Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution. Ke evolution o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona

Ke kumu o ke ola a me kona ulu ana, mai ka wā kahiko, Hawaii Puzzleʻepekema. People Ua mau ho'āʻo e hoʻokokoke i kēia mau mea pohihihi, e hana i ke ao nei, pela hou maopopo a me ke wńnana i. He nui nā kenekulia Kīwala'ō wahi o ka Hawaii o ke Akua kumu o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ke ola. lanakila 'o ia i ka kumumanaʻo o ka evolution i kekahi wahi o ka hanohano nui, a me ka loa paha wale nō o nā mea a pau ke ola ma keia Honua nei. Ke kumu nui i hoakaka ia ua kālaiʻia e Charles Darwin ma ka waena o ka XIX kenekulia. hookuku kenekulia ke haawi aku i ke ao nei i ka hailona o discoveries ma aaiaoe? a kālaimeaola, a i mea e hiki ai e ho'āʻo i ka ho'ōia o Darwin ka kumumanaʻo, e hoʻonui ia, hui me ka hou ikepili. No laila, he kemikala pähola 'o ka evolution. Ua ke kemu a pau i ka manaʻo o kaʻImi Loa kaulana, a me ka hopena o ka 'epekema noiʻi i loko o nā wahi mai aaiaoe? E kālaikaiaola.

Mai na kanaka i ka papa

Liluwelo evolution ho i ka mōʻaukala evolution o meaola ka nānā 'ana ma luna o nā hana' ike kaʻina aaiaoe ana i loko o kekahi mau hana kūpono.

I ka loiloi mua kahua o ka loli, e ho'ōla e alakai ana i ka muli o ka hou ano - ka microevolution. Oia loli loaa ma manawa a pau i ho okumu i ka hou kiekie kiʻekiʻe o ka hui o ke ola kanaka, genus, ohana, papa. Education supra-hale i kapaia macroevolution.

like keʻano o ka hanaʻana

He mau pae i holo nōhie ka ia pele. Nā 'ōkuhi koa a me ka micro- a me ka makroizmeneny i maoli koho, hoʻokaʻawale, mai nā kūpuna mai, mea oko a. Ka nui likeʻole ma waena o nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana nā mea i waena o kekahi mau? Ueo meaʻaneʻane hiki ole i kela kapa. E like me ka hopena, i ke kumu o ka macroevolution mea he interspecific koho. Microevolution, alahula na makana i ka hana ana i ke kūkaʻi o aaiaoe 'ike ma waena o ke kanaka o ka mea hookahi? Ueo.

Ka hoʻohui a me ka divergence ano

Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution ke hana ma kekahi mau 'ano apau loa. Ikaika kumu o ke 'ano o ke ola - he hoailona o ka divergence. Ua hana i loko o ka kekahi? Ueony, a ma ka 'ilikai ai ma luna o ka hui. ? aneie na kumu a me maoli koho hele aku ai a hiki i ke kaawale ana o kekahi pae o elua a oi okoa kekahi hiʻona. Ma ka nui o ka? Ueo divergence hiki ke nana e hoole. Ma keia hihia, no ka lānai hou i hana populations merge i loko o hoʻokahi. At kiekie pae, ke kaʻina mea irreversible.

Kekahi palapala - phyletic evolution, A laila'ōlelo akula? Ueo hou 'ole hoʻokaʻawale i loko o ke kanaka populations. Kēlā me kēia hou pūʻulu mea he mamo no ke kupuna mua, a mahope.

Nui na makana no ke 'ano o ke ola a me ka hana i ka hoʻohui' ole "hoʻohui" hiʻona. Ma ka hooulu ana kaʻina hana o unrelated pūʻulu o meaola ma lalo o ka aoao o ka ia? Aneie keia, like kino i hanaʻia i loko o kanaka. Ka mea, i ka like 'ole, akā, kekahi kumu, a hanaʻaneʻane ka ia kuleana pili i.

