Nine a me physical waiwai o ka chalk

Mel mea he keʻokeʻo sediment. He insoluble i loko o ka wai o o ke aloha kumu. Mai ka 'atikala mākou aʻo, kahi chalk ua hoʻohana' ia, i ke kino ai a me ka Nine Inch ano o keia ole.

ho okumu

90 miliona makahiki aku nei i loko o 'Eulopa' Ākau, ma ka haahaa māhele o ke kai nui o ka hoʻonui silt. protozoa (foraminifers) e noho ma luna o meaola'ōpala. Lākou (particles) nā kalipuna loaʻa hou mai o ka wai. Cretaceous stratigraphic pūʻulu o ka Europa māhele o ka ia inoa iʻikeʻia i ka wā. Mai ka mea i hana i ka White pali ma Kent a me na kumu ma ka kekahiʻaoʻao o ka pilikia o Dover. He mau koe, a ua lilo i ke kumu o ka chalk. Naʻe, kaʻoi loa ia oia o ka pōhaku, me ka ho okumu a me ke olonā i ka līoho i huiʻia. Penei, ka noiʻi manao nei makou i ke ano o ka chalk - ka kānaka apau i mākaukau o nā mea kanu.

Ka 'ole o ka pohaku

Ke koe o ka pūpū loaa i loko o nā sediments huli i chalk. Ka pōhaku he:

1. About 10% o skeletal'ōpala. Mawaena o lakou i wale no ka simplest, akā, i multicellular holoholona.
2. About 10% foraminifer.
3. Up i ka 40% o nā koena o calcareous līoho me ka ho okumu
4. Up i ka 50% o ka he mea pōaka calcite. Kona nui mea uuku ia i ka liluwelo e hoʻouka mea kalaima hehee wale aha ia mea aneane hiki ole i.
5. Up i 3% o insoluble nā minelala hao. Holo nōhie ka mea, e hōʻike mai iā ia silicates. Insoluble nā minelala hao - he ano o ka 'ā ina neoneo (koena o kekahi mau pōhaku a me ke one), a ua helu ia ma ka Cretaceous sediments e paialewa a me ka makani.

Shells o mollusks, concretions'ē aʻe nā minelala hao, coelenterates kino iwi i loaʻa i loko o ka ole, he pohihihi keia.

Description o ke kino ai 'waiwai o ka chalk - ikaika

Ua lawe mai Researchʻia ma na mea he nuiʻepekema. Ma geotechnical hana ka mea i hōʻike i ia mea paakiki poluskalnyh ole. Kona ikaika ua pili kēia manaʻo ma ka humidity. Ka lewa-maloo tensile ikaika ma ka mīkini'opihia loli aʻe mai ka 1000 a hiki i 45000 kn / ka m ^2. Ka laholio modulus o maloo pohaku - 3 tausani MPa (no ka moe kolohe ana) i 10 tausani MPa (no ka anuanu) ... I ka nui o ka na kū'ē huina - 24-30 degere, i ka wa a ka lālau kīnā ka piha mīkini'opihia 700-800 kn / ka m ^2.

humidity

Ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kino ai 'waiwai o ka wai chalk hoʻomaka i ka hoʻololi' ana i. I ka nui, kona ikaika emi. Loli ana mua ma ka 12% ona mau. Ma 25-35% i ka 2-3 manawa, a mahuahua nui compressive ikaika. I ka Ia manawa e ho'āʻo'ē aʻe physical waiwai o ka chalk. Rock i ea. Keia hoike ana nui complicates ke kaʻina hana o ka hoohehee maemae au ia konohiki. I loko o keia chalk hoʻomaka e pili ana i ka mīkini lala (ma luna o ka excavator bākeke, mea hoʻoili kāʻei feeder, he kaa kino). Pinepine, i ka physical waiwai o ka chalk (ikaika a me ka ductility) Aʻole 'ae' ana no ka mea? Iecaianoaaiiie, mai ka lalo pae, ina maanei ka mea, ua manaoia kiʻekiʻe e like ai.

