Ke aloha mea - ia ... ke aloha mea mea ... ke aloha kemika

Ke aloha waiwai - he Nine Inch hui i loko i kekahi hapa o ka kalapona mea i loaʻa. 'Ia e wale carbonicʻakika, carbides, carbonates, cyanides, a me ka kalapona oxides.

moʻolelo

Kaʻia "ke aloha mea" iʻikeʻia i loko o ka maʻamau o ke ola o kānakaʻepekema ma ke kahua o ka wanaʻao? Acaeoey kemika. ʻOiai Kīwala'ō ma lalo vitalistic Outlook. Ua ua i ka hoomau ana i ka mooolelo o Aristotle a me Pliny. I loko o kēia wā, nā pundits ua'ō i ka mahele ana i ke ao nei i loko o Animated a me ka mea ola. Ma keia hihia, me ka koe nae, i ka waiwai ua maopopo puunaueia i mea pōhaku a me ke aloha. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka hui no "ola" i nā mea e pono ai i na mea "ikaika". He hoʻomaopop 'ana i loko o nā mea a pau, he poe e ola ana, a me ke aloha hehee hiki ke hana ole.

It A he kūoʻo i ke kālā no 'epekema assertion maluna no o ka lōʻihi manawa, a ma ka 1828 Fridrih Veler empirically ka mea, ua i hōʻole. Ua hiki'okanikaʻole'amoniuma cyanate loaa i ke aloha urea. I pahu i mua kemika. Naʻe, i ka mahele ana o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole waiwai, a malama mai oia ia i ka maoli manawa. He ke kumu o ka Mea Maluna. ʻaneʻane 27 millionovʻikeʻia ke aloha i huiʻia.

No ke aha la i no ka nui o ke aloha i huiʻia?

Ke aloha mea - mea, a me kekahi mau hewa, he o carbon hui. I mea, keia mea he loa hoihoi 'hehee ai. Kalapona ke hana i kā lākou nā'ātoma i loko o ke kaulahao. He mea nui loa i ka pilina ma waena o ia mea hale lio.

Eia kekahi, kalapona i loko o ke aloha i huiʻia mai he valence - IV. Mai keia ka mea, penei i ka hehee ai mea hiki ke ho okumu i ka pili me nā waiwai ole wale hookahi akā, i kaulua a me ka Triple. Me ka hoʻoulu multiplicities, lei he o nā'ātoma i pōkole. Ma keia manao, kumupaʻa no ka hana.

Carbon kekahi i ka hiki e hana i kekahi i lalo, laina a me volumetric 'ole. Ia mea ke kumu o ka ano o ka ai na mea he nui like ke aloha 'ona.

'ole

I haiia ae maluna,, ka ke aloha ia mea - he o carbon hui. A me keia mea nui. Ke aloha i huiʻia me ma kona pili me ka aneane kekahi hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. Ma ke ano maoli, ka hapanui pinepine i loko o kā lākou haku mele 'ana (' ē aʻe ma mua o kalapona) ka loaʻa o oxygen, hydrogen, luaipele, naikokene a me ka phosphorus. Ka i koe, hehee wale i nui rarer.

waiwai

Ke'ī mai,ʻo ke aloha nā mea he o carbon hui. Ma keia hihia, loaʻa nō kekahi mau nui ana hoʻohālike i ka mea pono halawai. All waiwai o ke aloha me Kinohi i na waiwai:

1. Na na ma waena o nā nā'ātoma o kekahi typology o ka pili 'o Randy pono, oia ke ala i isomers. Ma luna o nā mea a pau, ka mea i hana i ka kalapona hui nā lātoma. Isomers - mea he mea okoa, me ka hakakino kaumaha a me ka haku mele 'ana, akā, oko Nine Inch a me physical waiwai. O kŰia ua kapaia isomerism.

2. O kekahi ana - ka kŰia o ka homology. Kēia moʻo o ke aloha i huiʻia, ma i haʻilula kokoke waiwai oko a mai ka mua kekahi Ch ₂ pae. Ua nui waiwai ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi mau kumuhana' epekema.

