Ka nui loa aloha keena

Nine aeea hui eaaaony no ke alo o nā waiwai a me ka hui. Penei, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ke alo o ka macro- a me microelements, ka wai a me ka mea pōhaku paʻakai. Iloko o ka halepaahao, a ke aloha mea, no ka nui o ka i hooholo kona waiwai. Mau hui no hoi i ka hopena ma luna o ka helu o nā 'ano o ka meaola me ka a pau. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka Nine Inch haku mele 'ana o ka laau aeea a me ka holoholona mea'ālike i ka'ātoma kiʻekiʻe. loaʻa nō kekahi oko ao ma ka hakakino kiʻekiʻe.

He nui ke aloha waiwai aeee i wehewehe aku ai i ko lakou haku mele 'ana kikowaena nui nā lātoma (macromolecules). Nō kāu, ka mea, aia no iloko olaila hou like me ka 'ole i ka haʻahaʻa-hakakino i huiʻia. Mau hui i ua hoʻopiliʻia i ka covalent hoopaa ua hana a me na monomers. Nā monomers, ma ka huli, hana i ka lātoma i ua kapaia ka pīlali.

Ka nui loa aloha keena - nā bipi kūpaluʻia, nukelea nāʻakika, carbohydrates a me nā polokina.

nā polokina

Lakou hoike no ka ma kahi he umi i ka iwakalua pakeneka. Mau ole polymers EIAaAO'amino nāʻakika like monomers. Nā polokina (i e like me nā hui) i kuʻu mai me kekahi mau nui hiʻona. Mua, i kēia mau keena i ke aloha waiwai nunui hakakino kaumaha. No ka laʻana, ka mea hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana o ke Muscle kumuʻiʻo 15 00000 kDa, akā, no ka laʻana,'eto ka waiʻona - 46.

E like me kekahi hapa o na polymers o nā polokina loaʻa ma kahi o iwakalua'amino nāʻakika. Kēlā me kēia no ia i kona iho 'ole, i ka inoa, ka waiwai. 'aminoʻakika lātoma la i komo ai o nā wahi. Kekahi hapa o ka ia no a pau, a me ka loaʻa o ka carboxylicʻakika pūʻulu a me ka'amino pae. ʻO kekahi hapa mea okoa, a ua kapaia "'ano'ē".

pāʻani nā polokina he kūlana o kekahi kumu o ka ikehu. Loko o na keena e wawahi ia i ka'amino nāʻakika mau hui. Kekahi o ia e hoʻohana no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala, oiai ka kekahi aoao kŰlń ao hohonu splitting kaʻina. I ka la mahope, a me ka ikehu ua hookuu.

carbohydrates

Mau aloha keena hoʻohui pū hydrogen, kalapona a me ka oxygen. All carbohydrates e māheleʻia i loko o monosaccharides a me polysaccharides. A nui o ka hope nā lātoma i pili i kekahi i kekahi, ka hoʻokuʻu 'ka wai. Penei, he polysaccharide.

Carbohydrates hookomoia ma na nā moku halihali mokulele o hereditary 'ike - ka nukelea nāʻakika.

lipids

Kēia pūʻulu nā momona-me 'ona a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia pololei. Lipids i he okoa 'ole. Eia naʻe, ua pau loa kuʻu mai la lakou me ka mau waiwai. Lipids i insoluble i loko o ka wai, pela hooholo koke wailana ma ka chloroform, benzene, me Etera, a me ke aloha nā'uheheʻe.

hula i ka momona, a me ka momona-e like hui kūlana ano nui i. I ka nui o ka lipid e maloo ke kaupaona - 5-15%. Pela i loko o kekahi keena o ka maʻiʻo ihoiho 90%. Kelekele mea i loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau mammalian waiu. Ma ka wahine Dolphins, no ka mea hoike, i ka like ana o ke kaikea i loko o ka waiū - ma kahi o 40%.

nukelea nāʻakika

Ka inoa o kēia mau i huiʻia i loko, mai ka Roma hua'ōlelo "Nucleus" (nucleus). Mau waiwai i ua hōʻike 'a kaʻawale Fridrihom Misherom o nucleated keena. anao? aou i huiia nā phosphorus a me ka naikokene I 1869, i ka makahiki o ka Hawaiian biochemist.

Nukelea nāʻakika mea kiʻekiʻe hakakino kaumaha i huiʻia. Ka mea hoʻopaʻa i ka malama ana a me ka EYI o aaiaoe 'ike i ka noho ana meaola. Mau biopolymers i hanaʻia o ka lātoma huahelu o nucleotides, a i na i loko o ka dala nui. Nucleotides ho oholo i ka papa kuhikuhi ano o ka meaola ola.

DNA - polymeric lātoma, a he o ka helu nui o monomers - deoxyribonucleotides. RNA mea he pīlali. Ke lātoma ilaila protrudes ribonucleotide.