Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky: Kawaihae, hana, ola moʻolelo a me nā kaha puana'ī

Mea kākau, poe akeakamai a me kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa Nikolai Chernyshevsky ua kaulana i kona wa e ola ana i loko o ka puali 'ia o ka poʻe heluhelu. Me ka Hekikai o Soviet mana o kana hana (oi loa o ka puke "He aha e hana ai?") Ua lilo paradigmatic. I kēia lā, i kona inoa o - kekahi o nā hōʻailona o Lūkini moʻokalaleo o ka XIX kenekulia.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, nona Kawaihae hoomaka ma Saratov, i hānau i loko o ka ohana o ka moku'āina kahuna. Ka Makua ia ia iho i hoʻoili ai i loko o kā lākou mau keiki ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mai ia Chernyshevsky hōʻike haipule i hele mai i mea ole i kona mau haumāna lā, i ka wa a ke kanaka opiopio ua laweʻia aku e hoʻokahuli aupuni i ka manaʻo nui. Mai noho 'ana kamaliʻi, Kolya heluhelu i ka hailona, a luku iho la ia puke ma hope o puke, mea haohao a pau a puni.

I ka makahiki 1843, ua komo i ke Kulanui 'o loko o Saratov, akā, me ka hoʻopau ia, ae hoomau ana i kona hoʻonaʻauao ma St. Petersburg University. Chernyshevsky, kona Kawaihae i pili i nā humanities, koho philosophical nā kumu.

Ma ke kulanui i loko o ka wā e hiki mai kākau moʻolelo i hana kālai'āina wale. He lilo i utopian Socialist. Ma kona ideology i alakaʻi ai i nā lālā o ka hui Irinarha Vvedenskogo, a he nui nā haumāna kamailio, a ua kūkākūkāʻia. I ka Ia manawa hoomaka ae la oia i kona mau palapala, ai '' oihana. Ka mua na hana o ke akamai, he pono aʻo, a noho unpublished.

Kumu a me kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa

Hoʻonaʻauao, Chernyshevsky, kona Kawaihae i kēia manawa, ua ua hoʻopili i nā kiʻina aʻo lilo i kumu. He ao mai la ia ma Saratov, a laila, hoʻi maila ia i ke kulanakauhale alii. I loko o kēia mau makahiki oia i halawai me kana wahine Olgoy Vasilevoy. Ka ahaaina mare i wahi i ka MH 1853.

Mai St. Petersburg ka mea i pili i ka hoʻomaka o ka journalism o Chernyshevsky. ¶ A i ka MH 1853, hoomaka ae la oia e e paʻiʻia ma ka nupepa "Fatherland Notes" a me "St. Petersburg Vedomosti". Akā, uaʻikeʻia ka hapanui o nā mea a pau Didenko me he lālā o ka Hoʻoponopono papa o ka puke pai "Contemporary". Ke waihoʻia nei kekahi mau koʻikoʻi a hanohano o nā kākau, kela mea keia mea o ka mea kokua aku i kona wahi.

Hana ma "Contemporary"

Nikolai Chernyshevsky, kona Kawaihae i uaʻikeʻia i loko o ka palapala, ai 'koʻikoʻi a hanohano o ke kulanakauhale alii, i ka loa a kokoke me Dobrolyubov a me Nekrasov. Mau i kākau passionately leʻaleʻa o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni manaʻo, a ka mea makemake i ka hoike ana ma ka "Contemporary".

Ma wale i kekahi mau makahiki ma mua a pau ma Europe i hala i ka kivila haunaele i wahi a me Rusia. No ka laʻana, ma Paris, ke bourgeoisie Ua hoʻokahuliʻia Louis Philippe. A nationalist neʻeʻana i uhi pūʻia ka Hungarians i loko o Austria pono ma hope o ka hoʻopakeleʻana o ka Auguseto, hele Nikolai I, ka mea i hoouna ia Pukapeka i kekahi mau regiments. Ke alii, ao kona alii ana, hoomaka ae la me ka suppression o ka uprising o ka Decembrists, makau kipi, aʻoi loa censorship ma Rusia.

He He manao o Liberal (KS) i loko o ka "Contemporary". Ka mea, (Ivan Turgenev, Vasily Botkin, Alexander Druzhinin a me na mea e ae) i makemake ole e radicalize i ka Magazine.

Hana Chernyshevsky increasingly o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o ka moku'āina a me na ilamuku kuleana no ka censorship. A ma ko hanana i ka lehulehu ke pale ana i ka ia hoʻi ma luna o ke akamai, ma a ka mea kākau moʻolelo i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni'ōlelo. I palapala, ke Kuhina o Education Avraam Norov i ole e haawi mai i ka makana i ka ia nā kumu kāki Nikolayu Gavrilovichu. Wale ma hope o ia i loko o keia oihana i UAIAaIN ~ e ka nui lokomaikaʻi Evgraf Kovalevsky, ka mea kākau moʻolelo lilo i ka haku o Lūkini moʻokalaleo.

manao Chernyshevskogo

He nui e hoailona oukou i kekahi mau hiʻona manao o Chernyshevsky. Ka mea, i ole ia e ia mau kula me ka 'ōlelo Palani materialism a me Hegelian. E like me ke keiki, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua he Karistiano ikaika, akā, ma ka adulthood hoomaka ae la e 'Imi nema aku ana hoomana ana a me ka liberalism a me ka bourgeoisie.

