'O ka māhele o ka lepera: nā hi'ohi'ona o ka ho'okalakili laser

'O ka māhele mua o ka hana laser,'o ke kākīkī i kau'ia ma luna o ke kānāwai radiation radiation, i kāko'o pono'ia e Einstein i ka makahiki 1917. Ua wehewehe'o ia i ka inu, ho'onanea, a ho'onāukiuki i ka ho'ohawewe electromagnetic me ke kōkua'ana o nā heluna likelike (ka heluna o Einstein).

Pioneers

Teodor Meyman i ka mea mua, e h ÷ ike i ka loina o ka hana o ka saredio kukuna, ma muli o ka'ōnohi pumping hoʻohana i ka waihona kukui kemikala saredio, paha ke ka manaʻo aukahi pāhawewe me ka ke kōā o ka 694 HI.

I ka makahiki 1960, ua ho'okumu nā mea'epekema'Ivana'o Javan a me Bennett i ka mea hanahana gas nui mua ma o ka hui'ana o He a me nā kinoea ma kahi ratio o 1:10.

I ka 1962, R. N. Hallʻo ia i ka mua diode kukuna i ka gallium arsenide (GaAs), K'lauea ma ke kōā o ka 850 HI. Ma hope mai o ua makahiki nei, ua ho'onui'ia'o Nick Golonyak i ka pūnaehana ho'ohua nui semiconductor o ka mālamalama i'ike'ia.

'O ke kumuhana a me ka loina o ka hana'ana o nā mea hana

'O kēlā me kēia pūnaewele laser kekahi pūnaewele ikaika i ho'onoho'ia ma waena o kekahi mau hi'ohi'ona ma'amau a me nā hi'ohi'ona ho'onani, kahi o kēlā me kēia mea, a he pūnaehu waiwai no ka ho'oma'ema'e'ana. Hiki i ka mea ho'okūlaha ke lilo i mea pa'a, wai, ai'ole kinoea i loa'a ka waiwai o ka ho'onui'ana i ka kahapo o ka nalu uila e hele ana ma o ka ho'oulu'ana i ka hana me ka uila a i'ole ka ho'opau'ana. Ho'onoho'ia ka waiwai ma waena o'elua mau aniani i like ke'ano o ka mālamalama i loko o ia mau mea i kēlā me kēia manawa a loa'a iā lākou ka waiwai nui, e komo i loko o ke aniani uila.

'Elua kaulike

E noonoo i ka loina o ke kukuna hana me kaʻeleu meakino kona nā'ātoma i elua wale ikehu pae: E hauʻoli E ₂ a me kumu _1. Inā na nā'ātoma Via kekahi pumpingʻano papa hana ('ōnohi, uila hookuuia pono ole transmittance huina'ine bombardment) i hauʻoli loa i ka moku'āina E _2, ma kekahi mau nanoseconds hoʻi ka mea, i ke kumu o kulana, houʻia ka ikehu photons hν = E ₂ - E _1. Wahi a ke kumu o Einstein, ua hana'ia ka hana ma nā'ano'oko'a'elua: inā i ho'okomo'ia e kekahi photon, ai'ole e hana'ia wale nō. I ka hihia mua, ho'onāukiuki'ia ka hana, a ma ka lua o ka hihia - kūpono'ole. Ma thermal equilibrium, ka pahiki o hauma¯na ea puka mea nui ma lalo o ka noho'na makaainana i ulu (1:10 ^33), no laila, ua loaʻike mau incoherent malamalama kumu, a me ka lasing mea hiki i loko o nā kūlana 'ē aʻe ma mua o thermal equilibrium.

'Oiai me ka ho'oma'ema'e ikaika loa, hiki i ka heluna o nā pūnaehana'elua-papa ke ho'ohālikelike'ia. No laila, no ka ho'okō'ana i kahi heluna i ho'ololi'ia e ka'ike a i'ole nā mea'ē a'e e ho'oma'ema'e'ana, e pono ana nā pūnaewele'ekolu a'ehā paha.