He aha nō keʻano papa o ke aloha i huiʻia?

Ke aloha i huiʻia nā kekahi mau papa. Ka mea, i ike ai i nā mea a pau. Ua nā polokina, lipids a me carbohydrates. Mau pūʻulu hiki ke kapaia liluwelo polymers. Ka mea i komo i loko o ka pūnao ma ke kelepona hele kiʻekiʻe i loko o kekahi meaola. ¶ A i loko o keia pae nā nukeleaʻakika. No laila, ua hiki ke olelo aku i ka mea aloha mea - o ia ke hoʻopau i kela la i loko o kaʻai, a laila, i ka mea, he a.

nā polokina

Nā polokina komo o mall eiiiiiaiou -'amino nāʻakika. Ka mea, o ko lakou mau monomers. i nā polokina i kapaʻia nā polokina. Aia nō ma kahi o 200 ano o'amino nāʻakika. A pau o ia i loaʻa ma ka noho ana meaola. Akā, wale he iwakalua o ia mau eiiiiiaiou o nā polokina. Ka mea, i kapaʻia walaʻauʻana. Akā, i loko o ka moʻokalaleo hiki ke loaʻa pū emi Popular hua'ōlelo - proteinogenic'amino nāʻakika a me belokobrazuyuschie. Ke haʻilula o keia ano o ke aloha waiwai i loaʻa ka Amine (-NH _2), carboxyl (-COOH) eiiiiiaiou. Ma waena o lakou iho, ka mea e pili ana i ka hookahi kalapona nā palena.

I ka mana o nā polokina

Nā polokina i loko o ke kino o nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona he nui loa hana nui i hana '. Akā, pookela mawaena o lakou - o ka 'ole. Nā polokina i ka nui eiiiiiaiou o ke kelepona hele membranes a me organelles ma aeee'ōpū mai. I ko makou kino i nā paia a pau o ka arteries, capillaries a me aa koko, tendons a me cartilage, ka lauoho a me nā kui i haku kuhikuhi o like nā polokina.

Na kēia kuleana pili i -'ūhū. ʻO nā polokina hana me nā'ūhū. Ka mea, catalyze ke kahe ana o ke kino o ka Nine Inch reactions. Ka mea, e kuleana no ka hālāwai hope o māhuaola i loko o ka digestive'āpana. I mea kanu, ua paa na nā'ūhū kalapona kulana i kāʻamaʻai.

Kekahi mau 'ano o nā polokina ua Neʻe i loko o ka meaola kekahi waiwai, e like me ka oxygen. Ke aloha mea mea i hiki ke hui ia. Mai ka papa amo ua lawe mai. Ua hohola aku nā polokina ma ka ipu koko, metala Ion, momoma nāʻakika, hormones, a, o ka papa, a me carbon dioxide i hemoglobin. Amo i wahi ma ka intercellular kiʻekiʻe.

Kumuʻiʻo i huiʻia - immunoglobulins - kuleana no ka lawelawe i ka aiiay function. He koko nā mea'aʻaʻa. No ka laʻana, thrombin a me ka fibrinogen e 'Imi' ole i loko o ka clotting kaʻina. Pela, e ole he nui kahe o ke koko.

Nā polokina nō ke kuleana o ia no ka hana ana a me ka contractile kuleana pili i. No ka mea, myosin a me ka actin protofibrils mau hana ka hāʻuleʻana o ka neʻeʻana pili ana i kekahi i kekahi, aia no he ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke Muscle olona. Akā, e like me ka unicellular meaola neia manawa, ua like keʻano o ka hanaʻana. pū 'ana e pili ana slidably Honua mea koʻohune flagella microtubules, i mea kumuʻiʻo ma ka ano.

