Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism i loko o ka USSR pokole. Ka hoʻomaka o ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism: o ka makahiki. Kumu e ku e cosmopolitanism

Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism, i ka lā o ka i paa i loko o Soviet mōʻaukala, ua ua sanctioned e ke aupuni. Ua ua he ideological kai eʻe aku i na kanaka, no ko ka, e like me ka aina i ka alakaʻi, ka pilikia a hiki i ka moku'āina. Ka mea, oko i ka manaʻo, 'aʻole' aelike me ka olelo o ka wahi lulu, a kuwaho o ka Soviet aupuni. E noonoo oe i ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism hou pehea.

Overview

Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism i loko o ka USSR, ma ka pōkole, ua kuhikuhi aku i ka Soviet intelligentsia. Ka mea, Ua manaoia lama o ka mea e kākoʻo ana-Western nā manaʻo. Ka hoʻomaka Ua koho ia e ka paio me ka cosmopolitanism? moho lā coincides me ka wā o ke kaua anuanu. Kona papa kuhikuhiE ka pale kaua i ka moʻomeheu a me ka 'epekema, Soviet Iudaio. I mai la lakou a pau, noonoo iho la lakou ia lakou iho Lūkini, nae, ua ua hoopiiia ma ke aupuni o ka nele patriotism, ano laulea me ke West, he hee mai Marx, a Lenin ka manao.

Kumu e ku e cosmopolitanism

Lanakila ma ka Great Patriotic War ua kena ae la ka aina i ka haʻaheo i loko o ka heroism o na kanaka, i ka upsurge ikaika o ka patriotism. He hana a pau Lulu hua iho la ia ma ka naau o kanaka manaolana no ka holomua o ke ola,? Anoe? Aiey o ke ku okoa ana, hoʻomaha o kaʻoʻoleʻa moku'āina ke kāohi i loko o kekahi wahi. Akā, overdue Hawaii War. Ua luku aku i ka manaʻoʻiʻo i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kukui. E like me ka mea mua hoailona o ka mea hōʻemi i loko o ke aupuni o ka ana a me ke Komohana o ka moku'āina pilikino E pili i ka MH 1946, i ke aupuni i puʻe i na elele o ka bourgeoisie a me ka intelligentsia. Ma Popular Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke paʻiʻia ma luna o ka muaʻaoʻao o ke Komite Central o ka rula ana moʻomeheu. In a paʻi o "Leningrad" a me ka "Star" i nema aku kākau moʻolelo, haku mele, filmmakers, i ka haku mele. Me lakou pu o Akhmatova, Dovzhenko, Zoshchenko, Twardowski, Eisenstein, Shostakovich, Prokofiev. Lakou, e like he nui na mea e ae, i wehewehe aku i loko o ka Central Komite o ka olelo hooholo e like me ke kanaka konaʻena a me ka moekolohe. I ka hoohewaia ana o ka aupuni, kena ae la, a hana Tarle. He i hoopiiia, ma ka hana, o ka hewa helu o ka Crimean War, o ka hoaponoia ana o na kaua ia i wahi ma lalo Ana II. Keia ua pau pu ma ka naeaeaa, mai ko lakou wahi, ka hopu 'ana. Ua hoomaauia mai kēia kanaka, no ka mea ka mea, noonoo iho la lakou ia lakou iho i ka kekahi loa kuokoa o ka ideology o ka Soviet Union, noa e koho ma waena o East a me West. Ka hua'ōlelo "cosmopolitan" 'o ia hoʻi ka totality. Ua expresses ka affiliation o kekahi kamaaina o ka honua,ʻaʻohe mea ma ka aina i hanau ai a me ka ia i ola.

Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism i loko o ka USSR (pokole)

Ka mua kauoha kanaka e hahai hoomaka Western kuʻuna Hawaiʻi e hōʻike mua i ke anu, a me ka hiki mua o ke Kaua Honua II. Penei, o ka luawai-ike repression e ku ei ka poe kū'ē'ē 'oe me ka' ole kaiapili-pili kalai aupuni o ka aina. Inā mākou e kamailio e pili ana i ka mea i alakai i ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism i loko o ka USSR, ka mea, ua kanalua Stalin. Impetus Ua haawiia mai ai i kona mau moho olelo ana May 24, 1945 ma laila, Stalin kuhikuhi mai i ka waiwai o ka Lūkini kanaka, e hea ana ia ia i ka wa ikaika o ka lahuikanaka a pau. A pau i kana mau olelo i 'Imi i kākoʻo' ia e ka Soviet ahakanaka. Ma ka manaʻo o na kanaka ka mea, i ka uhukiia manaoio ia mea, ua Russian he i ka papa kuhikuhiE ikaika e luku i ka Nazis ia me lākou kōkua,ʻaʻohe'ē aʻe lāhui kanaka i loko o ka Soviet Union, keia makemake,ʻaʻole e hiki ke Makuakane. Ke kai eʻe holoʻokoʻa i paʻa ma lalo o ka hae o ka patriotism kanu. Pinepine i loko o nā puke paio haole, a me ka wahi lulu me ka cosmopolitanism, ma pōkole, o ka like o ko Stalin ka Anati-Semitism. Keia manao i kaheaia ma ka nui moʻolelo.

