Mutation me he ololi ma ka evolution

Mutation kaʻina hana o ka evolution o kekahi o naʻano nui loa o ka ulu ana. Ma ka hapanui o hoopii, initially ka mea, i ka hopena maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka phenotype o kanaka. Eia naʻe, me he recessive Hoʻololi 'alleles i ike, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ma'ōewe loko ma heterozygous genotypes ma ka locus kūpono. E mākou noonoo hoʻoholumua i ka kūlana o ka mutation kaʻina hana ma ka evolution.

Overview

Mutation - he ulia loli ma ka succession hoʻonāukiukiʻoi iaea ooieoeiiaeuiiai a mall hou 'o aaiaoe mea. Hope i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i loko o ka luna kiʻekiʻe o kekahi mau oihana mua, mai ka hakakino kahua makana i loko o ka'ōewe i na chromosomes a me genomes. Mutation - puʻe ma luna o ka heluna kanaka ololi. No ka mea, loli aʻe i ke alapine (frequency) o kekahi allele pili ana i ka mea 'ē aʻe.

maikaʻi ai

Aie i ke alo o mutant alleles i loko o ka waiʻauʻau'ōewe i loko o ka heterozygous genotype ua hoʻokoe 'kauoha io ia ma luna o ka hōʻike o ka phenotypic kāna moʻolelo i ua noho mana ana ma ka'ōewe.

Ma muli o ka hapalua ikaika (heterosis), he nui mutations ma ka heterozygous moku'āina pinepine he hoʻonui i ka viability o ka meaola.

Ma ka ho'āhu alleles, a e ole i adaptive cia i loko o ka manawa i hoʻolilo 'ia o ke ola, akā, e hiki ke kuai ia ai i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, a me ka hooulu ana o kekahi? Aneeo niches, i hana i kekahi koena o ka variability.

Meaning o mutation

Nui nei no ka mea, ma kekahi mau hanana o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu loli a me ka hui pu ana kona mau ana i loko o ka holo hou pu o nā'ōewe a me ka loli. Kēia, ma ka huli, inevitably hiki aku ai i ka hoʻoponopono 'ana ma o ka kupuna heluna. мутационного процесса состоит в повышении генетической гетерогенности. Ke kūlana o ka mutation kaʻina mea e mahuahua aaiaoe heterogeneity. Naʻe, me ke komo o nā aʻe, ia mea i loko o kaʻoihana, e alakai i ka hou 'ana o ka heluna kanaka maoli.

элементарного материала, резерва изменчивости. Mutation - he kumu o elemental mea no? Variability. Keʻano o ka hou 'mai ana helu a me ka probabilistic ano. Evolutionary manaʻo nui o ke kaʻina mea e malama i ka kiʻekiʻe heterogeneity o maoli populations, komo i loko o ke kahua o nā alleles a me ka muli o hou nā'ōewe. Mutation kaʻina hana i ka piha huahelu o ka variability o ka ua'ōewe wai puna. Ma kona mau pele ka mea, he 'ole-directional a me kaulele ano.

Specificity

происходит на протяжении существования всей жизни. Mutation lawe wahi no ka lōʻihi like 'ole o ko lākou mau ola. Kekahi mau loli 'ke hana mau manawa ma kekahi meaola. 'ōewe loko nō ma lalo o ka ikaika ole o ka mutation kaʻina. Keia ua offset ma ka pahiki kiʻekiʻe o ke poho ma ka helu o ka pa alima loli o nā hanauna a pau. оказывает относительно небольшое давление на отдельно взятый ген, при большом количестве последних генетическая структура подвергается существенным изменениям. ʻOiai ka mutation kaʻina mai ka kŘpa a uuku puʻe no kekahi kanaka'ōewe me ka helu nui o nā aaiaoe 'ole undergoes nui loli.

