Ke circulatory nenoaiu o nā holoholona e like me ka hopena o evolutionary? Acaeoey mai o ke ao nei

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o na holoholona i hele i ka lōʻihi ala o ka ho okumu i loko o ka papa o evolutionary? Acaeoey o ko ke ao nei. Ua Ua hana ma ka wahi o ka iniiaiie rudimentary māhele o ke kino lua, a ma na holoholona kiekie ae i ua hanaumua pono tsellomom paha haumāna kino lua. Ma ontogeny ka circulatory'ōnaehana o na holoholona lilo i ke ao a Mānoa i ka hana,ʻo ia ka wehe 'ia' ana o māhuaola, oxygen, metabolic huahana, hormones a me nā biologically nui hehee wale. Penei, ia mea he nui ka hoʻononiakahiʻana nenoaiu o ka meaola ola, a hōʻoiaʻiʻo kona ano hoopono.

Full circulatory'ōnaehana zoologists, ua kaʻawale epekema e like primitive? Aaoa me nemerteans, annelids, echinoderms, mollusks a me nā mea kolo, i mea, na papa e hai aku ai i ke 'ano o ka invertebrate. Lākou, he pono ole kupuna 'ole o ka circulatory'ōnaehana ua loa primitive - he uuku'ōnaehana wahi i wāhiʻia, mea i ka lua me ka epithelial keena, a i ole, ua hoʻokumu i ka olelo o ke koko. Hoikehonua, invertebrate kanu'ōiwi nā rula o ka circulatory'ōnaehana i kekahi lā primitive: iʻelua papa kuhikuhiE lonikū moku - ka ventral a me ka dorsal moe ma luna a ma lalo o ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, niioaaonoaaiii. A interconnected ma transverse moku koko e uhi i ka naʻau liʻiliʻi i loko o ke apo no ka ihu, a i lehulehu na lala i ka na nā loko o ke kino a me ka uhi. I ka mea ia manawa, i ka hiʻona o ka functioning o ka'ōnaehana o ia i ke koko o ka ventral moku kolo ana hoʻi, a ma luna o ke kua - mua. Koko a holo kuleana pili i ka hoʻolako 'ia e rhythmic contraction o ka dorsal moku āpana.

Ma ka evolution o ka circulatory oihana o na holoholona ua hou ia ma na aoao a pau no ka papa. Kona hooulu ana ua i originated mai ka lahui vascular nenoaiu o invertebrates. Ua wehewehe kona papa kuhikuhiE iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai hiʻona: ke alo o ke Muscle pulsating hui, i kapaʻia ka naʻau e 'ōili mai ana ma primitive chordates i hoʻonohonoho' ia laʻelaʻe 'ia - i loko o cyclostomes. Nō hoʻi, i ka neʻeʻana o ke koko ia lŘlŘ ka hahai ana i ka ventral moku mua, a ma luna o ka hoʻi - hoʻi.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o vertebrates mai he hookahi mall kumumanao, ke ka manaʻo pohihihi a me ka manao maikai, o ka i mai ai i nā luna o evolutionary kaʻina. Akā, i nā mea a pau evolutionary ka kūkuluʻana he aromorphoses, 'o ia hoʻi, e holumua ai morphological a me ka physiological loli. Ka ulu ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hui a me ka 'ole hiki ole ke manaoia e holumua ai hiʻona o ka loli ana e hana i ka holoholona, ka mea, ua loaa hou mahalo. Ma ka evolutionary loli 'o ka circulatory'ōnaehana chordates kanalua aromorphosis i ke kūpono' ana o ka naau ma o ka 'elele loa kahiko, e like me ka intensification o kona ha awina a me ke kahua o ka paʻa circulatory'ōnaehana i loko o ka papa iwi ā. Ua mea i nui aromorphoses noʻonoʻo hou 'ana o nā ipu a ka papa o ka naau, a ma ka kaawale ana o ka pele a me ka venous arterial koko ma ka mea kolo, a me nā manu, na holoholona.

Ke circulatory nenoaiu o na holoholona i hana i nā ipu naau a me ke koko. Heart - he puha muscular hui, i koko ma ke kīʻaha, pumping ia. Mai ia ia a pau nā loko o ka neʻe aku i ke koko ma na arteries, a me nā loko mai o ka naau - ma kona mau aa koko. Heart i loko o kekahi papa o ka vertebrates hiki e nā Mono (ma cyclostomes) a me ka dvukamernym (iʻa), ekolu-o ke keʻena o (amphibians, mea kolo), a me ka eha-o ke keʻena o (manu a me mammals). Ke'ī mai, i ka 'anatomia o ka naau e hooholo i ka degere o basal pūnao o ka meaola, a e leie aku ka mahae i poikilothermic holoholona a me ka wela-koko holoholona. Ma primitive chordates, mau noho ana i loko o ka wai, i ka simplest rula o ka hui ana o ka circulatory'ōnaehana - ka mea, ua hoʻokahi holo. Haawi aku holoholona ma ka'āina pono hou, pili pūnao, wehewehe aku ma ka helehelena o pulmonary ka hanu, a me ka hopena, i ka hanana o ka lua o ka holo, i mea kuleana no ke koko kinoea, e loaa hou i loko o nā maʻiʻaʻai. Ke circulatory nenoaiu o nā holoholona i ole e hoonohonoho, pu me ka piha kaawale ana o ka systemic holo, ka mea, ua wehewehe aku ka eha-o ke keʻena o ka naʻau, a me ka loaʻa nui o nā koʻikoʻi a hanohano, e like me ke keiki, a me ka maoli naau o Willis kaiapili o ke koko holo.