Ma ka hoʻohui ka loa kokoke parallelism - he 'ano o ka evolution, i ka wa a ka mua diverging pūʻulu e hoʻomōhala ana i loko o ka like ala ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mea ia kūlana. Hoʻohui a me ka parallelism i hookaawale 'ano lole laina, a me ia mea pinepine paakiki ke kaila i ka evolution o kekahi mau pūʻulu o ka meaola i kekahi palapala a me kekahi.

liluwelo holomua

Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution i mua hooku iho la ia i loko o nā hana o KE Severtsova. He kaumaha e hoʻolako i ka manaʻo o liluwelo holomua. Ma na hana o ke nä känaka 'epekema' ia nā pūʻulu mai aoao, e hoʻokō ia, e like me ka papa kuhikuhi aoao a me kuhikuhi o ka evolution. Manaʻo ulu Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

Ka papa kuhikuhi o evolution o ke aloha ao nei, kaʻawale ma kaʻepekema - Ua liluwelo holomua, regression a me ka noaaeeecaoee. O ka inoa ia mea maʻalahi ka maopopo ana kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana oko mai kekahi i kekahi. Holomua hiki aku ai i ke kahua o ka hou ano e hoomahuahua i ka degere o ka hoʻololiʻana i ke kaiapuni. Regression ua hoikeia ma ka hoemi i ka nui o ka pae a me kona 'ano, e alakai e ho'ōla i ka ia'na. Noaaeeecaoee komo ai mālama 'loaa' ano a me kā lākou mau hoolilo, mai ia hanauna aku ia hanauna aku i loko o ka kŘpa a kŰlń hanauna aku ana.

Ma kaʻololī ano, denoting i ka papa kuhikuhiE laina o ke aloha evolution, ia hoʻohuʻu liluwelo ka holomua a me kona 'ano apau loa.

Aia i ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao ekolu e hoʻokō liluwelo holo nei:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

Kēia kaʻina hana ka mea hiki, e hoʻonui i ka nui kiʻekiʻe o ka hui i ka hopena o ke kahua o ke aromorphosis. Mākou e kaumaha i ka loaʻa mai ka mea i manaoia ma keia makahiki. No laila, aromorphosis - i ka olelo o ka evolution alakai i qualitative loli i ka noho ana meaola, pu ma ko lakou e māhuahua ka manaʻo pohihihi a me ka ulu adaptive waiwai. E like me ka hopena o nā loli i loko o ka 'ole i oi, pili functioning o kanaka, i hiki ke hoʻohana hou, mua untapped waiwai ka mea. E like me ia i kaʻilihune, ka meaola i loko o kekahi mau ano noa mai? Aneie ana. Ma ka nui oi aku o ka hui o ko lākou mau adaptations e pili kēia paʻa, e haawi ana i ka hiki e möhala kū kaʻawale o ka Ambient kūlana.

A maikai laʻana aromorphosis mea, e hoohuli i ka circulatory'ōnaehana o vertebrates: ka muli o ka eha keʻena i loko o ka naʻau, a me ka kaawale ana o ka elua holo - nui a me ka meaʻuʻuku. Evolution o nā mea kanu ua wehewehe aku e ka nui kēlā lele aku i ka hopena o ke kahua o ka pollen şarkı, a me ka hua. Aromorphoses alakai i ka muli o hou taxonomic naehana: papa, oihana, ano a me nā aupuni a pau.

Aromorphosis ma Severtsov mea he kŘpa a pohihihi keia evolutionary kŰia. Ua Kahiamoe ka morphophysiological holomua, a, ma ka huli, nāna i ka holomua o kekahi mau liluwelo, pu ia e ka nui? Anoe o ka adaptive ciia.

kaiapili aromorphosis

E noonoo pono i ka olelo o ka evolution o ke kanaka lāhui, ua hoʻolauna kekahi kānakaʻepekema i ka manaʻo o "nohona aromorphosis". Ka mea, i koho paʻa nā loli i loko o ka ulu ana o ka lawelawe meaola a me kā lākou mau 'oihana, kūpono ai i loko o ka manaʻo pohihihi, i oi aku adaptability a mahuahua ae nā kaiapili. I ka helu ana o na aromorphoses nā, no ka mea hoike, i ka muli o ka moku'āina, a me ka pai ana i kamepiula 'ike loea i ka.

allogenez

Nā loli i emi hoʻonoho papa iā, a me ka global ano o ka papa o liluwelo holomua. Ka mea,ʻo ka mea i loko o ka allogenez. Ma keia olelo o ka evolution (nānā i ka pakuhi ma lalo nei) he mea he nui Akä naÿe i ka aromorphosis. Ua 'aʻole i hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hui. Ke kumu nui no o ka allogenez - ia idioadaptation. I mea, ia ho i ka hapa loli, ma muli o ia i ua hoomakaukau i ke kino, e ke hakuloli i kekahi mau ana. Kēia laina o ke aloha evolution mau hiʻohiʻona nō i 'ano like? Ueo noho ma ka mea okoa Geographic pāhili.