'okesaside o ke aloha mea ke hookuu aku oia i ka nui nui o ka ikaika. Akā, me ka rula, e lilo nā polokina ma ikehu pono ai ka loa pohihihi keia. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka hooweliweli lāʻau kūpeʻe. He aho hoʻomākaukau no keia lipids a me carbohydrates. Nolaila, nā polokina ke hana i ka hana o ka ikehu, akā, wale ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu.

lipids

A me ka ke aloha nā mea he momona-e like hui. Lipids pili ana i ka simplest liluwelo nā lātoma. Ka mea, ua insoluble i loko o ka wai, akā, hoike mai ma nonpolar pāʻoihana, e like me benzene, me Etera, a chloroform. Ka mea, i kekahi hapa o nā keena e noho ana. Chemically, lipids - i nā mea kemika o ka waiʻona mai ke kino, a carboxylic nāʻakika. Ka loa kaulana o ia - i ka momona. Ma ke kino o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu, i kēia mau 'ona hana nui nui i hana'. e hoʻohana 'ia ka nui o lipids ma ka lāʻau a me ka hana mau.

lipid oihana

Mau ke aloha Nine Inch pu me nā polokina ma na keena kuahene he liluweloʻili lahilahi. Akā, kā lākou mau papa kuhikuhiE kuleana pili i - ikehu. Ma ka'okesaside o ka momona nā lātoma hoʻokuʻu nunui dala o ka ikehu. Ua hele i ke kahua o ATP i loko o na keena. Ma ka palapala o lipids i loko o ke kino o ka nui o ka ikaika me ke koe hiki ke loaa. I kekahi manawa ka mea, ua nui ma mua e pono ai no ka maʻamau ola. I ka pathological loli ma ka pūnao o ka "momona" aeee lilo nui. 'Oiai, ma ka fairness mea e e kaulana ia mau excessive laau mea nui i na holoholona, hibernate, a me nā mea kanu. He nui nā manaʻo i ka laau a me ka laau uuku ma ka anu au o kaʻai ma muli o ka lepo. I ka mea, e pana aku au i laau o ka mea kāhinu, a me nā bipi kūpaluʻia, a i hana ia iloko o ke kauwela wā.

Ma kānaka a me nā holoholona i ka momona, ke hana i kekahi kuleana pili i aiiay. Ka mea, i waihoia ma ka subcutaneous'aʻaʻa, a puni nā loko e like me nā puʻupaʻa, a liʻiliʻi. Pela, e malama me ka hoomalu maikai e ku e ia ma paʻi poino, i mea kui.

Eia hou, nā bipi kūpaluʻia i ka haʻahaʻa thermal conductivity, a kokua i ka malama kapa kila. He mea nui, o ka oi aku i loko o ke anu aniau i loko nō. Ma nā holoholona o ka subcutaneous momona, ahu iho i paipai 'ia ka maikai buoyancy. Akā, me nā manu hoomau i keia manawa i ka lipids a me ka wai-repellent a me ka lubricating kuleana pili i. Mahuahua huna lākou mau hulu, a hana ia aku'ōlewa. A like Pilisetia ma luna o ka lau i kekahi mea kanu? Ueo.

carbohydrates

Haʻilula ke aloha waiwai C _N (H ₂ O) _{ka m} Hōʻike he hui pili ana i ka papa o carbohydrates. Ka inoa o kēia nā lātoma Hōʻike ia mea, hōʻike mai ka oxygen, a hydrogen i loko o ka hookahi dala me ka wai. Ma waho aʻeo ia mau Nine Inch oihana mua i e noho i loko o ka hui, e laʻa me, naikokene.

Carbohydrates i ka iniiaiie halepaahao i loko o ka pūʻulu o ke aloha i huiʻia. Mau mea i ka iniiaiie huahana o ka kāʻamaʻai kaʻina. Ka mea, he hōʻailona o hoʻomaka mea a me ka hoʻololi kemikala i ka mea kanu'ē aʻe 'ona, e like me ia ka waiʻona mai, ke aloha a me ka nāʻakika'amino nāʻakika. Carbohydrates i kekahi hapa o ka holoholona a me ka fungal keena. Ka mea i loaʻa i waena o ka papa kuhikuhiE eiiiiiaiou o koʻohune a me protozoa. Pela, i loko o ka holoholona aeea o mai 1 a hiki i 2%, a ma ka kanu lākou helu hiki a hiki i 90%.