hau-e kū'ē'ē mai

Ma hope o ke kūpaleʻana-thawing chalk disintegrates i loko o (particles) ka nui o ka 1-2 mm o. Ma kekahi mau hihia, ia mea pono pohaku waiwai. No ka laʻana, ka wā hoʻohana like me ka lepo ameliorant ka wā deoxidation mea i pono i ka wiliʻia i 0,25 mm o. Ka lepo hiki e ka pepe iho la ka pohaku o ka mai i ka 10 mm o. Ke ahau-thaw me ka hooulu ana i ka apana o ka luku iho la ia lakou iho lepo. Penei, i ke kanawai o ke neutralization ua mālama 'ia no ka lōʻihi manawa.

Chalk waiwai: kemika

KamakawiwoʻOle kaʻoi loa ka loaʻa o ka pili-kalepona a me ka kalepona hapa. First insoluble ma acetic a me ka hydrochloric nāʻakika. Na keia uncarbonate hapa metala oxides, ka silica i one, marl, he palolo kekahi, a pela aku. i insoluble i loko o kēia mau nāʻakika kekahi o ia mau mea. I 98-99% o ka kalepona hapa o ka pōhaku paʻapuna. Mea pōaka (particles) o magnesia calcite, dolomite a me ka siderite i hana makanekiuma carbonates a i komo i loko o ka nīnūnē nui i loko o chalk. I ka haku mele 'ana a me ka waiwai o nā pōhaku malama like ana hoʻohālike no ka Mea Maluna.

Ka loaʻaʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe-kbps hoʻokomo kālā

Initially ka mea i manaoio aku i ka me mechanical, a Nine Inch waiwai o ka mea hookahi chalk a pau ma ke kula. Eia naʻe, i loko o nä hana kilokilo, he lōʻihi pae'ōnaehana māhele 'āina, ka oi aku ma hope o ka hoʻololi kupuʻia, a kahe iho hana e paka maikaʻi me nā huahana, e hōʻike ana oko ao i loko o kēia mau' ano. No laila, i loko o kekahi mau kula ua lawe mai 'ā ina a me nāʻanoʻenehana kŰia. Noiʻi këia i ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka chalk a me kona ÿano ano ma kekahi mau pauku o ka waiho, hōʻike i ka mau o ka huhui waina a lākou mea e like ai ole.

kalepa ulu

Nui hoʻokomo kālā o ka chalk makana i loko o ka Belgorod a me Voronezh wahi. Emi kona mea e like mea i loaʻa i loko o Znamenskaia, Zaslonovskoy, Valuiskaya a me nā hoʻokomo kālā. Mau mahinaʻai i 'akomi i kŘpa a haahaa pae o CaCO ₃ (i oi aku mamua o 87%). Eia hou kekahi, pōhaku he likeʻole impurities. No laila, i kēia mau mahinaʻai hiki ole ia me ka walaau ole enrichment e loaa ka mea e like ai me nā huahana. Ke physical waiwai o ka chalk ma ia hoʻokomo kālā ae kona hoʻohana ma o ka hana o ka Lime, e like me ma ka aina reclamation hana no ka lepo deoxidation. Voronezh hoʻokomo kālā haawiia i Turonian-makahiki Coniacian. Ua produces He kiʻekiʻe-kbps chalk. Ka waiwai a me ka noi o ka pōhaku hua mai kēia mau kula i ke aʻo no ka lōʻihi manawa. Ke huahana Ua extracted i Voronezh obl., Ua he kiʻekiʻe CaCO ₃ maʻiʻo (i 98,5%). A hiki aku i ka like ana o ka ole-kalepona impurities mea emi o 2%. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo ma ka mahinaʻai, nae, complicate ka physical waiwai o chalk. Ma kekahi, kona kiʻekiʻe wai saturation. Pakeneka o ka ona mau i loko o ka pōhaku - ma kahi o 32%.

i olelo mua iaʻi hoʻokomo kālā

Mawaena o ka māhele nui ke kumukuai 'ana i kumumanaʻo Rossosh, Krupnennikovskoe, Buturlino a me Kopanischenskoe. Chalk o ka hope stratum 16,5-85 m. Overburden o luna lepo. Kona mānoanoa o ma kahi o 1.8-2 m. Ka vertical laina chalk, ahu iho ua maheleia i mau nā pākeke. Ma ka lalo he mea i ka 98% paʻapuna, ka luna o kekahi mau mea uuku - i 96-97,5%.

