mea e ike pehea eʻike hao mai kila a hiki i ka maka, e pono e hoomanao e pili ana i ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia makapōʻokoʻa. No ka typical hao matte oho waihoʻoluʻu a me ka hoʻonaninani mawaho hionapāʻili. Steel wehewehe aku ma kekahi kuikawa no kona maikaʻi loa silvery hue a me ka palena haʻahaʻa roughness.

I nui ka ike e pili ana pehea eʻike hao mai kila visually, ka 'ike e pili ana i ka plasticity o kēia mau mea. Inā ka hoao ana workpiece paha mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea e ole i ka waiwai nui, e hiki e ho'āʻo iā lākou mai i ka ikaika a me ka ductility ma ana i ka luku ikaika. Fragile hao popopo i apana, oiai ke kila ua ino wale. I oi nui wahie, i kauoha ia i ka palaoa, e loaa ke olonā i hao? Inoaia likeʻole ke ano a me nā'āpana o ke kila - nui, i ka pololei hoʻonohonohoʻia.

Oki a me kaʻepekema

Pehea eʻike hao, mai ke kila i loko o ka hale? He mea pono e loaa mai ia ia i ka lole lepo paha shavings. Mai ke kila he kiʻekiʻe ductility, a me na inoaia ka mea, he izvivisty külana. ka wāʻeli i ke kua a hana pāpaʻu fracture a me ka lepo kekahi popopo kiola hao.

No ka lepo 'oe ke hoʻohana i ka waihona a rasp, a me ka wahi palena a hiki i ke olonā wāwae hoihoi i loko o nā lāliʻi. Ke kūpono ke olonā shavings e noonoo i ka lima a me ke keʻokeʻo kuina o ka pepa. E hookuke hao he kalapona ma o ka nui nui i loko o ka palapala o ka graphite nodules. Nolaila, i ka wa a anaanai i kona lepo koeʻeleʻele graphite "kumumea". ʻO ia kalapona steels mea i loko o ka ua nakiiia ma na noho, no laila, ke ÿole mechanical hopena ma luna o ka lepo, aole ia e haawi aku i kekahi i nanaia hopena.

E hoʻa'ā i a me nā hunaahi

Pehea eʻike hao mai kila? He mea pono ke hana i ka pono lako a pan, a me ka uuku lako hou o ke ahonui.

Ma ka hihia mua, e hiki ke Kauai i ka hahana maoli nō kēia, no ka laʻana, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka blowtorch, kahikoia no initially ma kūikawā aiiay ke kapa a me ka malama ana i ka maluhia rula i hana. pono e mahuahua ke ana wela ma mua o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ka hauneneʻe metala. Ua ua mai la oia i ka hao mahele heheʻe i ka mahana oi aku ma mua ia o ka kila. Naʻe, i kēia pili kuhikuhi i keʻokeʻo a me ka puaa hao. Ma nā mea a pau hanalima lama - ka mea, aia no iloko olaila kalapona i loko o ka nui o ka i oi aku mamua o 4,3%, a hehee nei ma 1000-1200˚S. Penei, he mea hiki, e hehee nui wikiwiki.

Cognitive hana no ka loaa 'ike e pili ana i ka hao, mai kila oko ao o ka hoʻohana' ana i ka mana hāpana i loko o ka wili mīkini, a ma ka huʻi huahelu sander. Ka Ikepili lawe mai ma luna o nā 'ano o nā hunaahi. No ka nou ana la o hao ua wehewehe aku ma ka hoopaaʻulaʻula hunaahi, a no ka kila - ao alohilohi i hoomakapo kukuna me ka pōkole keʻokeʻo-yellow tinge.

me ka mea kani

An hana hoihoi hiʻona mea pehea eʻike hao mai kila kani. Kēia mau oka a puhi okoa. Ia mea,ʻaʻole e pono i ka paka i ka mea hele pū ma luna o ka? Ueony mana iauaeoia. Akā, he mea pono ia i nā ka hāpana a ua loaa ia lohe i keia mea. Steel mai he oi aku nuʻa, i loli ai kona kani. Ma ka hopena ia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea kani mea nui oi sonorous ma mua i loko o ka ia kulana me ka hao.

I ka ike, i ka hao, mai ke kila oko ao, e mea pono ia i kekahi ike i kēia mau mea a me kekahi mau hoao ana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, he hoao ana i ka 'oihana i loko o ka mahinaʻai o forging, wili, mīkini wili pōhaku,ʻeli, haliu ae la ia, wela lapaʻau, a me kuʻihao, metallurgy paha technician, e hiki wawe ka maopopo ma waena o lakou, koʻu mahalo wale visually paha ma ka nano.