State o ka mea

Kino ai 'ole physical moku'āina o ka mea wehewehe aku ma kona ho'ākāka waiwai ma lalo o kekahi' kūpono (puʻe a me ka wela). Ia mea, ka mea e e paa, kinowai paha gaseous. Loli o ka hoʻopiha moku'āina waiwai ke kumu o ka loli i loko o kona physical waiwai (pa apŘ, entropy, noa ikehu). Oiai ma ka paa ana, ia mea hiki ke malama i ka paa ka leo a me ka shape. Haliu ae la ia i ka loli i ka ia ka leo, hoʻololi kinona, adapting ana i ka moku a me ka ipu. E like me ke kinoea,ʻo ia waiwai, aole ia i hoopaa i wale i ke kinona akā, i ke dala e like me Hoʻonui i ka pono a me ka hoopiha i ka makahiki holoʻokoʻa.

No ka laʻana, o ka moku'āina o aggregation o ka wai i e ka paa, kinowai a gaseous. Ma keia Nine Inch haʻilula (H2O) a me ka lātoma (mau hydrogen nā'ātoma a me kekahi o oxygen'Ātoma) mai i ka loli. Ma mahana ma waena o 0 ° C, a malalo o ia mea i loko o ka paa moku'āina, a ua kapaia o ka hau. Mai 0 ° C i ka 99,944 ° C mea colorless (no ka liʻiliʻi puke) ua moakaka wai, odorless a me ka tasteless. I ka wela o ka 99.944 ° C ae i loko o ka gaseous pae, a ua kapaia mahu. Kēia kumu hōʻike i ka hoʻopiha ana o ka waiwai loli aʻe me ka mea mawaho olelo. Ma keia hihia, kokoke ole hoʻololi Ambient puʻe, akā, ke ana wela loli, ke heheʻe ka hau, ma 0 ° C, a huli i ka wai, a me ka mea maʻi hēhē ma 99,944 ° C a evaporates, huli i ka mahu.

Wai hiki ke olelo mai, e oko i loko o kā lākou waiwai, i loko o kekahi mau Hawaii o ka aggregation. Ice nuʻa like me 0,917 g. / Cm³, ke kinowai ai ka wai ma maʻamau olelo o 0,9982 g. / Cm³, wai ka ohu (kekahi ma lalo o maʻamau aku ana) - emi o 0,001 g. / Cm³. Hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) o ka wai ma ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o ka hau (wai ke kūpaleʻana mahana) ua like ia: μ = 1.793 · 103 Pa · mau, a ma 20 ° C hōʻeuʻeu (viscosity) o ka wai o: μ = 1.003 · 10ˉ³ Pas. Ke'ī mai, i ka hoʻopiha noho ana o ka waiwai, a me kona waiwai lauwili ma ka pae hoʻololi. Ua hoʻololi Ua wehewehe aku ma ka mahele heheʻe i ka wahi (paa mea i wai) like i ka crystallization mahana (kinowai solidifies) a baila aʻela i (wai a komo kinoea) like i ka condensation mahana (ke kinoea i wai).

It E e ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia e ka moku'āina o aggregation o ka waiwai hilinaʻi nui ma luna o kona haku mele 'ana. No ka laʻana, ma lalo o'ālike mawaho rula, kela waiwai oko i loko o kā lākou waiwai. Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, wai H2O - ia mea he wai. Hydrogen h2 a me ka oxygen ma O2 - nā kinoea. Iron Fe - paa (kona mahele heheʻe i ka mahana 1538,9 ° C, ka baila aʻela i mahana o ka 2860,9 ° C). Akā, hoʻokahi a me ka hookahi ana o ka aggregation no kekahi mau waiwai e i kekahi mea like.

E laʻa me, no ka kinoea wehewehe aku ma koa kŘpa a uuku o intermolecular AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN. No laila, e hoʻokaʻawaleʻia lākou nā lātoma mai kekahi i kekahi ma ka nui mamao. Ke kūpono kinoea hiki ke'opihia nui. ʻO nā lātoma o kinoea i mau neʻe, a me ka noi o chaotic. Kēia ka mea wehewehe i ka hiki ana o gaseous waiwai, e hoʻopiha i ka buke holoʻokoʻa kōā kaulike, ka mea i hoakaka ia: kinoea lawe i ke kinona a me ka leo o ka pahu i loko o i ka mea, i ke aupuni '.

Ma waena o ka gaseous loli, a me nā puaʻa hiwa i loko o ka palapala kūlana. Me ka ulu ana wela, ka mea i oi like i na kinoea, a me ka emi ana ma ka wela, ka mea, oi pono e hoohalike ai i ka puaʻa hiwa. Nā lātoma fluids hou paa i kau ma ka na hiohiona attraction koa therebetween. Ua hōʻike ia X-Ray haʻawina i ka mea, i kekahi kumu o ka like aniani 'ole.

Nā puaʻa hiwa i mau kekahi mau ano a me ka puke. E hoʻololi 'ana i ia mea pono e hoolilo ho'āʻo pono, mai na nā lātoma, nā'ātoma a me Ion i paa interconnected. hiki ole ke (particles) o ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa mea holo i ka uku ole ia no ka mea, hoopaa ae hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha a me ka pili ana i-oaio? a hana kauoha equilibrium fluctuations. Mau ike moku'āina o ka puaʻa hiwa - amorphous a me ka mea pōaka. na nā pōaka hope i wehewehe aku ma kekahi mau 'ano no ia. No ka laʻana, na nā pōaka o ka paʻakai koloriside NaCl e hoohalike ai i ke kinona o ke kupa, KNO3 potasiuma nitrate - prism, a no laila, ma luna o. Ka 'ole o ka amorphous - ia randomly sagregatirovannye lātoma. Haʻalele mea pōaka waiwai heheʻe ma ka kekahi wela, wehewehe aku ma ke akea wā mawaena amorphous mahele heheʻe i ka mahana. I kekahi manawa ka mea, ua malamaia lakou nei, me ke kinowai ai me ka kiʻekiʻe loa (viscosity). I ka kumu hoʻololi i, ma a ka poe paakiki, agena i, ka mea hiki ke hiki, like me ka mea pōaka, a ma ka amorphous moku'āina.

Helu moku'āina substance ua kekahi manawa i ho'ākāka 'ia e like me ke kinowai aniani a wai koko. Akā, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole i ka pololei ho'ākāka 'ana. Ke kahe pono ke kaawale, a oi piha study, no laila, i loko o kēia 'atikala ua ole loli ana ma ka moku'āina o ka mea.