Ke ola kalapona o nā mea kanu: hōʻike, nāʻanuʻu, manaʻo a me nā hiʻona

Ke ola kalapona o ka mea kanu ninoieo o ekolu ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

• nucleation;
• ulu ana;
• nā'ōlelo.

Ua hiki e noonoo ole paha eiiieaena. Ka hopena hiki chlorella, i multiplies spores maikaʻi loa alodio pōʻaiapuni. ? Ac? Aaioea i kēia uliuli līoho i kekahi wahi 4-8 autospores e ulu i loko o ka makuahine meaola, a ua uhiʻia ko lākou mau iwi. Akā, i waena o ka nui, he pono ole kanu eiiieaen? Acaeoey kalapona, a he o ka poe noonoo ole 2-3.

Features ke ola pōʻaiapuni o nā mea kanu

An nui ka waiwai o na mea a pau e noho ana i ka hiki ke paʻi. ? Aneii iaoiaeii mea:

• anal (gametes);
• asexual (spores);
• Vegetative (kino 'ana).

Ka luna 'pōʻaiapuni ma ka moe nā'ōlelo he mau mau mau hoʻokaʻawale kūlana o gametes a me zygotes. Gamete - Ua pala me ka haploid ke keka aeea (ano o) 'ia paha o nā chromosomes. Ke zygote me ka diploid (pālua) 'ia paha i hanaʻia ma ka hui ana o nā gametes. Mai zygote e hoʻomōhala ana i ka sporophyte, i produces haploid spores. O ka hoopaapaa - ka gametophyte, a hana e ia kane a me ka wahine.

No ka laʻana, ua hiki ke lawe ravnosporovyh'amaʻu, i mea mau ano o kanaka - ia iho'amaʻu (sporophyte) a me zarostok (gametophyte). Zarostok - ka mea, o ka hua o nā mākua'amaʻu. He mea he nui loa pōkole i hala, akā, hooponopono iho i ka paka i ka hookahi krupnolistvennuyu kanaka. Ke ola kalapona o ka mea kanu no ka mea, o ka mea 'o nā'ōlelo ninoieo o alternation o ka hanauna: no ka makua'amaʻu e prothallia, a ma luna o hou i ka makua'amaʻu.

? aneii Nā Papahana

Moeʻaoʻao reproduces loa o na mea kanu. A hiki keia ia lŘlŘ ke kahua o ka hou meaola o ka zygote ma hope o fertilization, a hoʻohuiʻia gametes (syngamy). Parthenogenesis - nā'ōlelo me ka fertilization - i pili i kekahi papa hana no ke keka: ke kino ua i hana mai i kekahi keiki izogamety e hoohui mai ia izogamety a me spores. Moe nā'ōlelo ua aneane mau hui a me nāʻaoʻao - vegetative a asexual, no ka mea, iho ua wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa productivity.

I ka Ia manawa i kēia hana a me ka asexual kumu kāki i loaʻa i loko o Fern, a me ka huipūʻana me ka vegetative hōʻoia - kekahi līoho. I ka hua kanu ho okumu o reproductive keena loko mai o kekahi hui ma lalo o ka zygote, kūpono i loko o kēia kaʻina Ua oi e like me ka ole nā'ōlelo, a me nā'ōlelo.

I ka asexual nā'ōlelo i hanaʻia zoospores - keena me aeea pā, a ma multicellular mea kanu i mālama i loko o kūikawā sporangia, a me ka haka keena - aplanospory. Kū kaʻawale o ia i ke ano o ke kumu kāki i ua loaʻa i loko o ke ano maoli o loa pohihihi keia. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, ua hui ia me ka moe ole vegetative.

Aia nō 2 ke ano o spores: mitospory i ala mai ma ke kaʻina hana o ka asexual nā'ōlelo, a me nā meiospores - 'ia ma ka moe. Mitospory ikea hoʻohana mitosis, kūpono ma ka specimen e like me ka motherboard. Meiospores i hanaʻia ma meiosis i germination zygote paha sporangia. No ka hapanui o nā mea kanu i wehewehe aku ma nā hakakā o nā'ōlelo, a i loaa ma nāʻokoʻa ano o na holoholona.