pahu hopu

Ideological paipai aʻo kai eʻe ma ka postwar au i ua hoʻomano hohola a kauoha ae la i ka nui lehulehu outcry. I ka papa kuhikuhiE Pahuhopu o ke aupuni, e like me kekahi noiʻi, ua e hookupaa aku, a malama i ka hooponopono ma luna o nā lāhui kanaka no hou manipulation. Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism (i ka makahiki o ka hoikeana mua - 1948) i mau pio ka polokalamu ma lalo o kokoke noonoo o Stalin. Haawi mai la oia ia ia i ka hana ideological manaʻo nui.

"Nā pā hale o ka hanohano"

Pehea i ka paio me ka cosmopolitanism? 1948 ua noʻonoʻo i ka loa,''he wā o kona hoike ana. "Ahahookolokolo o ka hanohano" i hoonohonohoiaʻi ma ka Initiative o Stalin. Lākou hoʻonaʻauao - ka kūhelu hoʻomaka 'ana o ke kaua e kū'ē i cosmopolitanism. "Nā pā hale o ka hanohano" ua, e kuhikuhi i nā mea a pau o ka hoike ana mai sycophancy a me servility i ka moʻomeheu o ka Komohana. Ka mea, i waihoia mai me ka hana e hoʻopau underestimation o ke kūlana o nā alakaʻi o Soviet moʻomeheu a me ka 'epekema ma ka hooulu ana o ke ao nei ka noho. Ka hoʻomaka o ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism i ukali pūʻia e ka hoomaau mua o ka poe Iudaio. Ke kai eʻe i paʻa i loko o nā kūlanakauhale a pau o ka aina. Nā pā hale i hana i keia oihana keia oihana. Lakou i hoomanao Anati-nohona a me ka Anati-moku'āina hana a me ka hana i mea ole malama i ka hoʻopaʻi ma lalo maʻamau i ka manawa o ke karaima Code.

Hihia "Kr"

Ka mea, ua i ka manawa maopopo, no ka nui-ka unahiʻole, i loko o kai eʻe a pau noiʻi institutes i loko o ke aupuni. Epekema Klyuyev a Roskin hanaia i ka makahiki 1947,, he pono ka lāʻau i ka maʻi 'aʻai. Ua Ua kapaia "krucina kapa o na mea kaua" ( "Kr"). Discovery koke hoihoi ma Amerika. Ka US i kaumaha aku ai i hoʻomaka ami noiʻi. Ma ka pau 'i kaumaha aku i ka hoolaha i ka puke. Ua pili like i hiki aku me ka 'ae' ana i ke Aupuni o ka. Ma America Parin (Academician-Kakauolelo o AMN) i hoouna mai ai. He haawi mai la i ka Americans ka lāʻau hue, a me ka kikoo mooolelo o ka biotherapy o malignant hikoko. A pau kēia mau hana Parin i me ka 'ae' ana o ke Kuhina o ke ola o ka USSR. Akā, i ka hanana hoao iho la e e loa i hauʻoli me Stalin. Hoi mai mai Amerika Parin hopu. He Ua ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka makahiki 25 ma lalo o 'atikala "he kipi." Eia hou, i ka hookolokolo ana o Roskin a me Klyuyev.

Kai eʻe ma Leningrad

Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism 'Imi ulu a me ke kulanakauhale ma ke Neva. I ka 1948, lilo 'o ia i ka waena konu o ke kai eʻe. Ikaika ma mua o nā mea a pau i ae mai Leningrad University. Ma mōʻaukala a me ka philological faculties i Ua hopu a me expulsion o ka maikaʻi Kumu. Me lakou pu o Weinstein, Hooke, Rabinovich, Mavrodin a me na mea e ae. Ua kipaku Iudaio, mai hoʻokāʻoi kula. Ma hope o ua noho mai kulanui, ma hope o ka makana ka mea, loaa kuhikuhi ana i loko o ka make o ka aina paha i koeʻaʻole loaʻaʻoihana. No ka lōʻihi manawa ia i ua papani iho la i ka'āponoʻana Iudaio ma ka ao pou. A pau i ka a me nā haumāna, a ua papaia e hoolaha i ka lahui nā puke. Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism ua loa pono "mediocreʻepekema." He nui o ia hoʻohana i ka huna puka haole paʻi puke, e haawi ana i ka lehulehu ākea o lākou iho.