Ma Buturlino loaʻa kahua like homogeneous keʻokeʻo chalk turunskogo pae. , Ahu iho mānoanoa -. 19,5-41 m + overburden mānoanoa kīnā 9,5 m + It hōʻike MARGELOV, topsoil, palolo, ke one, a me ka ho okumu sandstone .. Ka like ana o ke kalipuna a me ka makanekiuma carbonates hiki 99,3%. Ma keia hihia, ole-kalepona eiiiiiaiou a pau loa imua i kŘpa a uuku mea.

O ka hoihoi nui ana i ka hana, a ho i Stoilenskoye Lebedinskoye kahua. Ma kēia mau mea, i ka chalk ua o koʻu mau like me ka overburden, a lawe i ka dumps. Concurrent makahiki? Iecaianoaaiiuo Ua oi ma mua o 15 miliona tona. Ke Kaʻina Hana elima o ia i hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai nāʻoihana. I mau chalk hele mai i Stary hola no ka hana o ka lepo pipili, a kekahi'ē aʻe uuku pāʻoihana. A nui ka leo o koʻu mau mea ua lilo i na dumps.

Mel, i mea i loko o ka hao ka mea e hoohehee hoʻokomo kālā i loko o ka wahi o ka silica i, a me ka kalepona ka maʻiʻo o ka Falls, i loko o ka waeʻano o kiʻekiʻe e like ai. Ua hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no kalepa hana me kaʻilikai hohonu enrichment. Ua pono e olelo mai la ia i ka manao o ka hoʻouku a me ka aaioee hana hana kūikawā ana i ka hao e hoohehee ai, he pono e hoolakoʻanoʻenehana laina no ka hele i ka extracted chalk a me ka lewa no kona kanaka pūnaewele waho.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hokii,

Pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka chalk i ikeia no ka lōʻihi manawa. Initially, ka pohaku hoʻohana i kūkulu. Lime hua mea. Chalk i kona lepo i mālama ai i ke kumu no ka putty, putty, pena a pela aku no. I ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia i loko o ke kula "White Mountain" hoomaka ae la e hoonohonoho ponoi nā hale hana. I ka lālā umu i lawe mai ka popo palaoa Lime a me ka pōhaku ka pauka. I ka makahiki 1935 mamuli o konaʻikeʻia Shebekinsky kanu pū i? Iecaianoaaiiuo o huahana no hanalima hana. Pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka chalk i koi ia ma uila, HW, pīlali, laholio, a me na hana.

A me ka mea i loaʻa i loko o? Iecaianoaaiiuo koi i māhuahua koi ma luna o kona mea e like ai. Na hana ma ka makahiki 1990,ʻaʻole i ka hana hiki i ka mea e pono ai maka pono hana. Ma ka Belgorod māhele hoomaka ae la e hele mai kekahi hana. A nui helu i ukuia a hiki i ka nunui puke o ka pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā, a me ka maopopo pono io o ka aaioee loea. Naʻe, i ka primitive ano o ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka lāʻau kū-aaioee, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o kekahi hana, hiki ole i na koi dala o ke kiʻekiʻe-kona mea e like me nā huahana. Alaila, he nui o kēia mau mea kanu i paa. I ka Ia manawa lawe mai nui hana ka modernization a me ke kūkulu houʻana o kona lako a pan. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka mea e like ai huahana ua hoakaka ia i loko o ka 90 makahiki Belgorod, Petropavlovsk, Shebekinskaya mea kanu.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o kiʻekiʻe-kbps lama

Ke kī olelo no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o chalk, ma ka hou ana i ka like ana o ka carbonates nā nani ole - fineness. Ua Ua hoikeia ma ke koena ma luna o ka kānana o ka kekahi ka nui a me ka pakeneka o ka hoʻoholo ma mua huna nui (e laʻa me, 90% huna nui o ka 2 HI).