Luku laʻana o ia ke kaʻina - i ka ohana o na iliohae. Kona? Ueo i loaʻa i loko o kekahi mau aniau cii. Kēlā me kēia mea, he mau 'kau o adaptations i kā lākou' ia, oiai i kūpono kou e oi aku i kekahi'ē aʻeʻano o ka hui pae.

ʻepekema kuhikuhi i kekahi mau ano idioadaptatsy:

• ma ka palapala (e laʻa me, he Hoʻoponopono kino waterfowl);
• kala like 'ole (ʻaneʻi pili mimicry, kāohi a me ka aiiay coloration) ;
• ? aneii;
• ma ka neʻe (ʻili lahilahi waterfowl, manu lewa eke);
• ka hoʻololiʻana i? aneie ana.

Oko aromorphosis a me ka idioadaptation

Kekahi kānakaʻepekema i kū'ē'ē 'oe i Severtsov a me ka mai i ike pono ke kumu no ka hanohano nō hoʻi idioadaptatsy a me aromorphoses. Lakou manaoio i ka loa i ka i holomua hiki ke ma hope o ka nui manawa wale nō e auhau hope o ka loli ia lŘlŘ. I mea paʻakikī e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea evolutionary keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ka hopena o ka hou kbps a ulu pono.

Severtsova ukali e ihola i ka manaʻo i ka mea e e maopopo ma ka idioadaptatsy hoʻololi kino kinona, ulu excessive a me ka ho'ēmiʻana o nā kino. hoi ho i Aromorphoses mea hou i loko o embryonic ana a me ka ho okumu ana o hou kanu'ōiwi.

catagenesis

Liluwelo evolution ke'ākoʻakoʻa, a me ka simplification o ka 'ole meaola. Maturation - ka huina degeneration kaʻina hana i hiki aku ai i ka emi ma ka hoʻolālā o ke ola kanaka. I ka papa kuhikuhiE hopena o keia olelo o ka evolution (Table ke kapakai a na aoao ekolu helu 'ia ma lalo nei) o ka muli o laila,-kapaia primitive katamorfozov a me na hoailona i e Waiho hou nalowale e holumua ai. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka meaola i i halaʻanuʻu, he pono ole degeneration, e ia i kekahi parasite. No ka mea hapanui loa, ka mea nele i ka hiki i ka kuokoa neʻe, ka mea, ua Nohie loa ka ko mākou hopohopo a me ka circulatory nenoai. Akā, he mea likeʻole manao maalea no ka maikaʻi manaʻo i loko o ka poʻe koa o ka kino a me ka IeIIeYOA i ka 'oihana kūpono.

hiʻohiʻona

Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution i interconnected, a ma ka papa o ka mōʻaukala? Acaeoey mau puku i kekahi i kekahi. Ma hope o ke kumu kahua o nā loli i loko o ka palapala aromorphosis a degeneration o ka manawa i ka wā i hou pūʻulu o ka meaola i hoʻomaka e delaminate like me ka hopena o ka ulu ana o kona wahi kaawale o okoa Leeuwerikplein kulekele. Evolution hoʻomaka ma idioadaptatsy. Ma hope o ka manawa, ka hoʻonui loli alakai i ka hou qualitative ua lele akula nō.

Ke kuhikuhi ana o ka evolution o ka mea kanu

Hoikehonua, flora eʻaʻole hōʻike koke. Like nā meaola, ia ua he lōʻihi ala o? Acaeoey hala. Evolution o mea kanu me ka āpana o kekahi mau nui aromorphoses. Ka mua o kēia mau i ka muli o ka kāʻamaʻai i ae primitive meaola e hoʻohana i ka ikaika o ke Map. Ua, like me ka hopena o ka loli o ka morphology a me photosynthetic waiwai o kekahi līoho.