Vegetative nā'ōleloʻano

Ma vegetative propagationʻano ua kaawale i Akinetes - paʻa keena. He ua kaawale ia mai ka makuahine lama o kekahi o kona wahi - ka ohana a me nā konāhua keena. Ma keia aoao, hoonui kekahi lalo mea kanu, a me Sargassum, eleele a me ka ulaula ka līoho. Vegetatively hoʻopulapulaʻo flowering mea kanu, e like me duckweed. Kekahi o ia mau mea i hana pūnana nā'ōpuʻu, a haule ma ka lepo, a me ka lawe aa malaila. puʻupaʻa i kekahi lala aku a ua hoʻokaʻawaleʻia mai o ka makuwahine o na mea kanu. Ma angiosperms, ka pūʻulu ka loa, he pono ole i ka hooulu ana o ka hua hou ana mai lola honua rhizomes.

hoi o ka makana o ka mea kanu

Kekahi o na kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao hope loa o nā'ōlelo o ka puunaue ana o mea kanu. I maoli hiki e 3ʻano hooponopono: germ spores a me ka anoano. I loa pohihihi keia hoopii, me ka hohola ke'ākoʻakoʻa ma ke kumu o nā zygotes. More Linnaeus ua hoʻopili hua a me ka spore E lūlū aku i ka cryptogams a me phanerogams mea kanu. Ka lua o kaʻano o ka pae ana o gymnosperms a me angiosperms, a me ka mea mua - a pau nā pūʻulu, a me ka līoho, ka limu a me Fern.

Ua hele mai kanu propagationʻaoʻao ka lōʻihi evolutionary ala mai ka vegetative i ka moe a me ka asexual. Ano, ua i ua hoʻopili i ka mahele o ka spore mea kanu a me ka hua a me ka hoolaha aku, a me nā'ōlelo. Hua hana anao? Aou i loko o ka kaʻawale pūʻulu mea no ka mea, ua noʻonoʻo pono nā'ōlelo hui spores a me gametes. Hua kumu kāki i komo ai kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao: ke kahua o zygotes, gametes, spores, embryos a me semen, e like me ka resettlement o ka mea kanu.

alternation o ka hanauna

Plant ola i loko o ka palapala o nāʻokoʻa hanauna e lawe aku no hoi kekahi mau inoa: he loli o ka palapala, alternation o ka hanauna, etc. huli nui'amaʻu a me prothallia ma ka hihia o ravnosporovyh Fern - mea he laʻana o ka alternation o ka hanauna, ia ma nā kūlana o ka adulthood ano o na holoholona ... Kēia mau 'ano apau loa e ai okoa i ka nānā aku i ka mea paakiki, e imi i kekahi, a me ka ia e kanu. Zarostok'amaʻu ka loa paʻakikī, e ike i ka maka kapa ole. Ma angiosperms mea like prothallia - embryo sac, i ka loa uuku, a ua hūnāʻia i loko o ka hohonu o ka pua. Waena o kekahi pūʻulu o kēia mauʻano o ka līoho ioeo i like i ka nānā aku, akā, he okoa liluwelo ano. Alternation o ka hanauna ia lŘlŘ i aneane nā mea kanu kiekie ae, a me ka evolutionary? Acaeoey o ka līoho.

Ke ola pōʻaiapuni o ke kiekie mea kanu

Ke ola kalapona a kiekie ae kanu, koe wale no na bryophytes, wehewehe aku i loko i ke gametophyte ua poorly ke kino, a ma ke ola kalapona o ka hapanui o ka ai sporophyte. Bryophytes kanu OAOOUIEeE i loko i ka sporophyte e hoʻomōhala ana i loko o ka wahine wahine hui, a me ka mea i loko o ke ana kamaʻilio me ka gametophyte. Ma ka hihia o ka leafy mosses mea nana e like me ka pahu me spores ulu ana mai o ka luna o ka gametophyte.

Ke koena o na mea kanu kiekie ae i haʻi sporophyte, i mea nui a me ka luna ' multicellular meaola me nā kino e like me ka lau, lalo iho a me ka aa nenoaiu. Ka hapanui o kanu i kanaka imagines ia ia i olelo mai o horsetails, Fern a me nā pūʻulu - sporophytes.

