Paralympic haʻuki: papa

Paralympic haʻuki nā i ka hailona o kuʻuna ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana, ke hoʻololi e komo i loko o ia no ka poʻe me ke kino kīnā. Mau lealea ho i ka climax, ka hope eha haʻuki kalapona ma waena o nā 'âlapa a me nā i komo i loko o kēia neʻeʻana. Paralympic haʻuki nā ka loa 'ihiʻihi Competition no ka poʻe me ke kino kīnā, a me ke koho ana o ia e wahi i loko o ka papa o ka helu o nā' āina ', āina o ke ao Competition.

'Olumepika, a Paralympic Games

Ua Ua kakauinoa ia i ka makahiki 2000 i ka aelike i alu like 'ana ma waena o ka' Olumepika, a Paralympic Komite, kūwaho hoʻi, kahi e waiho ana i lalo i nā kumu mua ka papa kuhikuhi o ka hoahanau. Mua i loko o 2002 ka mea i hooholoia, e hoʻohana i ka 'ike loea hou a "kekahi palapala noi -. Kekahi kulanakauhale" Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka noi o ka aina, e halii mai koke, a Paralympic haʻuki a me nā Competition lakou i paʻa i loko o ka hookahi iauaeoia me ke kākoʻo o ka hookahi hoʻolālā mua komite. Ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokûkû ua hana i mau hebedomaʻanuʻu.

Initially, i ka manawa "Paralympics" hui i loko o ka papa o ka 'Olumepika ma Tokyo i ka 1964, akā, kūhelu e hooiaio ai o keia inoa i loaa wale i ka 1988, ka wā e paʻa ana i ka Winter' Olumepika ma Austria, a me ka mua ia ia mea, e ke kapaia "Stoke Mandeville" (ka inoa ua ua ua haawiia mai i loko o ka hanohano o ka wahi, kahi a lakou i paa no ka manawa mua loa no ka kaua veterans).

Provenance

Paralympic haʻuki ua pili kēia i ka neurosurgeon o Ludwig Guttmann, ka poe i originated i ka manaʻo. I ka 1939, Dr. emigrated i Enelani, mai Hawaii, kahi ma ka aoao o ke aupuni Beritania wehe kona mau Center no spinal nā palapū, ma muli o ka Stoke Mandeville Halemai Moiwahine ma Aylesbury.

Just eha makahiki ma hope o ka loaʻa,ʻo ia nō, e hoonohonoho i ka mua pāʻani no ka poʻe e loaa ana, mai nā palapū o ka musculoskeletal'ōnaehana, e kahea ana ia "National Stoke Mandeville Games no ka polokalamu JavaScript." Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo e hiki laila ka mea, hoomaka laua a hiki i ka pukaʻana o ka nâ Pâʻani' Olumepika i ka makahiki 1948, a ma ia manawa i paʻa i loko o London, a me na Competition lakou iho i ohi i ka nui helu o mamuli o-servicemen ka poe i hana ino iki mai i ke kaua. Mākou ke i aku nei au i keia i ka wa a pau, ka mua Paralympic haʻuki. Winter, kau, a me nā pūʻulu ua ikeia oia wale ma hope, i ka wa a lakou i hoomakaʻi e loaʻa i ka oi kūhelu ke kūlana.

Ka inoa hoʻi o initially me ka parapledgia manawa e pili ana i lōlō o ka lalo lala, e like me ka mea mua regular Competition i alakaʻi ua hōʻike hewa i waena o kanaka e loaa ana mai ka maʻi likeʻole o ka spine pili. I ka hoomaka ana o ke komo i loko o ia mau 'âlapa pāʻani i i nāʻano o nā palapū, ka mea i hoʻoholo he mau hou manaʻo ke kau mea e hoʻomau i ka hana ia e like me he "kokoke ma waho Competition", i mea e hana i ka hoʻokuʻi pū o ka Helene preposition para, ke ano, "kokoke," a me hua'ōlelo 'Olumepika. pono olelo kēia hōʻano ano o ka lawe mai o kekahi mau Competition i waena o kanaka me ke kino kīnā, pu me ka 'Olumepika, a equitably.