Ka muli o iiauo i? Iecaianoaaiiuo laina no ka hana o ka pena, laholio, kēpau a me nā huahana, no ka a me ka maka mea hoʻohana chalk, hoʻonāukiuki akula i ka nihinihi imbalance ma waena o kona hokii, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie. Ua hoike aku ia ia iho ka hapanui pono i loko o ka pepa oihana puolo. Hana o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'koi no ka chalk ka pauka, a i auou caiaiai kaolin i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie.

Hilo i kona mea e like lama i hoʻomōhala i nā refineries i loko o ka Belgorod māhele 'āina. Ma waho Shebekinsky hana, a produces he hookaawale chalk, hou kanu i hanaiaʻi o laua. No laila, i ka 1995 ma Lebedinsky GOK ikea aaioee kanu - JSC "Ruslime". Ua Ua kūkuluʻia ka Sepania papahana "Reverte" lehulehu me ka oaeuiinoe nona iho a 120 e Iesu ke. Tona / makahiki. Ke kanu produces 10 kekahi mau lama o chalk. Ma kā lākou mea e like ai ka mea, i loko o ole ala e emi iki mahope o ke haole analogues a me nā pahuhopu nei me ka lahui hae. Ka lehulehu ua lako pono ia me ka loa ke kālā noʻanoʻenehana pono, i ka hana ma ka laina o mechanized a me ka hana nona iho.

E like me ka papahana poʻe "Mabetex" ma Stoilensky mea kanu i kukuluia me ka 'auhau o ka chalk kiʻekiʻe ma Hawaiʻi me nā huahana o 300 tausani tona. I ka Ia manawa ka poe manao e hoʻolako i ka hope māhuahua ma ka 'auhau.

Ole Raspuskaemost

Kekahi o ke kī ana hoʻohālike i loko o ka Ikepili o physical waiwai o pōhaku ma ka hou ke kahua a me kahi e komo i loko o ke kanawaiʻanoʻenehana laina aaioee, o ka hana o ka chalk i wili. E like me ka olelo mai ma luna, ma kekahi mau papa o ka hoʻokomo kālā o nā mea okoa me mechanical ano. Visually kuhikuhi i kēia mau oko ao nei,ʻaʻole e hiki i ka hapanui hihia. Hoʻoholo 'ana i ka hana o ka chalk ma ke kaʻina hana o ka maloo wili kaʻina ua lawe mai ma ka holo ana i ke anakahi raspuskaemosti ia i loko o ka humid nā papa hana ma me mechanical keiki. Keia ua hana ka hoʻohana 'ana kūikawā lako a pan.

paʻakai bicarbonate

kekahi mau mea, a me limestone a chalk e hoʻohana no kona? iecaianoaaiiuo. Pono waiwai no ka meaola, i uluhia e ka paʻakai hydrogen kalepona, e ike i na mea he nui. Pinepine ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā maʻi o ka nui aʻe ana a me ka puʻu, heartburn, e liquefy i ka phlegm ma ka puʻu. I hana, i ke kino ai ka waiwai o ka soda a me ka chalk ua nui mahalo. Ua o kēia mau waiwai i hoʻohana 'ia ma ke kūkulu, mea hoʻonani, manufacturing kumuhana, pena a me nā huahana. Me ka pili ana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pōhaku paʻapuna, ka hoʻohana 'ana o kekahi wale chalk noʻonoʻo uneconomical. Mea i olelo ia ma luna, i kēia? Ueo Ua loa pono ka hoʻokemu ona mau, hiki hoʻololi kona me mechanical ano. Kēia, ma ka huli, negatively e loli ai i ka papa o ke kaʻina.

