Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov: Kawaihae, hoihoi 'kūʻiʻo, kiʻi

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich i ka makua kāne o ka Soviet nukelea mana oihana puolo. pâʻani 'He He kūlana kī i loko o ka mea i hanaia a me ka hooulu ana o ka hui maluhia' ana nukelea ikehu, a ma ka hope o ka 1940s alakaʻi i ke kūpono 'ana o ka mea mua Soviet'ātoma pōkā pahū.

I ka 'atikala pokole ho'ākāka i ke ola ala i ua Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov. Kawaihae no ka poe keiki, e e maopopo hana hoihoi.

opiopio physicist

January 12, 1903 ma ka kauhale o Simsk Plant (e SIM) i loko o ka Urals i hanau Igor Kurchatov. Kona aupuni 'ē aku - Russian. Kona makua kāne, Vasily (1869-1941), ma kekahi mau manawa hana me ka Hope ululāʻau a me ka aina surveyor. Mother, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), ua i ke kaikamahine o ka kūloko kahuna. Igor i ka lua o nā keikiʻekolu: kona kaikuwahine Antonina i ka hiapo, a me kona kaikaina Boris - he Junior.

I ka 1909, ma hope o ka 'ohana neʻe e Simbirsk, hoomaka ae la Simbirsk këia ma ka gymnasium, kahi Igor puka' o ia mai ke kula haʻahaʻa. Ekolu makahiki ma hope, ma hope o neʻe maila i ka Crimea no ka mea, o ka moku'āina o ke ola ana o ke kaikuahine, i hoololiia Kurchatov i ka Simferopol gymnasium. Ma mua, i ke keiki i hana maikaʻi i loko oʻaneʻane a pau ka hoʻopaʻi 'ana, akā, ma hope o ka teenager aʻu i heluhelu i ka puke ma luna o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka hana' enekinia, ke kālaikūlohea koho i ka hana o kona ola. I ka 1920, oiai e hana i ka lā a me këia ma ka po kula, Igor puka 'o ia mai ka Simferopol gymnasium me ka mekala gula. I ka hookahi makahiki, ua komo i ka Tauride University.

ku okoa ana o ka hana

Igor Kurchatov (Hawaii photo hōʻike hope i loko o ka 'atikala) i kekahi o ka mea maikaʻi i loko o ka oihana o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika. E hana 'ia i loko o ke ao,ʻo ia a me kekahi haumāna i loko o ka uku o ka kulanui ke kālaikūlohea Keʻena a haawi noa kaula kāohi e hoʻomaka ho okolohua. Mai kēia kakahiaka nui ho okolohua Kurchatov aʻo i ka nui o ke hoʻomaopopo i ka manaʻo o ka empirical hoike e kākoʻo i ka 'epekema pokole, i ka nui pono i loko o kona hou haʻawina. I ka 1923, Igor puka 'o ia mai ke kulanui me kaʻano ma ke kālaikūlohea, maalo ae la oia eha-makahiki hana ana ma ka makahiki ekolu.

Neʻe ana ma Petrograd

Hiki koke ma Petrograd, a kipa aku la i ka Polytechnic Institute, e lilo i kaʻoihana moku kanaka kuhikuhi puʻuʻone. Like i loko o Simferopol, Kurchatov i e hana i kākoʻo 'ia lakou iho, a aʻo. He Ua hoʻokomo i Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory ma Pavlovsk, i ae la ia ia, e loaʻa i ka mea i ola, a me ka hana i ka mea like. Mai ka hana ana o ka pele i hoomaka ai, e lawe i ka hailona o ka manawa, Kurchatov hope i loko o kā lākou mau haʻawina a ma ka lua o ka haumāna aʻu i hoʻolei Institute. Mai laila,ʻo ka manaʻo e pâʻani ma ke kālaikūlohea.

Ma hope o ka hana, he kanaka noiʻi ma ka Baku Polytechnic Institute ma 1924-1925 GG. Igor Kurchatov i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o ka Helu-E noa ka Institute ma Leningrad, e ku ana ma ke alo o ke ao ana o ke kālaikūlohea a me ka' ike loea hou o ia manawa i loko o ka USSR. I ka Ia manawa,ʻo ia i ka makahiki 1927, mare Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova a hana like me ka lecturer ma ka Oihana o ÿole mechanical ke kālaikūlohea o ka Leningrad Polytechnic, a ma ke kumu kiʻina aʻo Institute. Here ia i lilo i kona oi makahiki, a ua i kekahi o kona mau loa nui discoveries.

