RNA a me ka DNA. RNA - He aha ka keia? RNA: 'ole, ho'āʻo,? Ueo

Nā manawa ma i ke ola ua hoailono aku la weliweli loli, he holomua nui ka wā kanaka e pane i ka nīnau hou. Life ua hoʻomaka koke neʻe i mua, a ua ole loa aku nei he mea hiki ole, hoʻomaka e e hoʻokō. He hiki i keia la he mea i ka'āina o ka 'epekema fiction, hoi, e hiki koke loaʻa i nā hiʻona o aku o ka lanakila.

Kekahi o ka mea nui discoveries i loko o ka lua o ka hapalua o ka iwakālua kenekulia lilo ka nukelea nāʻakika RNA a me ka DNA mea e kanaka pili i unraveling i nā mea pohihihi o ke ano.

nukelea nāʻakika

Nukeleaʻakika - i ke aloha i huiʻia me ke kiʻekiʻe hakakino waiwai. Ua Ua hakuʻia o ka hydrogen, kalapona, naikokene a me ka phosphorus.

Ka mea, i loaa i ka 1869 ma F. Miescher, ka mea i hoʻokolokolo i ka pus. Akā, laila, i kona loaʻa i ole paʻa kuikawa manaʻo nui. Wale ma hope, i ka wa a mau nāʻakika i loaʻa i loko o nā mea a pau holoholona, a kanu keena, i ka naʻauao o ko lākou kūlana, alahula mau.

Aia he mau ke ano o ka nukelea nāʻakika: RNA, a DNA (deoxyribonucleic a ribonucleicʻakika). He 'atikala e kālele ana ma luna o ribonucleicʻakika, akā, e nana hoi i ka hoʻomaopopo like' ana o nā mea kūpono ai ka DNA.

He aha ka deoxyribonucleicʻakika?

DNA - he nukeleaʻakika iloko olaila a mau kaula makalii, a i pili ma ke kānāwai complementarity hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa nitrogenous kumu. Lōʻihi nā kaula hao ka hoʻoluli i loko o kaʻoni iho o kekahi huli he aneane he umi nucleotides. Ke anawaena o ka waʻa helix o nā millimeters, o ka mamao ma waena o nā nucleotides - e pili ana i ka hapalua o ka nanometer. Ka lōʻihi o kekahi lātoma kekahi manawa mau kenimika ihoiho. DNA o kekahi kanaka aeea nucleus lōʻihi o aneane elua mika.

A pau i ka aaiaoe ike na ma ka DNA 'ole. Ua loaʻa DNA replication, a 'o ia hoʻi ke kaʻina hana ma a he hookahi lātoma hua elua'ālike - nāʻaha hui iho.

I ua kaulana, ka huakai kaapuni ninoieo o na nucleotides la i komo ai ma ka huli ana i nitrogenous kumu (adenine, guanine, thymine, a me ka cytosine) a me ka phosphorousʻakika koena. All nucleotides okoa nitrogenous kumu. Hydrogen ka ponaʻana Aʻole ole ana ma waena o nā mea a pau o nā kumu, adenine, no kekahi laʻana, hiki wale hoʻohui me ka thymine paha guanine. Penei, adenine nucleotides i loko o ke kino e like me ka mea i thymidylic, a me ka helu o ka guanine lākou, cytidylic (Chargaff mau rula). Ua huli mai i ke kaʻina o kekahi kaula kaʻina predetermines ka 'ē aʻe, a me ke kaulahao e like aniani kekahi i kekahi. Oia kekahi kumu, ai na nucleotides o nā kaula hiloʻelua hoonohonoho ia ma ka pololei a me ka selectively pili, ua kapaia ka loina o ka complementarity. Ma waho hydrogen i huiʻia, ka waʻa helix a me hydrophobic Library.

Nā kaula hiloʻelua i okoaʻaoʻao, i ua hoonohonoho ana ma ke alo oʻaoʻao. No ia mea, treh 'e ku pono ana-hope nā leo mea pyati'-Ka Nalu o kekahi kaula.