I ka lā, wale ekolu kaʻawale nā pūʻulu o carbohydrates:

- na mea pulapula o ke (monosaccharides);

- oligosaccharides oia hoi o ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā lātoma e pili ana ma na mea pulapula o ke;

- polysaccharides, kā lākou haku mele 'Ua oi aku 10 nā lātoma o monosaccharides a me kā lākou nā mea loaʻa.

carbohydrates kuleana pili i

A pau i ka ke aloha 'ona i loko o ka halepaahao hana i kekahi mau hana. No ka laʻana, monakō koko - o ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu kumu. Ua Ua Wāwahi i keena o nā meaola e ola ana. Keia ia lŘlŘ i ke kelepona hele ka hanu. Glycogen a me ka pia lakou i ka papa kuhikuhiE ikehu hookoe, i ka mua waiwai i loko o nā holoholona, a me ka lua o ka - ma ka mea kanu.

Carbohydrates a hana i ka mall kuleana pili i. Kelulose o ka nui ke keʻena o ka mea kanu aeea pā. A me arthropods ka Ia kuleana pili i ka hana ma ka chitin. No hoi, ka mea, ua loaʻa i loko o na keena o ko kiekie fungi. Inā i ke kumu o oligosaccharides mākou lawe, ka mea, i kekahi o na cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi - i loko o ka palapala o ka glycolipids a me glycoproteins. Kekahi pinepine ia akulla 'i loko o aeee glycocalyx. Ma ka hoʻololi kemikala o nukelea nāʻakika komo pentose. Pela deoxyribose hoohui i loko o ka DNA a me ka ribose - RNA. Nō hoʻi, e loaʻa kēia mau eiiiiiaiou i loko o ka coenzyme, no kekahi laʻana, FAD, NADP a me NAD.

Carbohydrates mea i hiki ke hana i loko o ke kino, a me ka aiiay kuleana pili i. Ma na holoholona, o ka waiwai heparin 'Imi ua ālai' kokololio koko clotting. Ua ua hua mai la i'aʻaʻa ino, a ālai 'i ke kahua o ka clots i loko o na moku ke koko. Heparin ua loaʻa i loko o nui na mea ma ka kia keena ma ka granules.

nukelea nāʻakika

Nā polokina, carbohydrates a me lipids - he hana i nā mea a pau iʻikeʻia nā papa o ke aloha i huiʻia. Kemika piliʻaneʻi nō, a me ka nukelea nāʻakika. Kēia phosphorus-i loaʻa biopolymers. Ka mea, i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus a me ka cytoplasm o nā mea a pau, he poe e ola ana, hoʻopaʻa i ka hoolilo a me ka waiho waho pūnaewele o aaiaoe ikepili. Mau waiwai i, ua wehe ae ia i hoomaikai aku e biochemist F. Miescher, ka poe i aʻo i ka sperm o Salemona. Ka mea, ua "accidental" loaʻa. A iki hope, RNA, a DNA i no hoi i loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau mea kanu a me nā holoholona meaola. No hoi, i hōʻike 'ka nukelea nāʻakika ma keena o ka koʻohune a me fungi, a me nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Total maoli ai loaʻa nāʻano nukleokislot - ribonucleic (RNA) a me ka deoxyribonucleic (DNA). Ke koena unuhi Ua hala ole oe i ka inoa. Ka 'ole o ka DNA nā deoxyribose - elima-kalapona kōpaʻa. A RNA lātoma akomi i ribose.

Ka like o nukelea nāʻakika komo i loko o ke aloha kemika. Kumuhana apau loa no ka noiʻi a me ka laau lapaau dictates. Ka DNA nā loina ke hoike i kekahiʻano o aaiaoe mai, e ike i kānakaʻepekema i koe e ia.