No ka mea, ukiuki denounced serfdom. E like ma mua o ka paʻi manifesto ma ka liberation o na serfs ma Alexander II o, kākau moʻolelo o ka 'atikala lehulehu a me ka pepa (essay) hōʻike no ka wā e hiki mai mihi. He hou'ano'ē ana, a me ka hoolilo ana o ka aina i ko na kauwa gratis Hekikai. Naʻe, i ka manifesto i iki e hana i kēia mau utopian papahana. No ka o ka hoonohoia'na o ka mea hoolapanai hookaa ana, i hooki mahiʻai, e lilo loa noa, Chernyshevsky mau hana ino mau ana i kēia palapala. Ke kūlana o Lūkini kauwa, oia hoohalikeia me ke ola o ke kauāʻeleʻele i loko o ka United States.

Chernyshevsky manaoio ia ma hope o 20 a me 30 makahiki ma hope o ka liberation o na kauwa i ka aina, e pakele no capitalist mahiai, a, e hele mai me ka socialism ke kaiāulu ona. Didenko koi i ka mea i hanaia phalansteres - keena ma ka noho o ka wā e hiki mai nā kauhale e hana pū no ka ae pomaikai. Kēia papahana ua utopian, ia mea e kahaha ko oukou naau, no ka mea, o ka mea kākau o ka mea hana Sharl Fure. Falanster Tchernyshevskiy Ua hōʻike i loko o kekahi o nā mokuna o ka puke "He aha e hana ai?"

"Land a me ke ku okoa ana"

ʻOiʻenehana propaganda mau. Kekahi o kona masterminds ua Nikolai Chernyshevsky. Pono e komo pōkole Kawaihae o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loko o kekahi puke ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i ka paukū e ka mea, i ka mea nana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka neʻeʻana kaulana "Land a me ke ku okoa ana". Ua maoli mea. Ma ka lua o ka hapalua o ke 50-ies o Chernyshevsky lilo ka hailonaʻana o ka hui 'ana me Alexander Herzen. Ke kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa i hele ai i loko o ke pioʻana, no ka aupuni puʻe. I London, hoomaka ae la oia e hoolaha i ka Lūkini-'ōlelo Nupepa "Ka Bell". Ka mea, ua lilo ka waha'ōlelo o nā revolutionaries a me socialists. Ua kuu aku la ia kope malu ia Rusia, ma na keena e loa mahalo i waena o'ano'ē nā haumāna.

Paʻiʻia i loko ona, a Nikolay Gavrilovich Chernyshevsky. Kawaihae no ka mea kākau i ikeia i kekahi Socialist ma Rusia. I ka 1861, ka wā o kona wela komo (e like me ka aoao o Herzen), a ua "Land a me ke ku okoa ana". Kēia neʻe hui ma ke kakini na newa i loko o nā kūlanakauhale nui o ke aupuni. Ua komo nā moʻolelo, nā haumāna, a me nā kākoʻo o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni manaʻo. He hana hoihoi i Chernyshevsky hiki e hoʻokele i ka lanakila ma i ka ilamuku, a me ka mea āna i hana pū 'ana i pai ia ma ka kaua nā puke.

Nā lālā o ka hui pū ma ka propaganda a me ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka tsarist Aupuni. "E hele ana i na kanaka" ma o nā makahiki, ua lilo ka mea, mōʻaukala Ka Honua Nei. Nā agitators, ka mea i ho'āʻo e loaʻa kekahi mau 'ōlelo a me ko na kauwa, a ua haawiia mai ka mea, i ka ia makai. No ka nui makahiki, hoʻokahuli aupuni ike i loaʻa i ka pane i loko o ka makaainana, ka hailona koe ololi stratum o ka pilina.

hopu

Over manawa, ke Kawaihae o Chernyshevsky, ma ka pōkole, hoihoi konohiki kiu ma. Ma ka hihia o "Ka Bells",ʻo ia a hiki aku la i Herzen ma London, a, o ka papa, akā, oi o Laielohelohe i ka hoolohe. No September 1861 o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ua ma lalo malu hoʻomakākiu. He Ua mahuʻi mua o ka hoʻonāukiuki e ku ei ke aupuni.

Ma June 1862 Chernyshevsky i hopu. Ma mua o kēia hanana, hoomaka ae la na ao, e ho'ākoakoa mai a puni ia. "Contemporary" Magazine i paa i loko o May. Mea kākau hoopiiia o hoʻowahāwahāʻana i ka mana unuhi aku la ia mai o ka olelo hoolaha, i ua i loko o nā lima o nā konohiki provocateurs. Nō hoʻi, na makai e hoʻokele i intercept i ka palapala Herzen, kahi i kaumaha aku hou emigrant e hoolaha a pilikino "Contemporary", wale i kēia manawa i loko o Lākana.