Externally DNA lātoma kohu i kaʻoni iho staircase, i mea ke kō-posapahate iwi kuamoo o handrails,ʻanuʻu a me ka - mea manuahi naikokene kumu.

He aha ka RNA?

RNA - he nukeleaʻakika me monomers kapa ribonucleotides.

Ma Nine Inch waiwai ia mea mea i like loa ke DNA mai nā polymers i nucleotides ia ho fosfolirovanny N-glycoside'ano'ē i ua kūkuluʻia ma luna o ka pentose (elima-kalapona kōpaʻa), he posapahate pūʻulu elima kalapona'Ātoma a me ka naikokene kumu ma ka mua o carbon'Ātoma.

Ua ho kekahi polynucleotide kaula (koe wale no nā mea hoʻomaʻi), i ka nui pōkole ma mua ia o ka DNA.

Kekahi lātoma o ka RNA - i na koena o na kēia mau waiwai:

• naikokene kumu;
• elima-o carbon monosaccharide;
• phosphorousʻakika.

RNAs i pyrimidine (cytosine a me ka uracil) a me ka purine (adenine, guanine) kumu. Ribose mea he monosaccharide RNA nucleotide.

I ka oko ao o ka RNA a me ka DNA

Nukelea nāʻakika oko mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka hahai ana ka waiwai:

• i ka nui o ka mea i loko o ka halepaahao hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka physiological moku'āina, na makahiki a me ka hui lako;
• DNA he deoxyribose carbohydrate, a me ka RNA - ribose;
• nitrogenous kumu ma ka DNA - thymine, ana RNA - uracil;
• papa hana okoa oihana, akā, i synthesized i loko o ka DNA'ōpū mai;
• DNA ninoieo o ke kaulua, helix, a me ka RNA - mai ka hookahi kaulahao;
• no kona uncharacteristic Chargaff rula, e hana i loko o ka DNA;
• RNA hou nīnūnē nā waihona ipu;
• kaula OAOOUIEeE nui ka lōʻihi.

Mōʻaukala o ke ao

Cell RNA i mua loaa e ka biochemist mai Germany, Robert Altman ma ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka hū keena. Ma ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia i hōʻike ai ia i ke kūlana o ka DNA i loko o aaiaoe?. Wale laila i ho'ākāka 'ia, a me nāʻano o ka RNA, oihana, a no laila, ma luna o. 80-90% ma ke kaupaonaʻana i loko o ka halepaahao e kau mai ma luna o ka pa-RNA, ho okumu i pu me ke kumuʻiʻo a me ka ribosome komo i loko o kumuʻiʻo biosynthesis.

Ma ka sixties o ke kenekulia hope no ka manawa mua? Aaei ia he pono e kekahi ano e hāpai i ka aaiaoe 'ikepili no ka kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala. Ma hope iho o kēia noiʻi ike ia aia no he mea ike ribonucleic nāʻakika ho i kope mea manuahi o nā'ōewe. Ka mea, i kapaʻiaʻelele RNAs.

I ho omńkalakala i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ike ka mea, komo ka ai-kapaiaʻakika amo.

Hope kāu kiʻina hana i ulu huai ae nucleotide kaʻina a me ka RNA 'ole ua hoʻouka kekahi ma ka makahikiʻakika. Ke'ōlelo mai, Ua loaʻa ia i kekahi o ia mau mea, ka poe i kapaia ribozymes ke hoʻopili aku poliribonukleotidnye kaula. E like me ka hopena, hoomaka ae la makou e manaoio i loko o ka manawa, i ka wa i hoomaka ai ke ola ma luna o ka Honua, a me ka hana RNA ole DNA a me nā polokina. Pela a pau loli 'hana me kona komo.

Ka 'ole o ka ribonucleicʻakika nā lātoma

Kokoke o ka RNA a pau - he hookahi lei o polynucleotides i mea, ma ka huli, iloko o ka monoribonukleotidov - purine a me ka pyrimidine mau kumu.

