Mea kālailaiʻono: 'ole a me ka ho'āʻo

Ka 'ike e hele mai ana, mai ka mea mawaho ao nei ua ike ia e ko kakou poe makaukau no. No ka mea, o ko lākou e wae hana o ke kanaka kino, ua hiki ke ponoʻole pane i nā loli ma ke kaiapuni. Ka pau hopena o ka functioning o ka makaukau, o ka lohe ana, maka, nā dudima, ono, tactile ka waiʻona ma a me ka vestibular ka waiʻona ma ke o ka muli, a ma nā wahi o stimuli.

Ka nui Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlov loaʻa i ke kahua o ka waiʻona ma ke komo 'ana o ka lolo cortical oaio e a ka centripetal nā aʻalolo o ka pīhoihoi hele mai ana, mai ka aʻalolo receptors. Systems oia hoi o māhele o ka cerebral cortex a mau alahele - nā aʻalolo a me receptors, kapa aku la ia i ka mea kālailai a me ka mīkiniʻimi nenoai. Gustatory mea kālailai, 'ole a me ka oihana o ka i i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o kona anatomical a me ka morphological hiʻona, e e hookolokolo aku la ia i loko o kēia 'atikala.

Keʻano papa hana o ka hanana o ke ono

Aneane pau na waiwai i ke hana e like me ka ai,ʻaiʻana. Ke physiology mea 4 walaʻauʻana ono: ono,ʻawaʻawa,ʻawaʻawa, a palemo iho pokole a me ka differentiation mea kālailai i hanaʻia flavoring. Hoao aku la, hiki ke wehewehe i pokole nā lātoma o Nine Inch waiwai komo i loko o ka meaʻai receptors aia i loko o ka waha, a ma luna o ke alelo. E maopopo i mea no ka hana o ka ho'āʻoʻana mea kālailai, ke huli aku a hiki i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o kona' ole. No laila, manao ui e like keia wahi o ko mākou kino.

Oihana e hoao ei mea kālailai

I ko makou kino, he mea he kūikawā kahua, a he kuleana no ka hālāwai hoʻolohe manaʻo, maka, nā dudima, a me tactile makaukau. Gustatory mea kālailai, 'ole a me ka oihana o ka a mākou i hoʻopaʻa haʻawina ninoieo o ekolu wahi. Ka mua ua kapaʻia kaʻike ākea, a me ka mea loaʻa. Ua koke perceives na stimuli o ka papa e i ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i loko o ka nawaliwali au, e hoano hou ana i loko o bioelectric impulses.

Ka mea, i hiki i ka lua o ka mahele o ka mea kālailai o kaʻaiʻana - alakaʻi mele. He ua poe ma ka afferent nā aʻalolo. By manaʻo pīhoihoi ka mea, komo ka cortical hapa flavoring mea kālailai, i mea kekahi lolo wahi, a me kahi mea he ho okumu o kaʻaiʻana.

Hiʻona o kaʻike ākea

Flavoring mea kālailai, e like me ka olelo mua, ka mea, he ekolu wahi. E noonoo oe i ka nui au mamuli o ka mea loaʻa a me kaʻike ākea kaawale. Ua Ua hoʻouna 'ia chemoreceptors kaʻimiʻana stimuli ma ke ano o kekahi Nine Inch i huiʻia, a me ke hoʻomaopopo iho i ia mau mea ma luna o ka ikaika, e like ai (modality) a me ka pinepine'. Chemoreceptors i kekahi hapa o ka ho'āʻoʻana nā'ōpuʻu, pu u kukui a me ua kiko o ka waha a me ka elelo. Ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i nā ikepili koʻikoʻi i palemo iho ono, Aia ma luna o ka maka o ke elelo, a ma luna o nā kihi, a hiki i ka mea awaawa - ma ke kumu o ke alelo, a hiki i ka mea - ma ke kihi, i ka vinega - ma luna o nā kihi.