Igor Kurchatov: he manawa pōkole Kawaihae o ke nä känaka 'epekema

Ma ka hopena o 1920 i ka - i kakahiaka nui 1930s Kurchatov i hoihoi i loko o ka mea i laila, i kapaʻia ferroelektrichestva - study o na waiwai a me nā 'ano o kekahi mau mea ma lalo o ka hana ana o ka pilaʻikena. Kēia mau haʻawina alakai ai i ka ulu ana o semiconductors, a unuhi ae la oia i kona noonoo ana i ka nukelea ke kālaikūlohea. Ma hope o ka loiloi mua ho okolohua me ka beryllium pāhawewe, halawai a me ka palapala a me ke paionia o keia 'epekema Frederikom Zholio i ka makahiki 1933 Kurchatov, hoomaka ae la ka hua hana e lawelawe alaplpa i ka mana o ka'Ātoma. Together me nā noiʻi, a me Boris kaikaina,ʻo iaʻo ia i ka Hopu i loko o ke ao isomeric nuclei, radioactive bromine isotopes i komo i ka ia kaumaha a me ka haku mele 'ana akā, i okoa physical ano. Kēia hana alakaiia'ku e holomua ma o ka naauao o ka'ātoma 'ole o ka Soviet scientific kaiāulu.

I ka Ia manawa (1934-1935). Kurchatov pu me kānakaʻepekema, mai ka Institute o radium (iao? A me ka hoʻonaʻauao hui hookupaaia i loko o ka USSR i ka Mohai o like kulanui ma muli o Yonamine i ka hoʻopaʻa 'ana o ka pāhawewe Mariey Kyuri ma Farani a me Poland) i noiʻi neutron,'ākilikai subatomic huna e pili ana i iki iʻike i ka manawa. Neutrons me kiekie ikaika a hoʻohana 'ia no ka bombardment radioactive'ātoma nucleus, e like me uranium, e Wāwahi i ka'Ātoma, a ma ka nukelea naoh, e hookuu nui dala o ka ikehu.

e pilihua hoi kaua

Ma ka 1930s, ua hele mai noiʻi e like me Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer a me kekahi poe e ae e ike i ka nukelea naoh me ka pono lapaʻau hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia e ka pōkā pahū a launaʻole pahū mana. Ua manaoia Kurchatov me kekahi o na alakai Soviet nukelea ka hana i ka de Na facto alihi kaua o ka noiʻi a me ka experimentation i loko o kēia wahi. No nā kumu, a me ka nele o nā kumu waiwai a me politically repressive lewa o ka Stalinist? Eia o ia manawa, i ka Soviet Union lagged ma hope o ke koena o ko ke ao nei i loko o ka lāhui kanaka, e tame i ka'Ātoma.

makaʻala hoa i

News e pili ana i ka puka i loko o 1938 o nukelea fission Kelemānia chemists Otto Ganom a me Fritz Strassmann palahalaha ae koke i ka mea 'ē ma o ka physicists. Ma ka Soviet Union kūkala nūhou, kena ae la ka iini a me ka mea e hopohopo nei e pili ana i ka hiki palapala noi o keia loaʻa.

Ma ka hopena o 1930s, ka Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov, ka Hawaii photo ua waiho i loko o ka 'atikala, he pae o ka noiʻi i loko o Leningrad i ka Hopu i loko o ka nukelea naoh o radioactive isotopes o thorium a me ka uranium. I ka 1940, elua o kona mau nā hoapili fission o ka uranium kālaiōewe accidentally ike, a ma lalo o kona alakaʻiʻana, palapala iho la i ka pōkole 'atikala e pili ana ia i loko o ka paiia American o "Pūʻulu Review", a ma ka manawa i na alakai akeakamai nā puke e kala aku' atikala e pili ana i holomua ma nukelea noiʻi.

