Pehea mea nukelea fission? fission Kind

Kela a me keia aeea hoʻomaka kona ola, i ka wa kaawale, mai ka makua, a me ka welau a i i, e haawi ana i ka manawa, e hōʻike ana i kā lākou mau kaikamahine keena. Nature hoʻolako oi ma mua o kekahi aoao o ka mahele ana i ka Kora naʻEsau, ke kaumaha ma muli o ko lākou 'ole.

Nā Papahana O Ka aeea mahele

Mahele ana i ka 'ōlelo hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka halepaahao type :

- aeaie fission (loaʻa i loko o prokaryotes).

- amitosis (pololei ala mahele).

- Mitosis (, he pono ole i loko o eukaryotes).

- Meiosis (no ka mahele ana i germ aeee).

fissionʻAno i paa ma ke ano a me ka pahuhopu nei me ka 'ole o ka halepaahao, a me ka papa ia hanaʻia i loko o macroorganism ole ma iho.

aeaie fission

Loa pinepine ua loaʻa kēia 'ano i loko o prokaryotic keena. Ua ninoieo i a pāpālua hoʻi ka hoʻopoepoe DNA lātoma. ua no laila, kapaʻia aeaie fission o ka nucleus no o ka makuahine aeea, he mau like ko lāua nui kaikamahine.

Ma hope o aaiaoe mea (DNA ole RNA lātoma), ua hoʻomākaukau pela, a laila ka mea, papalua, mai ka halepaahao paia hoʻomaka e hana i ka transverse paku, a ua i nā tapered a me ka cytoplasm i hookaawale ai i loko o nā kaha like kokekau māhele.

Ka lua o ana kaʻina kapa i opuu ae ole haoʻa aeaie fission. Ma keia hihia, o ka halepaahao paia ikeia protrusion hapa, a ua kiʻekiʻe e ulu ana. Ma hope o ka "konāhuaʻelua" a me ka nui o ka makuahine aeea e e like, ka mea i kaawale. A hapa o ka halepaahao paia ua synthesized hou.

amitosis

Kēia māhele o ka nucleus like i ka poe i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, a me ke koena unuhi i ka mea, aole a pāpālua hoʻi o ka aaiaoe mea. Kēia hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma mua e Remak biologist. O kŰia ia lŘlŘ ma pathologically hoololi aeee (malignant hou '), a me ka mea i physiological kūmau no akepaa'aʻaʻa, cartilage a me ka cornea.

Ke kaʻina Ua kapaia nukelea fission amitosis no ka mea, o ka halepaahao i hoopaa mai ai kona papa, a aole e lilo ia mau mea like i mitosis. Kēia wehewehe i ka'āno'ē waiwai pili i ka halepaahao mahele kaʻina. Eia hou kekahi, pololei mahele kāna mau 'ōlelo hele ole kālī, no laila, i ke kaikamahine keena chromatin ua haawi uniformly. Ma ka eia, ua keena hiki ole hoʻohana i ka mitotic pōʻaiapuni. I kekahi manawa, e like me ka hopena o ka amitosis hana multinucleated keena.

mitosis

Kēiaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe nukelea fission. Ka hapanui pinepine i loaʻa i loko o eukaryotic keena. I ka papa kuhikuhiE koena unuhi o kēia kaʻina moe i loko o ka mea ana keiki, a maternal keena iloko o ka hookahi helu o chromosomes. Ma keia ke kino ua kākoʻoʻia i ke koi 'ia ka helu o ke keena, e like me ka hiki ana e noho a me ka ulu ana o keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ka mua mitosis i loko o ka holoholona aeea ho'ākāka 'ia ma Flemming.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka mahele ana i ka nucleus i loko o keia hihia ua hoʻokaʻawale 'ana ma luna o interphase a me ka mitosis. Interphase - He moku'āina o na keena hooluolu malaila ma waena o papa. Ua hiki ke hoomaopopo mau kūlana:

1. presynthetic manawa - aeea ulu, ka mea accumulates nā polokina, a carbohydrates, ua 'Imi synthesized ATP (adenosine triphosphate).

2. kemikala wā - ka aaiaoe mea ua pāpālua.

3. postsynthetic manawa - e pāpālua i ke kelepona hele hehee wale, loaʻa nō nā polokina mea e i ke ana kālī.