Ke loa ai mohala 'aʻole e hele pololei i ka ili o ka mucousʻili lahilahi o ka' ōlelo, a ua pili me ia ma ono ili. Kēlā me kēia chemoreceptor maupaʻa mai ka 40 a hiki i 50 villi. Nā waiwai hookomoia ma ka meaʻai Hoʻokaʻaʻike a me ka mea nāuki mai ia lakou, no ia mea, i loko o kaʻike ākea hapa o gustatory'ōnaehana stimulation kaʻina i, ape ma arousal. Me ka elemakule, ua mahuahua kanaka o ka hoao i pā lonoaʻili paepae, oa ka hiki e ike i ka like flavors mae.

Ma na holoholona, i ka pā lonoaʻili o ka ho'āʻoʻana mea kālailai me ka elemakule aneane hoʻololi, hoi, i ka pilina ma waena o kaʻaiʻana a me ka olfactory nenoai ua hoike nui aku. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā pōpoki lakou e hoao ei nā'ōpuʻu (Jacobson paipu) i ka poʻe nō hoʻi i ka olfactory nā aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale, i ka poʻea pau eʻoi aʻe hoʻokae 'ole ka pono o ka meaʻai.

Pehea ka pilina hapa

Hoomau ana e makaikai i mau mea o ka ono mea kālailai, hoomanao i ke ano nā aʻalolo impulses mai chemoreceptors ke hiki aku i ka lolo. E hana i kēia, aia no kekahi hapa o ka pilina. Ua ua poe ma ka hookahi puluniu alanui. Ua nā He mau nā aʻalolo: lehalehu t, glossopharyngeal, vagus, a me ka lingual. He no ka mea, ia ia ke aʻalolo impulses hōʻea ma ka lolo anei i - ma ka medulla oblongata , a me ka uwapo, a mai ia - a hiki i ka optic thalamus (thalamus) a, ma hope, ma ka kino lobe o ka cerebral cortex.

Poino i ke alakaʻi mele hapa flavoring mea kālailai, e laʻa me, like me ka hopena o ka lehalehu t nā aʻalolo paresis kūpono ai i loko o ka hapa lilo o kaʻaiʻana pā lonoaʻili. Maʻoki lāʻau lapaʻau uao ai ', e laʻa me, ma ka hana ma luna o ka lehalehu t iwi poʻo Pauku emi conduction o nā aʻalolo impulses a nā aʻalolo mehameha'āpana, ka oi aku o ka lehalehu, a me nā vagus, a i hiki aku ai i ka emi ma kaʻaiʻana pā lonoaʻili.

Cortical Oihana gustatory kahua

Cortical hapa o kekahi? Ueony analyzers pono poe ma ka hapa AYEIE o ka Central ko mākou hopohopo'ōnaehana, Aia i loko o ka cerebral cortex. Ua lawe mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE mana o ka ho'āʻoʻana mea kālailai - pokole, a me ka like me kaʻaiʻana. Stimulation o nā aʻalolo centripetal lua i pele i loko o ke kino lobe o ka cerebral cortex, kahi hope differentiation ia lŘlŘ palemo iho,ʻawaʻawa, a me kaʻono ka vinegaʻaiʻana o kaʻai.

I ka pilina o ka 'ole a me ka hana ana o ka ho'āʻoʻana mea kālailai

A pau ekolu moku o gustatory'ōnaehana e inextricably ua hoʻopili. Poino i kekahi o kēia mau wahi (mea loaʻa, kaula a Cork) a me ko lakou mau wahi i pili ai i kekahi i kekahi hiki aku ai i ke poho o ka waiwai, e ike i kaʻaiʻana a me ka hoʻokae. Anatomical 'ole flavoring mea kālailai e hoʻoholo i ka specificity o kaʻono ka waiʻona ma ke e hana ma muli o ke stimulation o na chemoreceptors o kaʻaiʻana nā'ōpuʻu.

Ikaika loa ka makemake. Pehea i ia i hele mai ia mai?