Kela manawa, i ka makahiki 1960 ma Roma e paa ana ia IX makahiki International Stoke Mandeville Games. Ma keia hihia, ua komo pū nā 'ano o Paralympic kauwela haʻuki i loko o ka polokalamu Competition:

• noho huila basketball;
• hana pāʻani;
• ai i na i loko o wheelchairs;
• archery;
• papaaina Hana;
• ihe;
• billiards;
• ʻau.

Ma keia Competition komo oi ma mua o 400 'âlapa me ke kino kīnā i hele mai mai ka 23'āina, a no ka manawa mua i loko o ka mōʻaukala o ke komo hoomaka ae la e ae ole wale kela poe kanaka, ka poe i poino i loko o ka papa o ka hooko ana mai na koa hana. I ka makahiki 1984 i ka IOC manao e formally hāʻawi i kēia Competition kūlana o ka 'Olumepika mua no ka' âlapa me ke kino kīnā.

I ka 1976, ua hoʻomaka mua i ka Competition ma i ka Paralympic haʻuki (ka hooilo,) hui. Ua paʻa mau Competition ma Ornskolddsvike, a ua hai aku i ka polokalamu elua wale no ka hoʻopaʻi '- ihona pali iaoeo a me keʻa-aupuni iaoeo e. Ma ia mau Competition mākou i hoʻoholo ihola e komo 250 'âlapa mai ka 17 okoa aina, a ua komo kanaka me ke kino kīnā, visually hihia hoʻi, e like me amputees.

hoao ana

Mai 1992, 'âlapa, i Paralympic haʻuki i i hana (ke kau a me ka hooilo), hoomaka ae la e paʻi i kekahi i kekahi i loko o ka ia mau kūlanakauhale i loko o i i paʻa i ka' Olumepika. Me ka hooulu ana o ka neʻeʻana ma kekahi papa hana i hoʻokūpaʻa ke kiʻekiʻe no ka 'âlapa me ka okoa ke kino kīnā. Pela, he Paralympic haʻuki no ka visuallyʻole, a he nui na mea e ae. I hoʻokumu i ka makahiki 1960 ma ka hoʻonohonoho 'Stoke Mandeville Games Komite laila, huli ae la i ka ai-i kapaia o International Hui o Stoke Mandeville pâʻani.

Ke komite o ka hana

Mua, ke KUAHAUA nei KA 'AHA' ŌLELO, e paa ana ia kūwaho hoʻi haʻuki a papa hana o ka polokalamu JavaScript kanaka, o ka nui loa i loko o kekahi hanana o ka mōʻaukala o ana i ka ulu Paralympic haʻuki. Summer a Winter Games i ua hoʻomaka 'ana ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ke Komite International, i mea he pili-waiwai lahui hui hoomaka e alakaʻi i kēia neʻe a pau ma luna o ka honua. Kona helehelena i dictated e ka loa-mahuahua koi no ke anoe o na oihana, e like me ka hoʻokumuʻiaʻana o ia ka neʻeʻana, a hiki keʻano nui aʻo i kaʻoihana ma luna o haʻuki kanaka me ka okoa ke kino kīnā.

