Radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o ka aina a me kona waiwai

kanaka activism loa pinepine he kūlana maikaʻiʻole i ka honua o ka Animated a me ka mea ola 'ano a puni. Ke kokololio hooulu ana o ka hana, mālama nui mahiʻai, wao'ōnaehana pilikia - a pau i kēia seriously Hoʻoweliweli 'o ia i ka kālaikaiaola o ka Honua. Me ka hooulu ana o nukelea ikehu a me ka holomua o nukelea mea kaua, he mea kekahi pilikia - ka mea hoʻohaumia o soils, wai, lewa.

Wā o ka pilikia

Radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o ka lepo - ia loa ia radionuclide nā hoʻohui like ma luna o nā hoailona o ka i kā mākou allowable ana ma muli o ke kanaka hope.

Ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi i wehewehe aku e nui loa nā māhele o ka mawaho, a na waiū. E kapa ai i na kūmau o ionizing hoola i ka International Komisina o ka pāhawewe ke 'ohana ka palekana (ICRP), ka awelika makahiki mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe i hoʻolauna i ka soils a me nā pōhaku o ka 0.25-0.5 microsieverts no ka makahiki (mSv / y me). Keia hae Ho'ākāka 'o ka nui o ka pāhawewe maluhia no kanaka ola a me ka mea i na manawa he haʻahaʻa ma mua o ia i makemake ka hopena i loko o ka make ana o ka meaola ola no ka hou 30 lā.

kumu

Pehea o ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka lepo? Sources o ka haumia ea - na mau pae o radionuclides:

• ke kanaka-i;
• maoli.

Ua ua ike ia i ka lepo he kūlohelohe radionuclides. Eia naʻe, i ko lakou lehulehu ua me ka nui loa mahuahua ma muli o ke-i? Iecaianoaaiiuo, pūnaewele o maoli maka mea, aaioee, fertilization, kā lākou hana, lanahu'ā lele lehu hoʻohana like me ka fertilizing kanu ai no ka hana o ka hale pono hana, etc.

Aie i ka kokololio? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o fertilizers i kela makahiki i ka nui o radioactively ua hoʻohaumiaʻia soils, piʻi pū. No ka laʻana, he poorly hoomaopopo kahe o ka hoʻoulu i ka lehulehu o radionuclides i loko o ka lepo ma muli o ka pono o ka potash a me ka posapahate fertilizers.

ʻimi hoʻopunipuni radionuclides i nui na mea hāʻule i loko o ka eiiiiiaiou o ko ka Honua ka biosphere ma muli o ke nukelea Naita me ia.

Penei, o ka nui o na la kumu radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o ka aina e:

• mālama nui 'ana i ka mahiʻai aina;
• kaumaha ka hana;
• hoʻouku o kumu waiwai;
• radioactive neoneo;
• hoʻomehana honua mai nukelea pāhawewe;
• nukelea hōʻike.

Ke radioactive lepo mea hoʻohaumia: mea hoʻohaumia loa

Ua nui hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ka lepo mea hoʻohaumia:

• kauoha hopena maikaʻi 'ole o ka radioactive waiwai ma luna o na holoholona, mea kanu a me nā kānaka;
• nui i kaupalena 'o ka manawa kūpono o ka hoʻohana' ana i kamaaina kumu waiwai no ka mahiʻai hana. Ma hope o nā mea a pau i nā huahana a ua loaa mai ia i ke hoohalua nei ma luna o maʻamau kiʻekiʻe o ka lehulehu o radioactive mea aie i ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka hamama Reservoir a me groundwater, lepo holoi, mai kahi e nā palapala i huiʻia. Loa mea hoʻohaumia ke alakai i ka hikiʻole, e hoʻohana i ka wai ole wale no ka inu a me ka imu, akā, no hoi ma ka desoldering holoholona a nenoaio i? O mahiʻai aina.

He nui nā haumana hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka pio ana o ka pāhawewe papa o ka meakino hele aku ai i ke hoʻokō 'emi ana o biogeotsionozov a me populations. Keia ia lŘlŘ ka wā kiʻekiʻe pae o ka haumia ea. Na wahi i paa i loko o ka wahi o ka papa kuhikuhiE wahi ma laila i ka hookuu ana o ka pāhawewe, a, me ka hopena, i ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka lepo. Chernobyl - ka loa ciia ma hope o ka ulia. A laila haneri o ka eka loaa ka ikaika mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe, like me ka hopena o i ka mea, i loa wehe mai kanaka haʻawina.

hohonu keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ka

I ka lepo o ke kemu luna 'la, kela waina o radioactive waiwai. Eia hou kekahi, ia hale kūʻai ia no ka lōʻihi manawa.