Keʻano papa hana, a me ka hopena

E like me ka hopena o ke ana ma kela aoao, ua nui na ana o alleles. Combinatorial aaiaoe pinepine hoʻokolokolo ai i ka waiwai o mutations. Ka mea, komo i loko o hou genomes hou i loko o kekahi genotypic hana kūpono. Ka Loaʻaʻia ka helu ana o na pu ana o aaiaoe mea i loko o kekahi heluna kanaka mea, alahula mau. Naʻe, ka mea ike wale i kekahi wahi hapa o ka theoretically paha helu o ke koho. Hoʻokō 'ana i ka mahele me ka nānā' ana i ka hanana pu ana o ka aneane kanaka, kēia kanaka. Kēia ololi He loa nui no ka manaʻo o maoli wae.

IeEeAUUXAAaO hiʻona

Mutations i elemental mea evolution. He nui na ano o ia mau mea: genomic, chromosomal, aaiaoe. I waena o nā hiʻona o ka hoikeana o mutations e līkaia no lākou expressiveness. Ua Hōʻike 'i ke degere o ka phenotypic oolea. Eia hou, na mutations ano o ka penetrance. He ke alapine (frequency) o phenotypic hoike ana i loko o kekahi allele o kekahi mau'ōewe i loko o ka heluna kanaka nānā 'ole o ka expressivity.

'ōewe mutations

Ka mea, ho i ka hou 'nucleotide kaʻina. Mutation ma keia hihia EUIAaIN ke 'ano o ka'ōewe hana. IeAUPIIe, IAa IO ka mea, he hakakino hou ', ma o na la phenotypic hopena. Ina i loko o ka kekahi'ōewe i loko o kekahi mau 'wahi nā loina i TTC helu kuʻina no glutamicʻakika. wale he hookahi nucleotide wā ke kūapoʻana,ʻo ia ke huli i loko o ka codon GTT. He e e komo i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o glutamicʻakika a me ka glutamine. Ka mua a me ka mutant kumuʻiʻo nā lātoma mea okoa, a paha ia e i haumāna phenotypic oko o keʻano. Ke mau replication o ka hou allele e hana ana a hiki i ka manawa like ole he hou loli, e hiki mai ana. I ka aaiaoe mutations pela ka mea, he moʻo paha mahu o homologous hehee wale. 'Oe ke hana i ka nana e hoole ka hopena. Ke alo aku o ka allelic variability i ka ua'ōewe 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea mea ma kekahi manawa e mutated.

aiiieieoaeuii

Heterozygous diploid genotype, "he noho malie DNA" - na mea a pau o ka pahele no mutations. A hiki i ka degeneracy o ka aaiaoe kivila, ka rarity o ka hanana o ka loli 'olelo e pili ana i uku aku. Mutational keʻano o ka hanaʻana e mākaukau kaua i loko o ka na meaola e noho ana ma ka kekahi alapine (frequency). It E e lawa ia i ka loli ana i ka heluna kanaka makemake e hōʻike ai i ka hou kiʻekiʻe. Mutations i loaʻa i loko o nā nā hoʻohui like. Kekahi o ia e komo i loko o ka mōʻaukala kaʻina o? Acaeoey o ola meaola, ka hoʻopukaʻana i ka kahua o ka hou taxa. Mutations kamaʻilioʻana, e hana ana me ka hoʻololi, discretely a me ka ho opa ao. keia loli, e ia hookahi hale lio. Ua Ua pū i hiki i ka poe mamo. Mutations e ala ole directionally. Ka Ia loli hiki ke hai kekahi mau manawa.

Ka adaptive cia

Ka hapa nui o ka hou mutants OAOOUIEeE me ka nui loa haʻahaʻa viability ma mua o ka mea hihiu / maʻamau type. Pela ka mea, ua olelo ia e loli iki degere, mai ka maalea e subvitalnogo hapalua-lethal a me ka lethal ano. Ma ka Ikepili o ka viability o ka nalo Drosophila mutants ikea mai ma loli ma ka X chromosome, 90% o na kanaka ka mea, ua haʻahaʻa ma mua o maʻamau. I ka 10% o ka nānā mau supervitalnoe moku'āina - mahuahua vitality. I mau, ka adaptive cia o na mutantsʻikeʻia, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO hoemiia. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai auoiauo o morphological hiʻona a me fertility, physiological viability.