Nucleotides i ka loiloi mua palapala Kû ke kumu:

• adenine (A), A;
• guanine (G), G;
• cytosine (C), C;
• uracil (U), W.

Ka mea, i pili i kekahi i kekahi three- a me ka pyatifosfodiefirnymi paa.

Most kekahi helu o nucleotides (mai kekahi mau umi i na umi o na tausani) me i loko o ka 'ole o ka RNA. Ka mea, ke hana haumāna 'ole, iloko olailaʻano nui o ka pōkole dvutsepochnyh kaula makalii, a i hana mea manuahi kumu.

'Ole ribnukleinovoyʻakika lātoma

E like me ua oleloia, o ka lātoma i ka hookahi-ili 'ole. RNA haumāna 'ole ke launa a me ka kinona like me ka hopena o ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka nucleotide. A pīlali kona lātoma mea he nucleotide iloko olaila o ke kō i koe o ka phosphorusʻakika a me ka naikokene mau kumu. Externally lātoma me kekahi o ka DNA kaula makalii. Nucleotides adenine a me ka guanine, he hapa o ka RNA i purine. Cytosine a me ka uracil i pyrimidine kumu.

Ka hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina

I ka RNA lātoma synthesized, i ka'ōpū mai,ʻo ka DNA lātoma. Pinepine, nae, ka mea nana e hoole kaʻina ka wā hou deoxyribonucleicʻakika nā lātoma i hanaʻia ma luna o ribonucleic'ōpū mai. Kēia ia lŘlŘ ka wā o ka replication o kekahi mauʻano o nā mea hoʻomaʻi.

Ke kumu no ka biosynthesis i i mālama i nā akua nā lātoma o ribonucleicʻakika. Kona EKOLU e ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka halepaahao nucleus, pili i na mea he nui nā'ūhū, akā, i ka mea nui o ka i mea he RNA polymerase.

ano

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka 'ano o ka RNA, kona hana i kekahiʻokoʻa. Aia i kekahi mau ano:

• Ike a me ka RNA;
• ribosomal rRNA;
• amo tRNA;
• nīnūnē;
• ribozymes;
• mea hoʻomaʻi.

Information ribonucleicʻakika

Oia nā lātoma i kapa mua. Ka mea, e i ka halepaahao no ma kahi o elua pakeneka o ka huina. Ma eukaryotic keena, ka mea, e synthesized i loko o ka nucleus no ka DNA huihui ikehu lā, a laila hele i loko o ka cytoplasm a me ka paa ana i ribosomes. Eia kekahi, e lilo UAAIIeIIeX no kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala: ka mea, e hui ma ka hoolilo RNA, a lawe'amino nāʻakika. Pela ke kaʻina hana o ka 'ike huli i ua hoʻomaopopo i loko o kekahi hanana' ole o ke kumuʻiʻo. Ma kekahi mea hoʻomaʻi RNA mea no hoi he chromosome.

O Iakoba a me Mano i openers o keia ano keia ano. 'Aʻole me kaʻoʻoleʻa' ole, ka mea 'ano apau loa he uma loop kaapuni. 'Aʻole e hana ana, a ua pelupelu ia ka RNA, a olokaa i loko o ka mea poepoe, a ma ka hana ana i mea e wahi.

mRNA hāpai 'ike e pili ana i ke kaʻina o ka'amino nāʻakika i loko o ka kumuʻiʻo i ua synthesized. Kēlā me kēia'aminoʻakika ua encoded ma kekahi wahi me ka kōkua o aaiaoe nā loina, i mea nona:

• Triplet - eha mononucleotides hiki ke kūkulu i kekahi kanaono-eha codons (aaiaoe kivila);
• neperekreschivaemost - 'ike kahe ana ma kekahi ala e;
• ka hoʻomauʻana - e hana ana i rula mai ia i ka mea i kekahi-RNA - hoʻokahi kumuʻiʻo;
• universality - keia a me iaʻano o ka'aminoʻakika ua encoded i loko o nā mea a pau e noho ana meaola like;
• degeneracy - ka iwakalua'amino nāʻakika i ikeia a me ka codon - kanaono-kekahi,ʻo ia hoʻi, ka mea i encoded ma ka helu o aaiaoe nā loina.