Radionuclides i loko o ka lepo i wehewehe aku e:

• waiwai o chemically hana? ueo;
• ka waiwai a me ka haku mele 'ana o ka'āina wale nō;
• waiwai o radionuclides fallout;
• climatic kiko'î;
• hiʻona o ka panorama.

Radionuclides hanaiia ma luna o ka lepo ili honua i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o aerosols, nā minelala hao, particulate wahie, etc. ʻO kā mākou hapa o ko lākou wailana hapa iki i loko o ka global fallout o 30-90%. Ka mea kiekie loa huahelu mai cesium a me ka strontium. Pehea e hele radionuclides i loko o ka wā e hiki mai - i kekahi ike. Hōʻeuʻeu equilibrium maoli me ka hōʻemiʻana solubility o ko lākou mau depositions. Lepo wailana ke aloha 'ona a me kūikawā acidification o ka papa e loli ai ka ulu Polenekia o radionuclides i ua hoʻohana' ia no ka mea o kona hoʻomaʻemaʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻoneʻe o radioactive mea hoʻohaumia hilinaʻi nui ia:

• Mineralogical haku mele 'ana;
• loaʻa nui i ka lepo kemikala nā pale kaʻa;
• huna nui hoi o ka makana ;
• waiwai humus;
• naoh meakino.

Papamoe redistribution o radionuclides

E wńnana i ka hiki ole o ka lepo mea hoʻohaumia mea nui loa, e ike i ke ano o ka poʻe Polenekia o radionuclides.

redistribution o radionuclides i loko o ka lepo ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka papamoe, a verticalʻaoʻao i loko o ke kino ala, a no ia mau kumu o ka hana kanaka.

Papamoe Polenekia mea no ia:

• aeolian amo (ka inoa hele mai, mai ka inoa o ke akua Aeolus makani);
• hookahe no floodwater i ua la nui mālama nui mea hoʻohaumia nisin a me ūnelunelu;
• holoholona neoneo (earthworms, hihiu pokole,ʻiole, a me "ka eli ana");
• kalepa ae la lakou;
• kaʻohiʻana uliuli i ai ma luna o ke kula mauʻu ua hoʻohaumiaʻia;
• nahele ahi, i mea ikaika loa isotopes hoolilo ololi.

Palena iki papamoe Polenekia, mālama nō i loko o ka ulu lāʻau coenoses, a me ka i kā mākou - i loko o agrocenoses me ka malamalama soils. Papamoe redistribution, ma ka kekahi lima, ho'ēmi i kā ka mea nui o ka lepo mea hoʻohaumia e radioactive nuclides ma ka 'ē aʻe - e hoʻonui i ka makana.

pono Polenekia

Like no ka vertical redistribution, laila, ma nā mea a pau lepo ano, ia mea lohi. Ka laina mämä holo o kēia kaʻina huahelu mai tenths i mau kenimika no ka makahiki. Aina ma keia hihia hana like me ka biogeochemical ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai. Hawaiʻi ma Chernobyl ciia hōʻike ana i ka hapanui o na radionuclides i koe iho i loko o ka luna, ahu iho o ka aina (ma kahi o 10 knm) no ka lōʻihi manawa. A i loko o ka laau o keia ciia radioactive waiwai loaa i loko o ka litter (lau, paipu) a me ka haʻahaʻa, ahu iho o ka aina (ma kahi o 1-2 knm).

Vertical Polenekia o radionuclides hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ia aʻe:

• ka lua pele;
• ka ua, ona mau hoolilo runoff a me ke omoāea;
• ka hoololiia ana o ka mea kanu kumu nenoai;
• kanaka hana - mahi, nenoaio i?.

Ka loa ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi i loko o ke ao nei

Ma ka Honua, he mau haneri o radioactively ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi. A nui weliweli mea hanford wahi i loko o ka moku'āina o Washington, USA. Eia ke kanaka nunui luna ', kaua mua i loko o ke ao nei nukelea kūpono' ana i kūkuluʻia i loko o ka muliwai, o ka hope kenekulia. E like me ka hopena o kona hana i loko o ka ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi 518ʻahā like mika. ei.

Soils ma Somalia i ua hoʻohana no ka 'ino ai hoʻolilo o nukelea neoneo. Semipalatnsky paena ma aneea oneiaey kahi nukelea e ho'āʻo ai i lawe mai, o kekahi o ka loa pāhawewe-hoʻopōʻino wahi i loko o ke ao nei. Ma ke kulanakauhale o Maili-Suu, Kyrgyzstan, uranium hoʻouku ua like ma ka Union me ka unahiʻole, i loko o kūpono loa kiʻekiʻe nā hoʻohui like o radioactive isotopes i loko o ka Apana mines.