I kekahiʻanuʻu i ke kūpono 'ana o ka aina. No ka holomua pau 'ana o ka "nuʻukia" i kekahi aromorphosis - differentiation o nā'aʻaʻa. Ikeia'ku mosses, spore mea kanu. Eia complicating ka hui no a hiki i ke kaʻina o ka loli a me kāu kiʻina hana o nā'ōlelo. Aromorphoses e like me ka ovule, pollen mānoanoa ko, a me ka hope o ka hua ua wehewehe aku ma gymnosperms, evolutionarily oi nui ma mua o spore.

Next, i ke ala a me ka olelo o ka evolution o ka mea kanu e neʻe i ka mea i oi aku ka hoʻololiʻana i? Aneie rula, e māhuahua ia'ku i ka noho lakou malaila aʻe. E like me ka hopena o ka muli o kaʻai a me ka germ, ahu iho i hana flowering mea kanu, a me angiosperms, i keia la i loko o ka moku'āina o liluwelo holomua.

holoholona aupuni

Evolution eukaryotes (eukaryotic aeea maupaʻa hoʻonaniʻia kāna mau 'ōlelo) me ka heterotrophic type mana lako (e ho okumu ana heterotrophs aloha Via chemo- ole kāʻamaʻai) no hoi ma na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kakahiaka o ka'aʻaʻa differentiation pu. Coelenterates lilo kekahi o ka mea mua nui aromorphoses evolution i loko o na holoholona: ma ka embryo i hanaʻia e nā papa, a me ka ecto- endoderm. Ma ka puni, a i lalo ilo 'ole ka huikau. Ka mea, i wehewehe aku ma ke kolu o ka embryonic lau, ka mesoderm. Aromorphosis kēia i mea e hiki ai e hoʻoholumua i differentiation o nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko o ka helehelena.

Na kekahi ke kahua - i ke kahua o kekahi haumāna lua kino, a hou aku ka mahele ana i ka mea i loko o na pauku. Annelids ua i parapodium (primitive 'ano o ka papa) e like me ka circulatory a me ka ÷ naehana hanu nenoai. Hoʻololi 'parapodial i ka hui a lāua lala a me kekahi mau loli'ē aʻe ua alakai ai i ka muli o ke' ano o arthropods. Ma hope o kā lākou hookuu hoomaka ae la na nā mea kolo e 'Imi hoʻomōhala ma luna o ka'āina, ma muli o i ka muli o embryonic membranes. I kēia mau mea, i loa hakuloli i ke ola ma ka aina.

Na nui aromorphoses like ho okumu i ka chord o ka neural Tube, ka abdominal aorta a me ka naau, ua i hiki i ka muli type chordates. Mahalo i ka helu o ka holumua ai loli ma ke 'ano o ke ola meaola, inā ma ka iʻa, kolo a me amniotes. Recent no ka embryonic membranes hilinaʻi hou ma luna o ka wai, a haʻalele i ka maloʻo ka'āina.

E möakäka hou evolution ua neʻe maila i ka hou 'ana o ka circulatory nenoaiu. Aia i mahana-koko holoholona. Adaptations no ka holo ana i hiki i ka muli o nā manu. Aromorphoses e like me ka mea eha-o ke keʻena o ka naʻau, a me ka nalowaleʻana o ka mea pono aortic e pio mai, i ka mea ulu i loko o ka forebrain hemispheres a me cortex? Acaeoey, i ke kahua o ke kapa, a me ka mammary glands, a me ka helu o nā loli i alakai aku ai i ka muli o mammals. I waena o lākou e kū ana mai i loko o ka evolution o placental holoholona, a me keia mea i loko o ka moku'āina o liluwelo holomua.

Mamuli o ka evolution o na kanaka lāhui

I ka ninau o ke kumu a me ka evolution o nā kūpuna o kēia kānaka aʻo a loa. Mahalo i nā discoveries o paleontology, a me nā aaiaoe? Ua i ka ua kukuluia manaʻo o ko mākou mau hoʻololi "ohana laau." 15 makahiki aku nei ia predominated nānaina i ka evolution o hominids ma kapa o ka laina type, oa oia hoi o ke kaʻina o ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi oi? Acaeoey? Ano: Australopithecus, Homo habilis, archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (ke kālā no ke kanaka). Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka evolution o ke kanaka, e like me ka mea i ka hihia a me nā meaola, alakai aku ai i ke kahua o ka hou adaptations, hoala hui.