Nā Pūnaehana Kūikawā

He aha ke'ano o ka hana o kahi laser uku? Ke irradiation o, pili ka malamalama o ke alapine (frequency) ν ₀₂ EII ni i ka nui helu o nā'ātoma, mai ka haahaa ikehu pae E ₀ a me ka E ₂ o ke keena. Radiationless hoʻololi me na nā'ātoma E ₂ e E ₁ e hoʻokau i ka heluna hahana ma waena o E ₁ a me E _0, a ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mea hiki wale i ka wa a na nā'ātoma i kekahi manawa loa i loko o ka metastable moku'āina E _1, a me ka hoʻololi mai E ₁ i ka E ₂ ia lŘlŘ hikiwawe loa. Ka pae'ōnaehana rula o ka ekolu-pae kukuna mea i loko o kēia mau rula, no laila i waena o E ₀ a me E _1, o ka heluna hahana ua loaʻa, a ua listen photon ka ikehu E ₁ -e ₀ hauma¯na ea puka. Lehulehu 'ilikai E ₂ hiki ke hoonui i ka omo ke kōā huahelu, e oi ka maiau EII ni, kūpono ai i loko o ka ulu ana o ka hauma¯na ea puka.

'O ke'ano o ka'oihana'ekolu ke koi i ka mana o ka pāhūhū ki'eki'e, no ka mea,'o ka paepae ha'aha'a i loko o ka hanauna'o ia ke kumu ho'okahi. Ma keia hihia, ma ka mea i ka heluna hahana haliʻa i ka moku'āina E ₁ e e EII ni oi ma mua o ka hapalua o ka huina helu o nā'ātoma. Pēlā i pau ai ka'ikehu. Hiki ke ho'oha'aha'a nui'ia ka mana o ka pama inā'a'ole ka papahana ha'aha'a o ka hanauna,'a'ole pono, kahi e koi ai i kahi'ōnaehana'ehā.

Ma muli o ke'ano o ka mea hana, ua māhele'ia nā laser i'ekolu mau'ano nui,'o ia ho'i, ka pa'akikī, ka wai a me ka hau. Mai ka makahiki 1958, i ka'ike mua'ia'ana o ka hanauna i loko o kahi'ele kalamele, ua a'o nā mea'epekema a me nā mea noi'i i nā'ano'ano like'ole ma kēlā me kēia'ano.

'O Laser State Laser

Ke hana ua muli ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i kaʻeleu meakino i ua hanaʻia ma ka ohui ka hō'īpale aniani puka olu oia hoʻololi metala (la ^+3, Cr ^+3, V ^+2, Li ^+2, Ni ^+2, Fe ^+2, a no laila, ma luna o. D.) , pohihihi keia honua Ion (ce ^+3, PR ^+3, Makalu ^+3, pM ^+3, SM ^+2, eu ^{+ 2, + 3,} Tb ^+3, Dy ^+3, Ho ^+3, Era ^+3, Yb ⁺³ , listen'ōlelo.), a me nā actinides e like me U ^+3. Ka ikehu pae o ka Ion kuleana wale no o ka hanauna. Helu waiwai o ka waihona ipu mea, e like me thermal conductivity a thermal? Anoe? I mea nui i ka efficient hoohana ia ana o ke kukuna. 'O ka ho'onohonoho'ana o nā mana laumania e pili ana i ka ion i ho'ohui'ia e ho'ololi i kona mau mea ike. Hiki ke ho'oikaika'ia nā nalu lō'ihi o ka hanauna ma ka'ōnaehana hana ma o ka ho'opili'ana i nā mea like'ole me ka ion like.