Nā kūlana o ka mitosis

I ka māhele o ka nucleus o eukaryotic keena - he kaʻina hana i mea pono no ka ho okumu ana i ka hou organelles - centrosomes. Ua kahi kokoke i ka nucleus, a me kona papa kuhikuhiE kuleana pili i mea e lilo hou organelles - kālī. Kēia 'ole kōkua i kōā kaulike puunaue i ka chromosomes ma waena o ke kaikamahine keena.

Aia mau eha kūlana o ka mitosis:

1. Prophase: chromatin i loko o ka nucleus condenses i loko o nā chromatids, a mea kokoke i ke centromeres e hele ana ma ka hui, e lilo chromosomes. Nucleoli hoike mai, lūlū aku i kaʻauamo o ka halepaahao centrioles. I hana mahele kālī.

2. Metaphase: na chromosomes i hoonohonoho ia ma ka laina maalo ae la oia ma ka waena konu o ka halepaahao, e hana i ka metaphase una honua.

3. Anaphase: chromatids diverge mai o ka halepaahao oaio i na auamo, a laila māheleʻia aʻela i loko o nā centromere. Kēia neʻe He hiki no i ka mahele kālī, e hoemiia ka pae paha o ka a, a hohola chromosomes ma kekahiʻaoʻao.

4. Telophase: i hana kaikamahine nuclei. Chromatids hou huli i loko o chromatin, o ka nucleus ua hana, a ma ia - o ka nucleoli. Pikake a pau māhele o ka cytoplasm a me ka halepaahao paia ho okumu.

endomitosis

I ka hua ma ka aaiaoe mea, a 'aʻole e hoʻolako i ka mahele o ka nucleus, kapa endomitosis. Ua ua loaʻa i loko o na keena o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona. Ma keia hihia, he mea ole ka make ana o ka cytoplasm, a me ka nucleusʻili lahilahi, akā, lilo chromatin i chromosomes, a laila dispiralized.

Kēia kaʻina apono 'e loaa polyploid nucleus kahi o ka DNA maʻiʻo ua hoomahuahua ia. Oia panalaau ia ho okumu i aeee i loaʻa i loko o ka iwi ka lolo. Eia hou, he mau hihia a pau, i ka wa a ka DNA lātoma ua maalahi loa, a me ka helu o chromosomes koe ka ia. Ka mea i ike i polythene, a me ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i loko o insect keena.

Meaning mitosis

Mitotic māhele o ka nucleus - mea he ala e malama i kekahi mau kau o ka chromosomes. Kaikamahine aeee i ka like 'ia paha o nā'ōewe like me ka makua a me nā mea a pau o nā' ano hoʻomaopop 'ana i ia mea. Mitosis ua koi 'ia no:

- ka ulu a me ka ulu ana o multicellular meaola (mai ke kuʻi nukeliu o germ aeee);

- pohupani hale o ka lalo aeea papa ma ka luna a me ka hope koko aeee (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets);

-? Aiiio poino'aʻaʻa (i loko o kekahi mau holoholona o ka 'auhau no e noho nei i elue no ola, e like me starfish a me ka hana o ua moo);

- asexual nā'ōlelo o nā mea kanu a me kekahi mau holoholona (invertebrates).

meiosis

mahele ana germ keena nucleiʻano papa hana i kekahi i kekahi mau mea mai ka somatic. E like me ka hopena, oia loaa aeee i i ka hapalua o ka aaiaoe 'ike ma mua o ko lakou mau mua. He mea pono i ka mea e malama i kekahi mau helu o chromosomes i loko o kēlā me kēia aeea o ke kino.

Meiosis ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

- ka ho'ēmiʻana ke kahua;

- equational ke kahua.

Pono iloko o ke kaʻina mea hiki wale nō i loko o aeee me ka i helu o chromosomes (diploid, tetraploid, a me ka geksaproidnym na. D.). O ka holo ana, e koe hiki i ka la meiosis, a keena me ka ōlaʻi kau o chromosomes, akā, alaila, o ka MOKUNA XXXIII No ke ole e viable.