"He aha e au e hana ai?"

Ka hoopiiia Ua waiho ia ma ka la o Petero a me Paulo hūlili, kahi āna i mālama 'ia no ka hoʻokolokolo' ana. Ua hele aku la ka hapa makahiki. Mua, o ka mea kākau moʻolelo ho'āʻo e ikaika aku i ka hopu ia ana. He hele aku ma luna o ka pololi hahau, a, nae, 'aʻole e hoʻololi i kona kulana. I nā lā o ka mea i paa i noho maikaʻi,ʻo ia i i kona peni, a hoomaka ae la e hana ma luna o kekahi apana o ka pepa. Pela ka mea i kākau i ka puke "He aha e hana?", Ka mea i lilo i ka hana kaulana loa, a ua paʻiʻia Chernyshevsky Nikolay Gavrilovich. Pōkole Kawaihae o keia huahelu, pai ia i loko o kekahi puke noiʻi kūʻikena, pono no ka 'ike e pili ana i ka puke.

Ka puke i paʻiʻia i loko o ka lānai hou wehe "Contemporary" i ekolu helu o 1863. He hana hoihoi i ole puke hiki ole e. Wale i ka palapala i ua nalowale ma na alanui o St. Petersburg ma ka amo ana i ka oihana. Paper passerby loaʻa wale nō i loko o ko lakou mau uhane lokomaikai i lawe mai ia hoʻi i loko o ka "Contemporary". Nikolai Nekrasov, ka poe i hana ma laila, a literally hele Kamehameha, mai ka poho, ua hauʻoh boa wā i hoʻi mai ai i ka puke.

olelo

Eia hoi, i ka 1864, ka mea i wahi i ka Olelo Hoolaha o ka olelo i ka makaia o kākau moʻolelo. He hele aku la i ka halepaahao ma Nerchinsk. hewa ke konohiki i hookomoia kekahi mau ukana ma luna a Didenko i e pana aku au i ke koena o ke ola i loko o mau loa ke pio. Alexander II hoʻololi i ke ola o ka hana oolea no 7 makahiki. He aha hou aʻe hiki mākou e haʻi aku i ka moʻoleloʻohana o Chernyshevsky? Pokole, e mau olelo, e olelo aku e pili ana i ka makahiki ana i lilo materialist poe akeakamai ma ka noho pio ana. Ke hoʻohalahala aniau a me ka pilikia no keia loa worsened i kona ola. I loko nō o kēia, ka mea kākau moʻolelo i hala ma ka hanaʻoʻoleʻa. Ma hope, ua ola ia i loko o kekahi mau moku'āina kūlanakauhale, akā,ʻaʻole loa hoʻi i ke kulanakauhale alii.

ʻO i loko o ka hale paʻahao ia i ho'āʻo e noa ai i nā kākoʻo i hele mai me nā manao e pakele. Naʻe, ka mea, i ole eeiaeea. Oiai, mai 1883 a hiki i 1889, Nikolai Chernyshevsky (Kawaihae ka mea, i olelo mai ia ia i ka hopena o ke ola ana o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni democrat) paʻa i loko o Astrakhan. Koke ma mua o kona makeʻana,ʻo ia hoʻi i Saratov, ma ka lokomaikaʻi o kana keiki.

Ka make a me ka waiwai

Okatoba 11, 1889 ma kona aina, make iho la NGChernyshevsky. Kawaihae no ka mea kākau i ke kumuhana o ka Mohai nui ukali a me nā kākoʻo.

Soviet ideology kau aku ia ma luna o ka par me na huahelu o ka XIX kenekulia, i ka poe i ka mua o ke kipi. Ka puke "He aha?" He ka obligatory wahi o ka polokalamu kula. Ma kēia moʻokalaleo haʻawina ke kumuhana ua i? Anoee hoi, wale kona laʻa'emi hola.

Ke Lūkini journalism a me ka journalism aia no he inoa kaawale o na Mamua o kēia mau mea. Ua nā Herzen, Belinsky a me Chernyshevsky. Kawaihae, nā hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kona mau puke, e like me ka hopena ma luna o ka lawelawe manaʻo - kēia mau nīnau a pau i aʻo kākau i keia la.

kaha puana'ī Chernyshevsky

Ka mea kākau moʻolelo Ua ikea iho la ia no konaʻoi elelo, a me ka hiki, e? Ieoaeunoai pohihihi. Eia nō ka mea kaulana loa nā kaha puana'ī Chernyshevsky:

• Personal pomaikai mea i hiki ole i ka pomaikai o na mea e ae.
• Hana - manawa freshness maikai olelo la.
• KU¯ me Moʻolelo hoola kanaka mai ka naaupo a me ka leo hone - mai ka nani ole a me ka vulgarity.
• Hoomalimali ae la laila, e alii ai maluna o lalo i kaʻaʻahu o ka haahaa loa.
• Wale ma kaʻoiaʻiʻo tālena ikaika; hewa kuhikuhi pepehi i ka ikaika loa tālena.