Holneum laser

'O kahi hō'ailona o kahi laser ho'okūkū-māmā he mea ho'ohui geneum kahi e ho'ololi ai ka huluhulu i ke aniani o nā mea papahana o nā lekiō kala. Ho:'O YAG kekahi o nā'oihana hanauna'oi loa. 'O ka ho'ohālike o ka lasmi holmium'o ka ho'opunipuni'ia ka pahumu aluminium-yttrium me nā ioni holmium, i puhi maika'i'ia e ka kukui kukui a me nā emits ma kahi nalu lō'ihi o 2097 nm i ka hui IR, i mālama maika'i'ia e nā'opa. Ho'ohana'ia kēia laser no nā hana ma nā hono, ma ka ho'omamā'ana i nā niho, no ka ho'oku'u'ia'ana o nā pūkuniapi pūpū, nā pōhaku'ōki'i a me nā pōhaku'oni.

'Oehana pūnaewele hō'emi

'O nā lasers i loko o nā pūnāwai ma'alahi he mea kū'ai'ole,'ae lākou i ka hana nui a hiki wawe ke pale. Na ke hoʻohana rula o ka mea uholo uila kukuna ma muli ma ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka pn-diode huina, i produces malamalama o ka kekahi kōā ma ka recombination o ka lawe i ka maikaʻi pāʻewaʻewa, e like LEDs. Emit emit a me ka laser diodes - ho'okau'ia. No ka ho'okō'ana i ke kahuli o ka heluna kanaka, pono ka'oihana'oihana ma mua o ka paepae pae. 'O ka'ōnaehana hana i loko o ka'ōmole semiconductor he'ano o kahi'āpana'āina o nā papa'elua.

'O ka kulekele o ka hana o kēia'ano laser he mea ia e pono'ole ai ka nānā'ana o waho e mālama i nā vibrations. Ke reflective akamai, hana ma muli o ia ka refractive inideka papa a me na manaʻo o kaʻeleu meakino, Ua lawa no keia mea. Ua pale'ia nā'ao'ao hope o nā diodes, i mea e hō'oia ai i ka like'ana o nā'ao'ao e ho'olālā.

'O ka pūpū i hana'ia e nā'ōmole semiconductor o ka'ano like, ua kapa'ia he homojunction, a ua hana'ia e kahi hui o nā'ano'elua - he hetero'ao'ao.

'O nā'ōmipiki e like me nā'ano p me n me kahi ki'eki'ena ukiuki ki'eki'e e hana i kahi pale me ka'ōmole lahilahi (≈ 1 μm).

'O ka laser gas

'O ka loina o ka hana a me ka ho'ohana'ana i kēia'ano laser e hiki ai ke hana i nā pū'ali o nā kaha a pau (mai milliwatts a megawatts) a me nā hawewe nalu (mai UV a IR) a'ae iā ia e hana i nā'ano hana i kālai'ia a ho'omau. Ma muli o ke'ano o ka media media, aia'ekolu'ano o nā manahana'enekini gasona,'o ia ho'i, atomic, ionic, a me ka mole.

Ho'oulu'ia ka nui o nā pākini koli me ka ho'ohemo lepo. E ho'onui'ia nā electrons i loko o ka ho'ohehe'e pipili e kahi māla uila ma waena o nā koho. Ho'opili lākou me nā pū, nā ion a me nā molecuka o ka mea hana a ho'one'e i kahi ho'ololi i nā ki'eki'ena'oihana ki'eki'e e hō'oia i ka nohona o ka lehulehu a me ka ho'onāukiuki'ana.

'O ka laser molecular

'O ke kumu o ka laser e kau'ia ma ke'ano he like'ole nā'ano o nā mana a me nā ion, ma nā pūnaehana atomic a me ionic, ua nui nā'okena ikaika o nā'eneike ike. I kēia hihia, ua nui ka nui o nā ha'aha'a vibrational, a'o kēlā me kēia, ma ke'ano he'ano holo'oko'a.

'O ka ikehu ma waena o ka'ikepili kelepona i nā wahi'ike UV a me nā'ike o ke kikowaena, i waena o nā kūmole vibrational - ma kahi mamao ā kokoke i nā'āpana IR. No laila, hana nā pūnaewele nui quantum ma kahi mamao a kokoke kokoke i IR.