Ribosomal ribonucleicʻakika

Oia nā lātoma lakou i ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ke kelepona hele RNAs, oia, he kanawalu a hiki i ke kanaiwa pakeneka o ka huina. Ka mea, hui pu iho la me nā polokina, a ua hana ribosomes - keia organelles hana kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala.

Ribosomes iloko kanaono-kumamalima pakeneka o ka P-RNA, a he kanakolu-kumamalima pakeneka o ke kumuʻiʻo. Kēia polynucleotide kaulahao hoopuni Halala a me ke kumuʻiʻo.

Ke ribosome Ua haku o ka'aminoʻakika a me kaʻakika'amino mau apana. Ka mea, i aia ma ka ka hoʻomaopopoʻana surfaces.

Ribosomes neʻe aku o ka 'elele i loko o ka halepaahao, e synthesize nā polokina ma na wahi akau. Lakou mauʻaʻole loa kekahi, a hiki heluhelu ole wale ike mai mRNA, akā, no hoi e hana i ka'ōpū mai me ia.

Amo ribonucleicʻakika

tRNA loa? anoee. Ka mea, e i umi pakeneka o ke kelepona hele RNA. Kēia mau 'ano o ka RNA hoopaaia e, e'amino nāʻakika ma kekahi kūikawā'ūhū, a ua haawi aku i ka ribosomes. Ma keia hihia, e kaʻi aku i ka'amino nāʻakika ma ka amo nā lātoma. Naʻe, ka mea hana i ka encode'aminoʻakika okoa codons. A laila, hoolilo ia ma laila i kekahi mau hoolilo RNA.

Uaʻolokaʻa ihola i loko o ka mea poepoe, ka wāʻeleu, functioning a i ke ano o ka cloverleaf.

Ua ike okoa ka i kēia mau mea:

• acceptor anei i loaa i kekahi nucleotide kaʻina ACC;
• hapa e lawelawe nei no ka IeIIeYOA i ka ribosome;
• anticodon hoʻopā'ālua ka'aminoʻakika, a ua pili i keia tRNA.

Nā hana palapala ribonucleicʻakika

Nei, Ua inā RNA laha 'ma ka hou ka papa, i ka ai-kapaia uuku RNAs. Ka mea, a pau, aolie ia e kekahi ao eiioeieeae i ka ho'ā a hoʻopio i nā'ōewe ma embryonic kūpono 'ana, a me keʻano o ka hanaʻana hoʻi iā loko keena.

Ribozymes i nei hōʻike, ka mea, e 'Imi ohana, ka wā RNAs kaʻawaʻawa, i ka hōʻeleu.

Mea hoʻomaʻi 'ano o nāʻakika

Ka mea hoʻomaʻi ke hoʻohui pū kekahi ribonucleicʻakika a deoxyribonucleic. No laila, a me ka lakou mau nā lātoma i kapa RNA-i loaʻa. I ka injected i loko o ka halepaahao o ka mea hoʻomaʻi ia lŘlŘ aʻe EKOLU - me ka nānā 'ana ma ribonucleicʻakika, hou DNA i i i loko iho i loko o ka halepaahao, kaulike i ke ola ana a me nā'ōlelo o ka mea hoʻomaʻi. Ma kekahi hihia, i ke kahua o RNA mea manuahi i loaa. Nā mea hoʻomaʻi nā polokina e pōʻino oihana a me nā kumu kāki i hele me ka DNA, akā, wale ma ke kumu o ka 'ike i loaʻa ma loko o ka mea hoʻomaʻi RNA.

replication

I mea e hoʻoikaika 'i ka nui naauao o ka pono, e noonoo i ka replication kaʻina hana, ma a ma laila nō nā'ālike nā lātoma o nukeleaʻakika. No laila, hoʻomaka aeea mahele.

Ua komo ai DNA polymerase, DNA-e kaukaʻi RNA polymerase a me ka DNA ligase.