Penei, i kēia mau lealea mua hoonoho iho la makou i ka pahu hopu o ka hoʻopulapulaʻana a me ka hana ana o na kanaka a me ke kino kīnā, a ma manawa ua lilo iho la lakou i ka piha-fledged kiʻekiʻe-ilikai haʻuki hanana, a me ka hopena i nele i kona iho lakou ke hoomaluia ke kino. No keia mea, i ka 1982 o ka ICC ikea - Ka Coordinating Council o nā haʻuki a papa hana no ka poʻe me kela ke kino kīnā, a me ka IPC, i ike like me ka International Paralympic Komite, a i ua hoololiia pono ia i ka mana o ka coordinating ahalunakanawai, he ua wale ehiku makahiki ma hope.

pololei pela

He waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo o ka mea i ua enshrined i ka pela' ana o ka makahiki "Paralympic" i loko o ka Lūkini pela puke wehewehe'ōlelo, e like me na mea he nui 'ē aʻe oaoieei-moʻokalaleo. Ma keia hihia, ua nui aku kona hiki ke loaʻa kekahi pela - "Paralympic Games". Sports (hooilo a me ke kauwela) i kākaʻikahi no laila, i kapaʻia, no ka mea, o ka inoa o deviant ma ka puke wehewehe'ōlelo ua ole i hoakaka ia, eia nae konaʻeleu hana i loko o nā palapala kūhelu i keia la i ka lehulehu Aupuni, i mea he i carbon kope o ka oihana inoa, mai ka olelo Beritania, i ua palapala like me ka Paralympic Games .

I kulike ai me ka Pekelala kānāwai e hoʻokau i ka hoʻokahi manaʻo e pono e hoʻohana 'ia ma nā kānāwai o ka Russian Hui, e like me nā mea a pau i nā hopuna mea i hanaʻia ma muli o ia mau mea. No ia mea, Paralympic haʻuki no ka poʻe makapō a me ka visuallyʻole, e like me ia no nā waeʻano o 'âlapa, kapaʻia ia ala.

Na papa kānāwai pela o kēia mau hua'ōlelo ua haawiia mai i kulike ai me na rula e ana ua hookupaa hoʻonohonoho 'haʻuki i ka hoʻolālā a me ka rejection o ka loiloi mua manawa ua dictated ma ka mea ana i ka hoʻohana' ana o ka hua'ōlelo " 'Olumepika", a me kekahi o kona nā mea loaʻa i loko o ka ke kūʻai akuʻana a me kekahi' ē aʻe kalepa hana ka mea, e mau e pahuhopu nei me ka IOC, i mea nō kekahi kaʻao.

lahui Komite

Ke International Paralympic Komite mea he pili-pono a me ka 'ole-hui hui, i mea kuleana no ka la hoomalolo, a me ka mea mahope e hoʻopaʻa nei i kela hooilo a me ke kauwela Games, honua mau hoʻokûkû poʻokela, a he nui nā hoʻonohonoho' Competition no ka poʻe me ke kino kīnā.

Ka lokomaikai kiekie kino o ka IGC o ka General Ahaolelo, me kela mau makahiki, a ua hele ia e na lala o ka hui. E like me he mau hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka palapala, e like me i ka rula ua lawe mai ninau o ka Paralympic Honua, hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻohana i ka hoopai karaima o ka IPC rula.

Ke Komite i wale regulates na kumuhana o na no ka hoʻopaʻi '- loaʻa nō hoʻi hou Paralympic haʻuki i hou mau. Mai 2001, i ka lāʻau kū o ka pelekikena o kēia hui i Sir Philip Kraven (Pelekāne), i ka hapa o ka hooponopono ana o ka Pelekania Olumepika Ahahui. Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i keia kanaka o ka honua champion a palua lilo i ka mau-manawa' Eulopa champion i basketball ma wheelchairs, a me kā lākou hoʻoponopono no ka lōʻihi manawa i mālama ai i pelekikena o ka International Hui.

Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi o Philippe Kravena hoomaka Hooponopono Hou KUMUMANAʻO NUI Pahuhopu, e like me ka hoʻokumu 'ole a me ka'ōnaehana o ka hoʻokele o ka IPC. Ultimately, i ka hana o keia eiiiaaoeiiiue kokoke i 'ae' ai i möhala i AEeAaOA o nā noi, e like me ka hoʻohana i ka hou hihio a me ka nuʻukia o ka pau neʻeʻana, no laila, i loko o ka makahiki 2004 i ke Kumukanawai i aponoia ai pela e ka IGC hana i keia la.