Ka pono-ike Chernobyl ciia - he make ciia, he poe nui hoi haneri o kilomika o ka lepo mea hoʻohaumia hiki. Chernobyl - mea ole wale i ke ao nei ka nukelea mana noaioee, i mai ai i ka nukelea catastrophe o global huliāmahi. Similar hiki ma Fukushima, Japan. Eia, i ke olai, a me ka kai eʻe ma March 2011, kena ae la ka ulia i ka mea kanu, a ua ae aku me ka hopena o ka nui ?? eoi?.

Hanalima eiiieaena "Mayak" i loko o Rusia i loko o ka malu kulanakauhale "Chelyabinsk-40" kokoke i ke kulanakauhale o Kyshtym loli ana ma ka ulia i ka 1957. Kona hopena lilo radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o 25 000 aa o arable aina. Oia ka nalu p kulana home 'ole a puni OJSC Siberian Nine hui pu iho ma Tomsk Oblast, Lūkini.

Hiʻona o ka pono o ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi

I ka lepoʻano nui loaa radionuclides me ka lōʻihi hapalua palaho: promethium-147, Cerro-144, cesium-137, Ruthenium-106 a me 103, strontium-90. Ka noho pilikia loa no ka noho meaola mea strontium-90. No laila, i loko o nā kula iho mailoko me ka pāhawewe, hana agrochemical, agro-oaoieei-a me nā hana, i ka poe hiki ke emi i ka 'oni iki o ke hoʻopōʻino i huiʻia, mai ka lepo i ka mea kanu. No keia mea iʻoki topsoil a me koʻu kanuia.

An ka hoʻokō ana o ka hua ana o kekahi mauʻano likeʻole o nā mea kanu a me? Ueony, a i wehewehe aku ma ka palena iki kiʻekiʻe o radionuclide hoʻomāhuahua. Ua noa i ike i ka holoholona fattening, e hoʻohana wale maʻemaʻe eʻai. Sorbents i hoʻohana like kūikawā mea hoʻonui i inhibit ka hooholo ia ana o radioactive 'ona i loko o ka waiū.

Reclamation hana nona ma hoemi i kaʻai ana o radionuclides i mea kanu. E hana i kēia e ka lepo sorbents, e like me ka vermiculite, zeolite, mea pōhaku a me ke aloha mea hoʻonui, Lime. I mahiai emi hoʻomāhuahua i ka mea kanu ia lŘlŘ ma ke kumu o radionuclides mahiʻaiʻana. Ke lilo aku plantage mahiʻai, a me ke kahua huli. Kēia mahi 'ana i kūpono hiki aku ai a hiki i ka Wa Mamua o ka radioactive mea hoʻohaumia. Manawa a hiki i kēia hoʻomāhuahua o ka waiwai i loko o mea kanu ua hoemi ia e 24 manawa. I ka mahiʻai, e hoʻololi i ka 'ole o kekahi mea kanu kuapo. Ua mea maikaʻi, e hoʻomaka e ulu hanalima ulu i mea ole ia i kaʻai.

I kekahi makemake hana o ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka ua hoʻohaumiaʻia wahi o ka wehe' ana i kekahi hana i ho'ākāka 'ia. No kekahi laʻana, e hiki ke hana kuikawa me ke koe. Ma na hiohiona kāʻei kua pāhawewe ma ke kahua o ka maʻiʻaʻai kanu ululaau,ʻano nui tidara.

maluhia ana

Ae mālama 'ana i ka wahi, kahi a he mea radioactive mea hoʻohaumia o ka lepo, e kuhikuhi i hoemi i ka hopena maikaʻi' ole o ka pāhawewe. Lawe mai ia mau hana:

• kou akamai ana a me ka hoʻohana 'ana i nā huahana i loko o ka palena o ke aupuni ai' ole 'ilikai, ke kaumaha ma muli haumia ea a me ka Loaʻaʻia waiū a hiki i ka puni mau mea;
• reclamation, agro-iiaie oaoieei ana;
• Nine Inch disinfection;
• Ka mea, hana no sorbents;
• kapu o ke kanaka hana;
• e hoike ana i ka lehulehu e pili ana i ka hiki he pilikia;
• kali i ka mea hoʻolilo o kekahi huahana mai o ka pilikia wahi.

Ke au o ka ho'ōia i kēia mau kapu hilinaʻi nui kuhikuhi ma ka pa apŘ o ka mea hoʻohaumia. Eia hou, e lohe i ka waiū mahele lāʻau o ka pāhawewe. Kēia manawa hiki mau mai kekahi mau pule i kekahi mau makahiki. Ke'ī mai ecologists emi i ka mea hoʻohaumia o ka aina a me kona waiwai.