Hopena maikaʻi connotation o ka makahiki

Ma March 1945 Aleksandrov paʻi ka 'atikala i loko o ka puke pai "pilikia o kālaiʻike". Ma ia ia, ua hoopiiia oia no unpatriotic olelo la na hoailona me Trotsky, Milyukov, Bukharin. Cosmopolitans, ma kona manao, i haʻalele Socialist Revolutionaries a me ka Communists, i ka nui, ka poe i hui ka Nazis oiai ke kaua, General Vlasov. Ia mea i loko o kēia 'atikala, he nui moʻolelo kaila i ka helehelena o ke kukui io connotation o ka makahiki. Cosmopolitan hoʻohālike me ka "enemi o na kanaka" a "poe kipi i ka motherland." Alexandrov i loko o kona 'atikala i kapaʻia kekahi inoa. Mawaena o lakou i ka luna hoʻoponopono o "pilikia o kālaiʻike" - i Magazine kahi mea i paʻiʻia. Mai ia manawa koke nō i ka paio me ka rootless cosmopolitanism hala i loko o moʻokalaleo.

"Anati-patriotic pae o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻiʻoniʻoni"

Stalin, e haawi ana ideological manaʻo nui kai eʻe, ua make pinepine paʻi i alakai Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo puke ma lalo o ka pseudonym. No laila,ʻo ia paʻi ka 'atikala ma ka nupepa "Pravda". Aia he mau ho'ākāka o ka manaʻo, akā, me ka moʻokalaleo i ua hoopomaikai io wale i ka "rootless cosmopolitan". I ka 1949, ua wawahi mai i ka maoli kaua ma waena o nā manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni o Kino Society a me ke poo o ka Union o ka mea kākau. Mua i loko o kona mau 'atikala ua Opal huahana Socialists (Fadeev, i pakahi). Ka la mahope, i ka huli, i hoopiiia kiʻiʻoniʻoni o cosmopolitanism. Ke initiator o ke kaua ua Popov, kino hoopii Stalin ka noonoo ana i ka hana 'ia. I ka hopena o ka hemo aku he nui-ka unahiʻole, i kaua ai i cosmopolitanism i loko o ka palapala, ai 'koʻikoʻi a hanohano. Hardest pa, o ka papa, i ka Iudaio hou.

waiwai

Ka paio ku e cosmopolitanism alakai aku ai i ka Soviet kanaka ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka waho ao nei. E like me kekahi noiʻi, i ee aku i ke kai eʻe holoʻokoʻa ma Stalin, e tighten lākou kūkulu 'ia (nā haole, a me ka wahi lulu). Mawaena o na hopena e ke kapaʻia e ka hakakā i ka hopena maikaʻi 'ole ma o ka ulu ana o Soviet' epekema a me ka moʻomeheu. I ka manawa kūpono o nā kānakaʻepekema, a activists i loa kaupalena '. E hooikaika ana ideological mana nui kiola i ka Soviet Union hoʻi ma e like me ke Komohana. Me lakou i mea hoike, alanui panina wahi lulu Genet. Academician Lysenko Ua monopolized agrobiology. A hailona o nā kauka, lepo epekema a me nā 'Oihana i ua wahi a hiki i ka hope kumumanao. Kēia na'lii hampered ka hooulu ana o ki mau mea o ka agro-liluwelo. Ke kai eʻe nema aku na lalaʻano nui o ka 'epekema i papaia no ke kōkua' ana me nā counterparts. ʻano nui ka mea i kaupalena 'ia ka manawa kūpono o ka kūkākūkā o ka olelo iwaena o ka loa a me ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i holomua hana.

ka hopena

Ua pono e olelo mai la i ke kaua ku e cosmopolitanism Ua manaoia he kīnā o Anati-Semitism. Eia naʻe, e like me kekahi noiʻi, ka mea i ole pahuna ua hōʻike hewa i Iudaio. Eia hou, nui-me ka unahiʻole repression, e like me ka mea e noho ana i loko o ka 30 makahiki, i alakaʻi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE AIM o ka paio ua e hoʻopio i ka nohona manaʻo, a me ka paa o ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna ia. E like me ka hopena o ko ke aupuni mau hana, "na moku o ka hanohano" Ua kena ae la 'inoʻino loa i na mea he nuiʻepekema kihapai. Nui hoʻokau 'hoʻokumu no ke ku okoa ana o ka olelo, manao iho la, pai ana. Aupuni alakai hana nona ma ka aina o ka hoʻokaʻawale, mai kekahi Western keiki. Ua ua i ka mohai, no ka naau o ke kahua ma ka International Arena. Ma Soviet hui, hana e puʻupuʻu liʻiliʻi i ka pono a me ka 'epekema ka mana o ke Komohana. ʻo lāua nei i ka hopena o ka Hawaii War io? I ke kai eʻe. Stalin, ka loiloi 'ana i ke kahua i loko o ke ao nei, a ma ka aina, ua hoʻoholo ihola i ka pūʻali makau kuhohonu ana ma Communist propaganda a me ka ideology aku i kuee a haalele mai i ka mea e hooikaika patriotism i waena o ka heluna kanaka. Iloko o ka paio loli ka poe e hana ana i kekahi mau nationalities. Eia naʻe, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma ka mōʻaukala kumu, he nui loa i ka poe Iudaio.