Ke replication kaʻina komo ai na kēia mau kapuwai.

• despiralization - mea he sequential unwinding makua DNA pīhoihoi ka pau lātoma;
• i wawahi ai i ka hydrogen paa ana, ai na kaulahao kaawale, a ikeia replicative ke'ō;
• hoʻoponopono dNTPs hookuuia i na waihona ipu he makua kaulahao;
• cleavage o pyrophosphate mai dNTPs nā lātoma a me ka ho okumu fosfornodiefirnyh pili ma no o ka ikaika;
• respiralizatsiya.

Ma hope o ho okumu o ka hui ma lalo lātoma mokuahana nucleus, cytoplasm a me ka hoʻomaha. Penei, e hana i ke kaikamahine keena elua, maopopo loaa a pau i ka aaiaoe ike.

Eia hou, i ka encoded iniiaiie 'ole o nā polokina i i synthesized i loko o ka halepaahao. DNA i loko o kēia kaʻina hana i kaʻauhau'ēʻaʻe hapa, aole i ka pololei, e laʻa i loko o ka mea e ia ia lŘlŘ ma ka DNA hoʻololi kemikala komo i loko o ke kahua o nā polokina, RNA. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia EKOLU.

Ekolu a

Ke hoʻololi kemikala no a pau o na nā lātoma ia lŘlŘ i Ekolu a, oa transcribing aaiaoe ike mai kekahi mau 'operon DNA. Ke kaʻina mea like i loko o kekahi, ao ke ano e replicate, oiai kekahi poe i kekahi me ka nui loa mai o ia.

Mea like nā nā kēia māhele.

• ka hoomaka ana i uncoiling o ka DNA;
• rupture o ka hydrogen paa ana ma waena o nā waihona ipu he wahi i puhi ai;
• ia mea mea manuahi e ke hakuloli i ka NTF;
• i ke kahua o ka hydrogen paa.

Oko ao mai replication.

• ka wā o ka spliced hapa o ka DNA EKOLU, kūpono transcriptional, oiai untwisting undergoes replication a pau lātoma;
• ka wā i kāna mete ia ke hakuloli i NTF iloko ribose a me ka uracil kahi o ka thymine;
• Information Ua palapala aku me ka hoʻoholo ma mua huahelu wale;
• ma hope o ke kahua o ka hydrogen makaukau na kaula paa a me ka lātoma kaulahao ua synthesized uhaʻi, a me ke kaulaʻaoʻao o me ka DNA.

No ka maʻamau ana o ka iniiaiie 'ole o ka RNA e komo wale exons decommissioned me ka DNA ioauoa.

Mākou i e hoʻomaka 'ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka maturation o RNA hana. Ua kuaʻia hāmau pauku, akeke nui a me ka informative ano he polynucleotide kaulahao. Eia kekahi,ʻano kēlā me kēia mea, he ano loli.

Ka mRNA mākaukau kaua paha ma ka hui ana i ka loiloi mua hopena. Ma ka hopena hapa pili ana poliadenilat.

Ka tRNA Hoʻololi 'kumu, ho okumu i ka nīnūnē? Ueo.

Ma ka P-RNA, a kaʻawale methylated kumu.

Hoomalu aku i ka poino a me ka hoʻoikaika amo ana o nā polokina i loko o ka cytoplasm. RNA i loko o ka oo moku'āina i pili ana me ia.

Meaning o deoxyribonucleic a me ka ribonucleic nāʻakika

Nukelea nāʻakika mea o ka nui i loko o ka meaola. Ka mea, waihonakala, kaʻi aku i ka cytoplasm, a ili ma ke kaikamahine aeee 'ike ma luna o nā polokina synthesized i loko o kēlā me kēia halepaahao. Ka mea, a pau loa imua i loko o nā mea a pau meaola e ola ana, i ke kumupaʻa o kēia nāʻakika mea nui no ka maʻamau functioning o nā ka halepaahao, a me ka meaola a pau. Kekahi hoʻololi i loko o kā lākou 'ole e alakai i ke kelepona hou.