Ma hope o kekahi mau pule o ke kali, Igor Kurchatov hoʻoili i ka pane huliʻikena paʻi puke, e aʻo i ka lono o ka ho okolohua ma ka fission o ka nucleus. E like me ka hopena, oia loaʻa i ka 'Amelika kālaiʻike nā puke hou hoolaha ia mau' ikepili mai ka waena mai o 1940 Kurchatov hōʻike i ka Soviet alakaʻi i ka Amerika Huipuia, ma muli o ka ulu hoʻoweliweli 'o ke Kaua Honua II i ka iho (axis) Germany-Italy-Japan, paha e ka ho'āʻo pono e kūkulu i'ātoma pōkā pahū. Kēia i alakai ai i ka intensification o ka noiʻi i loko o ka Soviet Union. Leningrad keʻena hoʻokolohua Kurchatov lilo i ka piko o kēia hoʻoikaikaʻana.

Demagnetization o ka Black Sea'auwaʻa

Paipai 'o Kelemānia poʻe hao wale i loko o ka mokuna o ka USSR i loko o Iulai 1941 hoemi ia i ka helu o ka loaʻa nā kumu waiwai i loko o nā mea a pau nāʻoihana o ka Soviet Union, a me ma ka' epekema kaiāulu. He nui o ka noiʻi a me physicists Kurchatov i waeia, e hana me kaʻikena koa hana, a hele aku la ia i lńkou luina ma Sevastopol demagnetize moku, e hana me kaʻume mākenēki mines.

Ma 1942 me ka Soviet manao hana i loko o ka United States i hoopaa e ka mea i ka "Manhattan Project" ua e holomua ma o ka ulu ana o ka nukelea mea kaua. Ma ka noi o nā kānakaʻepekema a me nā loea kālai'āina Igor Kurchatov i kiiia mai Sevastopol a i waeia i alii akamai o ka Center no ka hooulu ana i kekahi lāʻau 'nukelea naoh. Kēia kikowaena makemake hope lilo i ka naau o ka Soviet Institute o'ātoma Energy.

influx Rosenberg

Ke Institute Ua kukulu ai i ka pae ana o Kurchatov cyclotron a me nā lako e pono ai no ka hooponopono ana i ka nukelea mīkini'ātoma. Ma hopeʻana ikea ai a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka Amerika Huipuia, ma ka hope o ke Kaua Honua II, ka'ātoma hopeʻia ka Soviet Union io? Pono' ana e pale US nukelea hoʻoweliweli. December 27, 1946 Kurchatov a me kona mau hui i kukulu i ka mua nukelea mīkini'ātoma maʻEulopa. He hiki ke loaa ka kālaiōewe o ka plutonium pono e e nukelea mea kaua. September 29, 1949, mālama 'ia i ka holomua ho'āʻo o ka'ātoma pōkā pahū, ka Soviet Union i kauoha aku komo i ka nukelea makahiki. I Nowemapa 1952, i lawe mai i ka Naita o ka 'Amelika hydrogen pōkā pahū, a ua i na manawa he nui loa aku kou mana, a me ka ua ia e na e piʻi like o ka Soviet Union August 12, 1953.

Hope e pili ana nukelea mea kaua Kurchatov alakaʻi i ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka Soviet scientific kaiāulu ma ka maluhia hana o ka'Ātoma. He kōkua mea i manao ai, a kūkulu nukelea mana mea kanu. I ka 1951 Kurchatov hoʻolālā i kekahi o nā lā e hālāwai kūkā mua ma nukelea mana i loko o ka Soviet Union, a ma hope, lilo kekahi hapa o ka pae, i mea June 27, 1954 a hemo ka mua nukelea mana kanu i loko o ka Soviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Mea kūʻiʻo hoihoi

Nukelea physicist Ua kokua kuaiia huahelu i loko o ka rula ana koʻikoʻi a hanohano o ka Soviet aupuni. Ma waho aʻeo ia wale nô ma ka presidium o ka Academy o Sciences o ka USSR, ua lilo i ekolu manawa Hero o Socialist na Hana Lima, ua he hope o ka Aha Kuka Malu a me ka mahaloia politician. Kona tālena me ke alakaʻi mea kokoke i ka ia me ka 'epekema tālena, a ae aku la ia ia i ana alakaʻi i ka increasingly nui aʻe ka hoʻonohonoho.