Nā 'ikepili i loaa i loko o ka hope 10-15 makahiki, nae, ua i nui ka hoʻoponopono' ana ma ke ano na kiʻi. New loaa a me ka maemae ka launa pū paipai i ka evolution ua oi luna '. Subfamily Homininae (pili i kaʻohana o nā hominids) hoao iho la ia e komo i kokoke palua ia i na mea he nui? Ueo ma mua o mua manaʻo. Evolution i ole ua hoʻokomoʻia he laina ano, a iloko o kekahi mau poʻe hoʻomōhala laina a me na lala, e holumua ai a me ka Phule. I kekahi mau manawa coexisted me ekolu a eha a oi? Ueo. keia 'ano hou ka ukuia a hiki i ka pohupani hale o ka evolutionarily oi holomua nā pūʻulu o'ē aʻe, emi e hoʻomōhala ai. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua manawa nui maliuia mai ia Neanderthals a me kēia poʻe kānaka hoʻokahi noho i ka ia manawa. First ko kākou mau kūpuna a pau, akā, ia mea he ia laua lala, i auou caiaiai i ka nui holomua 'elele o ka hominin.

e holumua ai hoʻololi

Heʻoiaʻiʻo nō e noho i ka papa kuhikuhiE aromorphoses i alakai aku ai i ka pomaikai ana o ke subfamily. Ua pololei kulou a me ka ulu i loko o ka lolo. Ke kumu no ka ho okumu ana o nā kānakaʻepekema mua i kū'ē'ē ai. No ka lōʻihi manawa mea i manaʻo ia mea, ua he pono ana, pono no ka hooulu ana i hamama mau hakahaka. Eia naʻe, nā ikepili paipai i kanaka poʻe mākua hele ma luna o nā wāwae i loko o ke au o ke ola i loko o ka laau. Ua hiki mai la mai ia mahope koke iho o kaawale ana mai o ka chimpanzee laina. I kekahi mana o ka hominin initially neʻe me ke kālā no orangutans, e ku ana me nā wāwae ma luna o ka mea hookahi lala a me ka paa mau lima ma luna o ka 'ē aʻe.

lolo ka ulu ana i wahi i loko o kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. He hoʻomaka 'ana i mua o ka Homo habilis (Homo habilis), aʻo pehea e hana i ka simplest na mea paahana a pau. Ka ulu o ka lolo ka leo coincided me ka hoomahuahua i loko o ka like ana o kaʻai i loko o ka homininʻai. Habilis, apparently ka mea, he poe e huli ana. Ma hope o ka ulu i loko o ka lolo ka mea i ukali no hoi ma ka ulu i loko o ka helu o ka holoholona i ka ai a me ka resettlement o ko kākou mau kūpuna ma kēlāʻaoʻao o ke kanaka o kaʻApelika Waena'āinapuniʻole. ʻepekema paipai i ka mea ulu ma ka like ana o kaʻai i loko o kaʻai ua pili i ka pono, e hoopiha i ikehu na koina, e waiho ana i ka mālama 'ana i ka hana o ka lolo mahuahua. Presumably, ka mea e hiki mai ana ke kahua o kēia kaʻina coincided me ka hooulu ana mai o ke ahi: moa, ai mea wale nō ka pono ole, akā, i calories, ma ka hou, me ka nui loa hoemiia ka manawa koi 'ia no Kamehameha a mama.

Ka papa kuhikuhi o evolution o ke aloha ao nei, e hana no kenekulia, i hana i nā laekahi flora a? Aaoa. Neʻeʻana aku i ke kaʻina hana e ke hakuloli i hoʻololi? Aneie rula alakai i ka, alahula mauʻano o ke ola 'ano apau loa. Ka papa kuhikuhi o evolution e ka ia ma luna o nā pae o ka hoʻolālā, e like me ka mea e hoikeike ma kaʻikepili o ka kālaimeaola, kālaikaiaola a me aaiaoe?.