Noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya: Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi

Aristocrat Marfa Boretskaya i ka hope kiaaina ka Wahine Novgorod. Ua alakai i ka paioʻana o nā makaainana e ku ei ka Moscow Prince Ivan III, ka mea no subjugated ka repubalika kahiko, a i ia hapa o ka hoʻokahi Lūkini moku'āina.

kanaka Martha

Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya hele mai, mai ka boyar ohana. Kona la aku o ka hanau uaʻaʻole pono ike, 'ike e pili ana i ka wā kamaliʻi, a opiopio no hoi i ole ola. Ia, ala i loko o ka moʻolelo e like me ka wahine o Isaaka Boretskogo Novgorod Meia, mai i ka mea loaa i ka inoa. make i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ke 50-ies o ka XV kenekulia kana kane (ka polokalamu 'ike e pili ana ia nā lā hoʻi i ka makahiki 1456). Aole ia i waiho i kana wahine i ka hailonaʻana o ke kālā a me ka aina. Pau kēia mau kumu waiwai i 'ae' Mareta, e lilo kekahi o ka loa influential huahelu i loko o ka lehulehu ola o Novgorod.

Ma ka mōʻaukala o ike i ka "Kiaaina ka Wahine" i ka wahine, akā, Boretsky aole formally i ole i ia i ka inoa. Ua ua wale he derisive inoa kapakapa haawiia mai ia ia e ka Muscovites, ka poe i inaina mai ia ia e like me ka luna enemi. Aka hoi, ua hiki pono ke olelo ia Martha i ka de Na facto aliʻi o Novgorod, mai 1471 a hiki i 1478. O lakou ka lā hope o ke kuokoa ka wā āna i kaua aku ai me Moscow ma kona kūʻokoʻa 'ana.

Ikeia ma Novgorod

Marfa Boretskaya mua ia iho, hai mai la e like me ka nui pili aupuni huahelu, ka wā i loko o 1470 na ke koho ana i wahi i ka kūloko archbishop. Ua kākoʻo Pimen (a ho'āʻo e hoomalu aku i kona candidacy me ke kōkua o ke gula), akā, i loko o ka hopena i koho protege o Moscow - Teopilo. Eia hou, i ka hou archbishop i ia e hoʻoili i loko o ke kapikala o Ivan III, akā,ʻaʻole i loko o Kiev, e like me ka mea mau i hana ai ma mua.

Martha hiki ole e kala mai i na hewa, a mai ia manawa, hoomaka ae la e hookupaa i ka hui 'ana me ka Lituania aoao ma Novgorod. Kēia neʻeʻana pili aupuni koi i ka rapprochement o ke kulanakauhale a me ka Grand Duke o Vilnius, i ka Moscow kiaaina. Oia kekahi kūlana ke kue i na olelo i i ae like ma luna ma ke 'eʻe' Yazhelbitskogo honua.

Kēia pepa i kakau inoa ia ma 1456 (nō ia me kona makua kāne Ivan III - Vasily ka Wa). Ke Kuikahi e hoʻokau i ka pili o Novgorod i Moscow ma ke kūlana malama ana o ka hui kahiko a me ka hoʻohana (ahalunakanawai, Meia inoa, a no laila, ma luna o. D.). Terms oi a emi hooko ia no na makahiki. Ua ua heʻae like hoʻokuʻu ma kahai ma waena o ka aoao ikaika o Moscow i loko o ka Lūkini lepo, a pau na kahiko republican nenoaiu o Novgorod.

Poland kākoʻo iā ia,

Marfa Boretskaya Hoʻoholo ihola e hele ku e aku i ka hoʻokumu kauoha. Ka mea, ua la ia nana i alakai i ke kue i na boyars Ivan III, a imi i ke kākoʻo o ke Polish ke alii Casimir IV (Poland a me Lithuania ola i loko o lelo, ma waena o ka hui ana). Martha ka iho dala hoouna aku ai i kekahi haole mō'ī kauoha malu, e noi ana ia ia e lawe Novgorod i kū kaʻawale i loko o ko lākou'āina hoʻoili. Terms ua, ua hooholo, a ua hiki aku i loko o ke kulanakauhale alii kiaaina - Michael Olelkovich. Kēia mau hanana alakai ai i ka inaina nui o Ivan III. I ka 1471, oia hai aku la ke kaua ma luna o Novgorod.

Hoomakaukau ana no ke kaua

Mua hoouna aku i poe kaua a hiki i ke kūkulu'ākau, Ivan ho'āʻo e hoʻonā i ke kaua ma diplomacy. He huli i ke kōkua o kekahi reputable uwao i loko o ke kino o ka Ekalesia. Kauhalenui o Moscow, hele aku la ia Novgorod, kahi e noho ana ia ia a me Mareta, o kumakaia Moscow. He pū koi e haʻalele i ka hoao ana me ka Hui moku'āina. Oia ka hana hiki e manao me ka holo mai orthodoxy.

Ke kaulana Marfa Boretskaya? Kona intransigence. Ua hoole ia e concessions i ka enemi. Ke aʻo 'ana i keia, Ivan Iii hai aku i ka crusade e ku e ia Hui domination i loko o ka Orthodox Novgorod. Kēia slogan ae aku la ia ia, e houluulu i na kākoʻo, a me pskovityan, ustyuzhan Vyatichi a me ka mea i loko o nā wahi, i hiki e hoole, e kōkua Moscow. Ke koa hele aku ma luna o ke kai eʻe, a hiki hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ka Polish kiaaina Mikhail Olelkovich haʻalele kapa o ka Volkhov, a hele aku la ma Kiev.