Mea naʻau a me ka physiological pono ma ka meaʻaiʻai ana, a me ka manaʻo maikaʻi i ala mai ma mua kona hokii, i loko o ka papa o ka palaoa, i kapaia o kona'ōpū. Ma kona ho okumu ma ka hou ana i ka pilikia makapō hui, komo, a me kaʻaiʻana olfactory nenoaiu.

Ke alaʻano o kaʻai, a, o ka papa, kona hoao ana e hoʻoponopono stimuli, e kauoha ana i ke aʻalolo a hāʻule pahū wale i loko o ka ho'āʻoʻana nā'ōpuʻu excitation kaʻina. He komo i ka digestive oaio aia i loko o ka medulla oblongata, a me kekahi i loko o ka 'ole o ka limbic'ōnaehana a me ka thalamus.

mouthfeel iaia engine

E like me ka'ōleloʻepekema physiologists excitation aicieeaao mai ai, olfactory a me ka pilikia makapō stimuli (ono,ʻikeaʻana a me ka ala o ka ai) i loko o ka 'ōlelo o nā chemoreceptors. Kuokoa ana o keʻano o kaʻaiʻana (ʻawaʻawa,ʻono, huawaina, palemo iho) a me ka malu i ma mākau a me ka kemikala aayoaeuiinoe o ka lolo o na wahi kiekie ae - ka cerebral cortex. ʻO kona kino lobe a me ka mea i ka piko o kaʻaiʻana.

Ke Kula Kaiapuni 'pathologies a me nā palapū, i undergoes mea kālailai flavoring alakai i ka ageusia - ka helehelena a piha lilo o kaʻaiʻana ka waiʻona ma ke. Ua hiki no hoi ana i loko o ke ola i ke kanaka e like me ka hopena o ka mea hoʻomaʻi naehana maʻi (rhinitis, sinusitis) i a nani ua malama nasopharyngeal mucosa. Hyperthermia (wela i loko o hoʻoʻino keʻano o ka hanaʻana i loko o ke kino) i ho'ēmi i kā ka pā lonoaʻili o chemoreceptors.

Makani 'Olu ai Ka Ikepili

Oiai ka 'ole o ka ho'āʻoʻana mea kālailai a pau kanaka like, kekahi o mākou, ma muli o ia, mua o nā mea a pau, aaiaoe hiʻona, ia i ka haʻahaʻa paepae. E like me ka hopena, he mea hoʻomāhuahua mau ana i hana e discriminate hou ai nā waihoʻoluʻu a me flavors. Ka mea kālailai o kaʻaiʻana a me ka olfactory na kanaka i kapa tasters ke differentiate ma ka ho'āʻoʻana, a honi, no kekahi laʻana, mai ka 200 a hiki i 450 ano o ke kī. Ka hapa nui o mākou hoʻohana i ka ho'āʻoʻana sensory'ōnaehana kuhikuhi no ka Ikepili o ka palatability o ka ai, malaila satisfying i ko lakou nele no ka hou a me ka mea e like ai i ka ai e pono ai no ka maʻamau functioning o ka gastrointestinal'āpana.

Chemoreceptors lakou e hoao ei pā lonoaʻili e ĸokoĸa ana nä pane. Penei, ka mea maoli i hāpai keiki (toxicosis symptoms), i lactation, stress. Ma lalo ano o na kumu o ka hoao ana hiki ke hooikaika, no kekahi laʻana, meaʻai e lalana ana ia ia 30-40 ° C. Kēiaʻano hana ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ke kaʻina hana o ka aayoaeuiinoe i ka ho'āʻoʻana o kaʻai, a me nā mea inu. No ka laʻana, ka waina a me ka pia mua berena pono 'enaʻena.

Kēia 'atikala nānā i ka' ole a me ka hana ana o kaʻaiʻana mea kālailai. Ua Ua hoʻokolokolo i kona kūlana ma ka pokole a me ka differentiation o na stimuli o ke kaiapuni.