Ua mea waiwai 'ana i kumumanaʻo i ka USSR aupuni nâ no ka manawa mua huli kona noonoo ana i paralympic sport "bocce" a me kekahi poe e ae wale i ka makahiki 1984, ua kū maila ma Austria no kēia mau Competition. hoomaka ae la kona Debut kime i mau mekala mau keleawe lanakila 'o ia ma ka Olgoy Grigorevoy, ka mea i visually hihia hoʻi. I kauwela Competition Soviet 'âlapa hiki i kona Debut wale nō i loko o ka' Olumepika ma Seoul, a i wahi i ka 1988 - ma laila ka mea, ua ma luna o ka Track a me kahua Competition a me ka 'auʻau' ana, i hiki ke lawe pū me ia a hiki i ka pau ana o 55 mau mekala, o ka i 21, he gula.

symbolism

No ka mea manawa mua ma lalo o ka höʻailona o ka 2006 Competition i paʻa, i ka i kēlā me kēia hooilo Paralympic sport. Track a me ka mahinaʻai, a me ka 'auʻau' ē aʻe kauwela koʻikoʻi 'hoomaka ae la e e lawe mai ma lalo o kēia Hawaii mua laila, akā, ua koe ua hoʻololiʻia a hiki i kēia lā. Kēia Hawaii nā He hemisphere o ka omaomao, ulaula a me ka uliuli'ōniʻoniʻo, a i aia a puni o ka waena. Kēia hōʻailona ua manao ia e noonoo i ka papa kūlana o ka IPC i ka lawe ana i na pu 'âlapa a me ke kino kīnā, ka poe mahalo a me ka mea hoʻokomo aku i kanaka no kā lākou e piʻi like ma ka honua. I ka lā, i nā waihoʻoluʻu o ka höʻailona e pono poe i loko o kekahi mau aupuni hae o kekahi mau aina o ke ao nei, a me ko ka mea, i ke Kino, ke Anuenue a me ka Uhane.

Pāʻani no hoi i ka Paralympic hae, a hōʻike i ka höʻailona o ka IPC ma ke keʻokeʻo kāʻei kua, i ka mea ia manawa mea hiki ke hoʻohana wale ma olelo wā, tentatively ua hoomanaia mai au e ka IGC.

Himeni mea he orchestral hana Himeni de Na l'Avenir, a kakau iho la i kona pono-ike Palani haku mele o Terri Darni i ka 1996, a ua aneane koke i 'āpono' ia e ka IASC Board.

Paralympic mākia like "Uhane ma ka Joshua", a ia mea nui maopopo no hoi, a succinctly hoolilo aku hoi i na kumu o hihiʻo o ke kuhikuhi - ka ho'āʻana i kekahi 'âlapa me ke kino kīnā, e oluolu no, a hoopiha i ke ao a me kā lākou e piʻi like, nānā' ole o ke kumu o ke kanaka, a me kona noho ana o ke ola kino.

hihiuʻAno

Paralympic Games (haʻuki) e māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau waeʻano.

• Summer. Ka mea, nā i ka la-wa pono a me ke kauwela Paralympic Games (Sports), mālama 'ia maʻanuʻu o ka eha makahiki ma lalo o ka hooponopono ana o ka IOC. Kēia nā, ma ka hou ana i ka helu 'ia ma lealea, a me ka kŘpa opiopio haʻuki e like me Goalball, e holo ana a me na mea e ae.
• Winter. Ma mua ia komo wale Ski haʻuki, akā, ma manawa, ua hoʻohuiʻia Sledge Pāʻani Holohau a me ka noho huila hoʻohuli akula. Ma ka manawa, e paa i ka Winter Pâʻani 'Olumepika i loko o nā mea a pau 5 nui ka hoʻopaʻi' ana.