Ke ola pōʻaiapuni o ka flowering mea kanu

Ka loa nui ma ka hua'ōlelo o ka evolution e flowering mea kanu. Ke ola kalapona o ka flowering mea kanu wehewehe aku i loko i ke embryo mea pinepine hiki ke hoʻomohala mai kekahi unfertilized hua manu (apomixis). Ke predominant ano o ka flowering mea heterosporous sporophyte ia ho i ka laau me ka lau a me anei i. Male gametophyte ua poe ma ka pollen ai, a me ka wahine - ka embryo sac (ka mea e hoʻomōhala ana i wikiwiki o gymnosperms). Kino me ka moe, a asexual nā'ōlelo o ka Hoʻololi 'e pakele ai - he pua. Ke kumu o na anoano hoomaluia ma na paia o ka ovary. Ke ola kalapona o ka mea kanu o ka pae pau ma hope o fertilization a me ka hua ho okumu, ka embryo a i ka lako hou i ka mahuaola, a aole e hilinai aku ma mawaho aʻe.

Ke ola pōʻaiapuni o gymnosperms a me angiosperms

Ka pūʻulu nā 'elele o ka gymnosperms conifers a me ka laau uuku. Ka hapa nui o ia i ka Hoʻololi 'kuikele-e like lau. gymnosperms ola kalapona ua wehewehe aku ma ka mea i na microspores (pollen) e hana i loko o ka liʻiliʻi kane cone (anthers) a me ka megaspory - i ka wahine (ovule). Mai microspore ano he kane gametophyte, a me ka megaspory - wahine. Ke ola kalapona o ka mea kanu o ka pae wehewehe aku i loko o ia fertilization ia lŘlŘ ka lilo ana o ka makani, a haawi mai i ka pollen i ka ovule. Mahope, i loko o ka ovule embryo hoʻomaka i ka hoʻomohala, a me ka hua hua mea. , Ae waiho nei ma luna o ka hua me ka unahiʻole, a undisguised. Hua haawi i ka hou sporophyte, mai a ulu ka hou laau.

Ke ola kalapona o angiosperms ua wehewehe aku i loko i keia hui i ka pua, ma ka i spores i hana, a gametophytes fertilization a me ka hua ulu. Ke peculiarity o keia pae - ma ka hoʻomalu anoano, a ua hūnāʻia i loko o ka hua a me ka palekana mai? Aneie ololi.

Ke ola kalapona o ka spore mea kanu

ole Spore mea kanu i ka ua pua i nā, no ka mea, ka mea, i kekahi kapa cryptogamic. Ka mea, e hele mai i loko o nā waeʻano:

• kiekie ae (Fern, horsetails, mosses, laau mosses);
• lalo (līoho, lichens).

Ke ola pōʻaiapuni o nā mea kanu spore ke kaumaha ma muli o ka laha 'ke hele nā kiʻie paha asexuallyʻano. Ka mea hiki ole paʻi nā kiʻie ala me ke komo ana o ka wai kaiapuni. gametophyte ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka moe nā'ōlelo, akā, no ka asexual - sporophyte. Aia he mau subgroups o ka spore mea kanu: haploid a me ka diploid. Ma haploid subgroup nā mosses, Fern, horsetails a ma i ka nui e hoʻomōhala ana i gametophyte a me ka sporophyte ua hanaʻia e like me prothallia. Haploid subgroup wehewehe aku i loko i ke sporophyte o ka subordinate kūlana i loko o laila.

Life pōʻaiapuni o nā mea kanu: huakai kaapuni

Mosses - 'elele o ka primitive laha' o kiekie mea kanu. Ka mea, i he nui loaʻike mau mahele o ke kino ma ke kumu, a koe kahi o aa - filamentous rhizoids. Ka mea ulu ma ka pohopoho, humid wahi a loa evaporate ona mau. Paʻi nā kiʻie, ka sporophyte mea e kaukaʻi ma ka gametophyte, e hana spores i loko o ka kūikawā pahu, a ua aia ma luna o ka gametophyte, a ua pili me ia.

Ka Poeikohoia Fern i nui pinnate lau (e hoonohonoho sporangia ma kaʻaoʻao lalo). I ka mea kanu i ka haʻi aa'ōnaehana, a me ka pepa mea nae he lālā'ōnaehana, i ua kapaia vayey paha predpobegom. Ke ola kalapona o ka mea kanu Fern pūʻulu he o nā kūlana: moe a me ka asexual. Ke moe pae ia lŘlŘ me ke komo ana o gametes a asexual - i ka hihia. Asexual hanauna hoʻomaka me ka diploid zygote, a me keka - he haploid spores. Huli no kēia kūlana, a me ka nui loa o ka pōʻaiapuni.