Kēiaʻano papa hana e hōʻoiaʻiʻo sterility ma interspecific mare. Mai loko o ka germ aeee i hoʻopaʻa i ka 'okoa o chromosomes, e complicates lākou mau kuʻi nukeliu, a me ka nānā aku o viable a me ka momona keiki kakou nana.

Ka mua māhele o ka meiosis

pae 'oe a me ka inoa o ka poe ma ka mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Akā, loaʻa nō kekahi mau nuiʻokoʻa.

1. Prophase: papalua kau o chromosomesʻo ia i ka moʻo o ka loli ', maalo ae la oia ma elima kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao (leptotena, zygotes, Paquita, diplotene, diakinesis). Aia i keia hoomaikai a pau i ka conjugation a me kela aoao-no.

Conjugation - keia hoʻohui o homologous chromosomes. I leptotene therebetween hana lahilahi filaments, a laila, hui ma zygotene chromosome hui a me ka hopena i loaa mai ma o ka 'ole o ka eha chromatids.

Crossover - i ke kaʻina hana o kea-pauku o ka wehe aʻe ma waena o ke kaikuahine chromatids a homologous chromosomes. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ma ka pachytene ke kahua. Hana Huina ma (chiasm) chromosomes. Ma kānaka, i kēia mau kūkaʻi hiki ia ma waena o ke kanakolu-kumamalima i kanaono-kumamaono. I ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hana o ka aaiaoe heterogeneity o ka kūponoʻia, a me variability gametes.

I ka hele mai la kekahi kahua diplotene o eha chromatids e luku eiiieaenu a me ke kaikuahine chromosomes vzaimoottalkivayutsya. Diakinesis ke hoʻoholo 'ia ka hoʻololi mai prophase e metaphase.

2. Metaphase: chromosomes laina i kokoke Kapikoowākea o ka halepaahao.

3. Anaphase: chromosomes, no iloko olaila a mau chromatids diverge i nāʻauamo o ka halepaahao.

4. Telophase: mahele ana kālī ua luku, kūpono ma ka ho okumu ana i mau keena me ka haploid lākou o nā chromosomes ua palua ia i ka nui o ka DNA.

Ka lua o ka meiotic mahele

Kēia kaʻina ua i kapaia "mitosis, meiosis." I ka manawa ma waena o nā kūlanaʻelua DNA duplication aʻole ole ana, a me ka lua o ka halepaahao komo prophase o ka hookahi kau o chromosomes, a ua noho ma hope o 1 telophase.

1. Prophase: chromosomes Punk ala kaawale aeea oaio (kona koena e oko auamo o ka halepaahao), a me ka wahi collapses nucleus i hanaʻia i ke ku e kālī manaʻo p ÷ haku i ka kālī o ka mahele mua.

2. Metaphase: chromosomes i aia ma ka equator, ua hana metaphase una honua.

3. Anaphase: chromosomes e māheleʻia i loko o chromatids i pāhawewe hou i loko o nāʻaoʻao.

4. Telophase: ma kaikamahine aeee i hanaʻia kāna mau 'ōlelo chromatids dispiralized i loko o chromatin.

I ka pau ana o ka lua o ka pae ana o ka hookahi makua aeea, ua loaʻaʻehā nāʻaha hui iho me ka hapalua huapalapala o chromosomes. Inā meiosis i wahi i loko o ka huipūʻana me ka germ laina (ia mea, i ke kahua o ke keka aeee), ke puunaue i ikaika haoʻa, a ua hanaʻia ma ka hookahi aeea me ka haploid kau o chromosomes a me ekolu ka ho'ēmiʻana keiki bipi,ʻaʻole e hali ana i ka pono aaiaoe ike. Ka mea, e pono e hōʻoia i loko o ka hua a me ka sperm koe wale hapalua o ka aaiaoe mea o ka makua aeea. Eia kekahi, i kēia palapala no nukelea māhele hoʻolako i keʻano o ka hou ana o nā'ōewe, e like me ke gula hooilina o alleles.

Ma ka simplest mana o ka meiosis ole ia he mea hoʻokahi wale nō 'aukā i loko o ka pae mua, a ma ka lua o ka he mea crossover. ʻepekema paipai i keia palapala o ka evolutionary precursor oʻike mau meiosis multicellular meaola. Paha he mea'ē aʻe aoao o nukelea fission, aʻepekema e ike i keia manawa.