ke ahi mika

E like me ua ikeia, maʻamau ke ahi ignited ma Olympia, a wale laila, hoʻomaka ke mika lāhui, i loko o ka papa o ka i mea, ua hāʻawi 'ana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale-ke kapikala paa lealea. 'Olumepika, a Paralympic haʻuki ma keia manao, he okoa, a maanei ua i ka hoʻomaka' ana i ke ala, mai Olympia - na organizers ia lakou iho e hoʻoholo i ke kulanakaukale, i kahi e, e hoʻomaka i ka huakaʻi, a me ke ala ana o ke ahi a hiki i ke kapikala, o ka papa, Ua mau loa kekahi pōkole.

No ka laʻana, i ka 2014 mika ana no 10 lā, a iloko o keia manawa lawe ke kukui ma ka 1,700 kanaka mai Rusia a me na aina e, a me ka 35% o ka poʻe me ke kino kīnā. E nō e nānā 'ana i ka mea i komo i loko o ka mika lāhui me nāʻaʻa eha tausani, a laweia aku la oia i ke ahi ma 46 kūlanakauhale i loko o kekahi mau wahi o Rusia. Eia hou, no ka manawa mua i loko o ka papa o kekahi o nā kuʻina o ka mika mea paʻa i loko o Stoke Mandeville, i ka mea pono ma ka mua alakai aku ia Paralympic Games, aole nae i keia manawa ma ka olelo manawa. E hoʻomaka ana i ka 2014, ma ke kūlanakauhale i ke ahi, e lawe wahi noke.

ano keia ano o ka biathlon

'Âlapa lawe ana ma ka Paralympic Competition kuleana i loko o ka iwakālua o ka makahiki o likeʻole ka hoʻopaʻi' ana a me nā mea a pau elima hooilo - he sledge Pāʻani Holohau, Alpine iaoeo e, biathlon, noho huila hoʻohuli akula a me keʻa-aupuni iaoeo e. Aia nō i ke kumu kahua oʻokoʻa i loko o ka walaʻauʻana rula o ia mau hanana he mea uuku, akā, ma laila nō kekahi i Kekahi Mau '.

Pela Paralympic Biathlon hoʻolako i ka ho'ēmi i kā mamao i ka pale, a me ia mea wale 10 mika, oiai ka maʻamau biathlon hoʻolako pale umauma hoʻokahi wahi 50 mau mika mai ka gunner. Kekahi 'âlapa me ka pilikia makapō hoʻopilikia, ki mai kūikawā pū i hoʻolako pono optronicheskoy'ōnaehana triggered i ka sighting. Kēia'ōnaehana komo ai i ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka Electro-kumu, a e hoomaka ana e hoʻokuʻu akula ka leo o ka beep ka wā i' âlapa maka kokoke i ka piko o ka pale, hiki ia, e aho ka hoʻokele e hoʻomaka pololei pana pua aku makou i ka pale kaua.

i loko o nā haʻuki i hoʻohana i ka helu o nā ancillary kūpono a me ka hana kūikawā loea i Nohie i ka manaʻo o kekahi mau hana no ka 'âlapa me ke kino kīnā, no laila, ka mea hiki ole ke hoohalikeia me ka hae o ka haʻuki, aka, ma na aoao he ka mea, e like lawa.

Ka Paralympic Games mea he wahi lihi iki o nä mea, mai ka 'Olumepika, akā, hoʻokahiʻaoʻao a me kekahi, alualu i ka ia pahuhopu nui - e hoopiha i i ka pālākiō hou kiekie. No ka mea, a pau na kanaka a pau, e makaala oukou mau Competition, ka polokalamu JavaScript,ʻaʻole i hāʻawiʻia mai, ia mea he pono laʻana e hahai maopopo leʻa.