E hiki anei au i ka CaCO _3?

Nui ka mea, ua hoʻomano manaoio ia kauka waiho aku i ka hana o ka chalk Lapaʻau o. Ka waiwai o keia mea ua manaoio aku no lakou, e haawi i ka replenishment o ke kalipuna deficiency. Mua o nā mea a pau e pono e mai la oia i na kahuna lapaau uniquely hoʻohikiʻia ma luna o kēia manawa. Pinepine hoʻomalu pono e hoomanawanui i ka poe i makemake eʻai chalk (ai). Pono keia mau mea waiwai o ka mea, nae, o loa kanalua. Link i kona waha eʻai ai ke ho i ka nele o ke kalipuna. Eia naʻe, e ike i na ano o ka waiwai e paha i ka mea hou i ka wā e komo ai i ka'ōpū. Maalo ae la oia ma kekahi mau'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana, ka mea haalele i kona palapala'ākilikai, a lilo iho la ka mea kemikala. Ma kona hana mea i 'ano like me ka waiwai o ka slaked Lime. E like me ka hopena, i ka'ōpū hoʻomaka e aloha ia oxidized chalk. Lāʻau lapaʻau waiwai i ka mea ia manawa, aole ia i hoike mai ai ia ia. Muli o kona kulana ke kue. He waiwai hoomanao no hoi i ke kalipuna lehulehu i loko o ka mea i loa kiʻekiʻe. E like me ka hopena o ka excessive pono o ka chalk hiki i vascular calcification. Nolaila, kauka waiho aku i ka puku ia me ka kalipuna gluconate a like ai '. Like no ka noho pohaku uinihepa, o ka heartburn, laila, e like me na kanaka, ka poe i ho'āʻo e koho ia i chalk, ka mea, aole ia e kōkua ana ma keia.

Hanalima, a wahi lulu ana

Mel lawelawe 'ana me ka mea e pono ai ke keʻena o ka pepa, a ua hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka paʻi palapala. High lakou hoopuehu ana o paʻapuna i particulate palapala e loli ai i ka'ōnohi a me ka pai ano, porosity, smoothness o huahana. Aie i ke alo o ka chalk emi abrasive 'atikala. Kamakawiwo Ole hāmare ma ka hoʻomano hoʻohana no ka whitewash pā, curbs, hoʻomalu o ka laau. Chalk ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka huikala ana o ka beet wai, i ka huli ua hoʻohana' ia i loko o ka ń oihana puolo. No kēia mau mea, e like me ka rula, no laila,-kapaia precipitated pono ole. Oia chemically mākaukau chalk o ke kalipuna nā minelala hao. A me nā kalepona pōhaku waiwai hoʻohana no ka sayings aniani me kekahi o ka läÿau, eiiiiiaiou. Aie i ka chalk maoli ka thermal kumupaʻa o ka huina hoonui, kona ÿano ikaika a me ka kumupaʻa ka wā paku ole ia i weathering a me Nine Inch. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana o fertilizers ole. Nō hoʻi, chalk ua hou i ka holoholonaʻai i ka mahiʻai holoholona.

mechanical e laholio hana

Mel mea ma mua wahi i waena o nā mea a pau o nā fillers hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hana. O ke kumu ho kuhikuhi ana i ka mea i ka hana ana o keia maka mea ka hoʻokele waiwai mea eʻoi aʻe. Mel i He kŘpa a uuku kāki. I ka Ia manawa ka hoike ana o ka mea, i loko o ka laholio huahana mea i nā palapala. Ka lua o ke kumu no ka hiʻona o ka maka mea i loko o ka hana e'ōleloʻanoʻenehana feasibility. Mel nui simplifies i ke kaʻina hana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o oaoieei-laholio huahana. Ma kekahi, ka mea, ua hōʻeleu i ma muli o ka vulcanization, ka ili honua i laumania huahana. Hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka pohaku, a naele ia a me ka porous laholio, ea huahana, ili, a no laila, ma luna o.