Kurchatov Ua kokua otsenon kona nā hoapili i loko o ka 'āina' epekema kaiāulu. Frederic Joliot-Curie, ka Nobel lua no ka hua hana i loko o kēia wahi no ka lōʻihi manawa mālama i kekahi palapala me ia. I ka pauʻana o ka makahiki 1950 Kurchatov komo i loko o kūwaho hoʻi me ka hālāwai kūkā ma nukelea ikehu a me, pu me nā kānakaʻepekema i kapaʻia no ka hualoaʻa a pāpā ma nukelea mea kaua. He pū koi i ka pāpā ma ka lewa ikea ai. I ka makahiki 1963, i ka Soviet Union, a me kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia kakauinoa i kekahi kuikahi Ka Hoʻopāpā i ka ikea ana o nukelea mea kaua i loko o ka lewa, ma waho a puni, a ma lalo o ka wai.

Kanawai ano o nukelea ikehu, ka noiʻi 'ana a me ka hoʻomohala ma lalo o ke alakaʻiʻana o Kurchatov, nā mana (ka mua o ka i i ee aku i ka makahiki 1954), ka nukelea-mana icebreaker "Lenin". No hoi Research kuhikuhi nä känaka 'epekema kuʻi nukeliu, ka hana' ulu hoʻi e komo i ka wai koko i loko o loa kiʻekiʻe ana wela koi 'ia e hoʻomaka ai, a mālama aku i ka hoʻololi kemikala kaʻina hana i loko o ke kuʻi nukeliu mīkini'ātoma.

Hana, aole i kaʻimi naʻauao

Ma hope o nā hahau ana i ka makahiki 1956 a me ka 1957. Kurchatov hoʻomaha maiʻeleu hana, oiai e hoomau ana e komo i loko o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea, e like me ka manao a me ka rula o ka helu o Soviet nukelea mana mea kanu. Pepeluali 7, 1960 ma Moscow, allegedly make o ka naau kaua, Igor Kurchatov.

Kawaihae no ke nä känaka 'epekema i ole kaupalena i ka papahana, ana i hoolaa aku i kona ola holoʻokoʻa. Konaʻimi naʻauao hana o ka huakaʻi nā, wale i ka lua a me ka nui lagged ma hope o ka hana o na paionia 'o nukelea ke kālaikūlohea o ke kakahiaka nui XX kenekulia. Wale nō ke noi o ka pähola 'ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa, hoike i ka nui o kona hana.

māihi

Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov ola ana, a me ka hana i loko o ka hana kaumaha a me ka stifling lewa o technologically Iosifa Stalina? Eia. He e hoʻokele i ka houluulu i kekahi pūʻulu o poʻokelaʻepekema ma ka pilikia, a koi aku ana, a, eia hoi, e kona kūpaʻa i kēia mau 'Oihana e hana i ka makakū, hoʻomāhuahua ai kaiaulu. He hoʻokele e noho ana ma ka lokomaikaiia mai maikai a me ka mea e manao iloko o ka Stalinist hoʻokaʻawale, mai ka o kekahi mau iao? A me ka pili alakaʻi o ka aina, a ma ka mea ia manawa i imua lākou mau koi.

Sakharov ka ke kumu

Kurchatov ua ma nā mea a pau buke i ka mea laʻa a kānakaʻepekema i manaoio i ka nui, e hoike ana o ka wahi maikai e ae ia no ka hooulu ana a me ka ikea ana o physical theories o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Mahalo i kēia mea hiki-manao nä känaka 'epekema hooeueu ae la i kekahi pau ka hanauna a pau o Soviet physicists kona kumu a me ka manaÿo e hele ana oukou ma ka ipu hoʻoheheʻe o ka makakū kaʻina. He ua ka kumu o na mea he nuiʻepekema nui, a me nukelea physicist Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov kokua i kona aupuni, e komo i kaʻanoʻenehana au mai o ka hope hapalua o ka iwakalua kenekulia, i hana i ka papalua laina o'ātoma ikehu i loko o ka Soviet Union. Inā ka mea,ʻeleu wale ma e pili ana i nā mea kaua, i ka maluhia pono o nukelea ikehu (nukelea mana) makemake paha i koke ikea.