Marfy Boretskoy ano ke moe i loko o ka mea ia ia, aole ia e hoolei i ko lakou mau lima i loko o minute o ka nui loa ana. I Novgorod ka mea, i kekahi ohi ka poe koa. Kona hui i i hala me Martha. Eia hou kekahi, i kona keiki Dmitry, ka mea i laila, he olelo Posadnik, oia ua i loko o ke kaua.

kaua o ka shelon

Moscow pūʻali koa ma lalo o ke kaulana Kiaaina Daniila Holmskogo a me Fedor Motley pio, a puhi aku i ka nui Rusu hūlili. Mahope iho o keia pomaikai, i ka paukū papani iho la, e kali no kilo mai Pskov. I ka Ia manawa, hou shelves Moscow Tver hui me ka poe a i hina akau.

Ke Novgorod koa i komo 40.000 kanaka. Ua alai ae i Pskov, e pale aku i kona poe koa, e hui pu iho la me Kholmsk. Moscow kiaaina koho e pili ana i na mea kuka o ka enemi, a neʻe e intercept ia ia. July 14, ua i manaoia i ka Novgorod poʻe hao wale 1471 Holm koke hoouka LIKE. Ke kaua ua ike ia ma historiography like me ka kaua o ka shelon (ka inoa hope o ka muliwai). Holm i ma lalo o kona noho luna ana ka hapalua o na kanaka ma mua o na kanaka o Novgorod, akā, kona nani loa puupuu ho oholo i ka hope o ka confrontation.

Pepehi na tausani o Novgorod. Martha ka keiki - Dmitry Boretsky - Ua pio a koke i na kipi. I ka make i ka mea inevitable hopena o Novgorod.

Korostynsky honua

Soon Korostynsky honua (11 August 1471) i manao ai. Ma kona hua'ōlelo, Novgorod la i oi kalele iho ma Moscow. No laila, i kona aupuni e hooko ai i ka Luna Nui Aliʻi i ka mea o kuwaho. He ua nui ka HOU, like, e lawe aku, mai Novgorod ka manawa e loaʻa kekahi kalaiaina hui 'ana me Poland a me Lithuania. Nō hoʻi, i ka Luna Nui Aliʻi o Moscow ua manawa subordinated i ka City Hookolokolo. Eia hou, i ka ekalesia Novgorod lilo i integral hapa o ka hookahi Metropolia. Ke kumu nui kino o ka kūloko ka hoʻoponopono-aupuni - Veche - hiki ole hou i ko lakou mau olelo. A pau i kona mau palapala notarized e ka Luna Duke, a me na palapala i waiho ai i loko o Moscow Print.

Aka hoi, ma ka Novgorod hoolaia Nani Loa hiʻona o ke kahiko o ka papa, i ka wa a malaila ua nō Kīwala'ō repubalika. i ole hoʻopā aku i ka Luna Nui Duke Mareta, ua noho ma ka home. Nunui concessions i Moscow i ole hoʻololi 'ana i kona manao. Ua loaʻa no naʻe moe no e pakele o ke kaukaʻi ma Ivan III. Akā, i kekahi manawa ma waena o na aoao elua fragile malu i noho aliʻi ai.

Abolition o Novgorod ka Kuokoa

Moscow, ua ike ia e ku e ia Ivan hana malu a Boyar Novgorod kōkua a kino Marfa Boretskaya. Kiaaina ka Wahine i ho'āʻo e e hui 'ana me Casimir, ma naʻe o ka hoopai ana o kana keiki iho, a me ka make i loko o ke kaua. Ivan no ka manawa i makapo maka i ka mea e hanaia ana ma ke kūkulu'ākau, e like me ka mea, he nui no hoi na mea e hopohopo nei - no ka mea hoike, o ka pilikia pilina me ka Tatars.

Naʻe, i ka 1478 o ka mō'ī hope kuuia mai nā manaÿo, a hoʻoholo, e hoopau i ka Novgorod-ku-okoa. Ke kulanakauhale, hele Moscow ka poʻe hao wale no. Ma keia hihia, aole o kāna mau hoʻolālā kaumaha ia'ku i ole i waho. E like me ka mea a Ivan III, noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya nele o ko lākou mau'āina, a loaʻa iā ia e hele i Nizhny Novgorod, a lilo i Nuna, i loko o ka hale mōneka tamoshnem. I anaiia mai ai e ka papa kuhikuhiE huapalapala Novgorod ku okoa ana: hoopau ia i ka ahalunakanawai,ʻaha kanaka bele lawe aku. Eia hou kekahi, Ivan hoouna mai na boyars a pau, ka poe i mahuʻi mua o ke kū'ē i kona noho aupuni ana. Ka hapa nui o ia noho ma Moscow - kokoke i ka Kremlin, ma kā lākou mau keiki i kā. ʻO ia He oiaio Novgorod Ivan Vasilyevich hele aku la i na kanaka, ka poe i ku ai ki oihana keia oihana, a ua hiki ke peacefully e ia kekahi hapa o ka 'amelika Lūkini moku'āina.

I ka hopena o Martha

Marfa Boretskaya, ua pau Kawaihae like me ka politician maoli i loko o ka hoailona. Ke tonsure, lalau aku la ia i ka inoa Maria. Mua aristocrat make i ka 1503 ma ka hapai ana halepule, i mea, mai ka XIX kenekulia i kapaia maliuia'ku o ke Keʻa. koke lilo ke kiʻi Marfy Boretskoy he integral hapa o Lūkini nā loina. Kakaolelo pinepine hoʻohālike au i kēia wahine a me kekahi mau oihana pili huahelu o ka poe nawaliwali ke keka - Eliey Evdoksiey a me Irodiaroy.