Pāku'i Excimer

'O nā mea'ae'ole he mau molecule like'ole'o ArF, KrF, XeCl, a he'āina māhele'āina a kūpa'a i ka pae mua. 'O ka mana'o o ka laser penei: 'Oiai, he mea li'ili'i ka nui o nā molecule i ka'āina, no laila'a'ole pono ka pīpī ma ka'āina. Ho'okumu'ia nā molecules i ka māmā loiloika lolouli loloulika ma o ka ho'ohui'ana i nā hawewe kai piha me nā kinoea i loko. Hiki ke loa'a ka pa'akikī o ka heluna o ka loiloi, no ka mea, ua li'ili'i ka helu o nā molecule ma ka pae honua, me ka ho'ohālikelike i ka hau'oli. 'O ka kulekele o ka hana laser, ma ke'ano pōkole,'o ia ke ho'ololi'ana mai ka moku'āina loea maika'i i ka state dissociative land. Noho mau ka po'e i ka noho'āina ma kahi ha'aha'a, no ka mea,'o nā mole i kēia manawa ke ho'oka'awale i nā mana.

Ke i hoʻomākaukauʻia a me nā kukuna rula ninoieo i loko i ua piha i ka hookuuia şarkı me ka läÿau, o ka halide (F ₂₎ a me ka pohihihi kinoea (Ara). 'O ka po'e electrons i loko o ia mea e ho'oka'awale ae ho'ohui i nā molepohaku ha'alulu a hana i nā ion i'ole i hā'awi'ia. Noke Ion'Ara ⁺ a me ka io F ^- pane koke, a paka ArF nā lātoma i loko o ka mua pīhoihoi moku'āina pili me ka hope hoʻololi i ka waihona ipu moku'āina kipaku a me ka hanauna o ka manaʻo aukahi pāhawewe. 'O ka laser keu, ke'ano o ka hana a me ka ho'ohana'ana a mākou e nānā nei, hiki ke ho'ohana'ia no ka paila'ana i ka mea hana i nā mea'ono.

'O Liquid laser

Ke ho'ohālikelike'ia i nā mea ma'amau,'oi aku ka lōkahi o nā wai, a he ki'eki'e ka'oi o nā mana hana, ke ho'ohālikelike'ia me nā kinoea. Ma waho a'e o kēia,'a'ole hiki'ole iā lākou ke hana, hiki iā lākou ke ho'one'e i ka wela a hiki ke loli koke'ia. 'O ka māhele o ka lepera ke ho'ohana'ana i nā mea'ūpona e like me DCM (4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran), rhodamine, styryl, LDS, coumarin, stilbene, etc., ma ke'ano he ., Ho'opili'ia i kahi pale kūpono. 'O ka hopena o nā kinaila kinokona e ho'onāukiuki'ia e ka pāhawewe'ana i kahi o ka hawewe o ka hawewe he hawewe absorption maika'i. 'O ka kulekele o ka laser, ma ke'ano pōkole,'o ia ke ho'onui i kahi lō'ihi lō'ihi, i kapa'ia he fluorescence. Ho'ohana'ia ka'oko'a ma waena o ka ho'oulu'u'ana a me nā photons e ho'opi'i'ia e nā ho'ololi'ana o ka ikehu'ole a ho'opi'i i ka'ōnaehana.

'O ka'enehana fluorescence ka nui o nā mana geneum wai nui he'ano hi'ona -'o ke koho manawa lō'ihi. 'O ka mākaukau o ka hana a me ka ho'ohana'ana i kēia'ano laser ma ke'ano he mālamalama a me ke kukui mālamalama māmā, e lilo ana i mea nui i ka hi'ona, ka holowai, a me nā noi biomedical.

I kēia mau lā, ua ho'ohana'ia nā pūnaehana ho'ohui waiwai ma'amau e ho'oka'awale i nā isotopes. I kēia hihia, ho'onāukiuki ka laser i kekahi o lākou, e ho'omaka ana e komo i loko o ka hopena kino.