Superstring kumumanaʻo kaulana 'ōlelo no ka Dummies

Superstring kumumanaʻo, i kaulana 'ōlelo, o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa like me ka lākou o vibrating kaula makalii o ka ikehu - kaula. Ka mea, i ke kumu o ke ano. Ke Kuhiakau ho'ākāka i nā hehee - branes. All 'ona i loko o ka honua ninoieo o kuekueni o nā kaula a me branes. A maoli no o ka kumumanaʻo o ka hōʻike o ka umekaumaha. Ia mea ke kumu o nā kānakaʻepekema manaʻo i ka mea loaʻa i ke ki i ka unification o ka umekaumaha a me nā hana kūleʻa.

Ka manaʻo ua ulu

Ka pähola 'ana o ka mea hoʻokahi kula, superstring kumumanaʻo - hoʻokahi wale nō makemakika. Like a pau physical manaÿo, ka mea, ua nānā 'ana ma luna o nā nā helu kaulike e hiki ke hoohalike ia ma kekahi alanui.

I keia la, aole kekahi i ike pono mea e ia i ka mana hope loa o kēia kumumanaʻo. Nā kānakaʻepekema i ka makemake vague manaʻo o kona pono hehee wale, akā,ʻaʻohe mea i hiki mai me ka helu kaulike hope makemake e ale iho i nā mea a pau o ka superstring kumumanaʻo a me ka hoʻokolohua i ole i i hiki ke hoopaa i ka mea, (eia nae hōʻoleʻia kāna oi). i hana Physicists he Nohie hoʻokolohua o ka helu kaulike, akā, no laila, hiki ia aʻole loa hōʻike mākou ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Superstring pähola no beginners

Ma ke kuhiakau maʻelima kī nā manaʻo.

1. Superstring kumumanaʻo Wānana hoʻi i ka mea, i mai o vibrating kaula makalii o ka ikaika a me membranes i nā mea a pau o ko mākou honua.
2. Ua UOAAaOON e hoolaulea mau relativity (umekaumaha) me ka quantum ke kālaikūlohea.
3. Superstring kumumanaʻo e hoʻononiakahi a pau o ke kahua koa o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
4. Kēia kuhiakau Wānana hoʻi i ka hou pilina, supersymmetry, ma waena o nā fundamentallyʻano o (particles), bosons a me fermions.
5. Ke manaʻo wehewehe i ka helu o nā, IeAUPIIe, IAa IO unobservable Ana o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Oi a me branes

A hiki i ke kumumanaʻo ku ae la ma ka 1970s, ikehu kaula makalii i loko o ka mea i manaoia 1-dimensional mea - kaula. Ka hua'ōlelo "kekahi-dimensional" Hōʻike i ke kaula i wale kekahi Ana, lōʻihi, i kū'ē i ka, no ka hana, heʻahā like, a i ka lōʻihi a me ke kiekie.

Mau superstring kumumanaʻo i hookaawale ai i loko o nāʻano - paa a me ka hamama. Open kui mea kōkua i mea ole ma ka hui 'ana me kekahi i kekahi, oiai o ka paʻa kui mea he loop i ole hamama welau. E like me ka hopena, ka mea i loaʻa i kēia mau kaula, kaula i kapa i ke 'ano mua, waiho wale 5 walaʻauʻanaʻano o nā hana kūleʻa.

Hana kūleʻa i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o kaula hiki i ka hoʻohui a kaʻana like lākou kōkua. Mai ka welau o ka hamama kaula hiki mai no ka ahakanaka, e hana paʻa, he mea hiki ole ke kükulu i ka pähola 'ana o superstrings,ʻaʻole me he Loop kui.

Ua hoao nui me paʻa kaula i ka waiwai i ka poe i manaoio i ke kālaikūlohea i hiki ke wehewehe umekaumaha. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, nä känaka 'epekema ike i ka superstring kumumanaʻo, kahi o ka weheweheʻana i ka mea (particles) e wehewehe mai i kā lākou hana, a me ka ikaika o ka umekaumaha.

Makahiki ma hope ka mea, uaʻikeʻiaʻo ia, ma ka hou ana i kaula, a me nā nui oihana mua o ke kumumanaʻo. Ka mea hiki ke manao like a lahilahi paha brane. Oi hiki ke pili ia ia i kekahi paha o nāʻaoʻaoʻelua.

quantum umekaumaha

Hoikehonua, ke kālaikūlohea he mau papa 'epekema kānāwai: ka mau kumumanaʻo o ka relativity (GR) a me ka quantum. Ka mea, ho i ke kahua loa okoa o ka 'epekema. Quantum ke kālaikūlohea epa a me ka tiniest (particles) o maoli, a GTR, e like me ka rula, wehewehe i ke ano o ka pālākiō o ka Honua ma ka, galaxies a me ke ke ao holoʻokoʻa me ka a pau. Hypotheses e ho'āʻo e hui pu iho la lakou, ua kapaia ka kumumanaʻo o quantum umekaumaha. I ka loa i'ōlelo mai ai i kēia mau mea manawa i ke kaula.

Pani 'ia ka pae hoʻopili like me ka hana o ka umekaumaha. Ma kekahi, ka mea, e komo ka waiwai graviton huna transporting umekaumaha ma waena o nä mea.

hui koa

Kui kumumanaʻo o ka ho'āʻo 'ana e unify na koa eha - electromagnetic a, ikaika a me ka nāwaliwali nukelea koa, a me ka umekaumaha - i loko o hoʻokahi. I ka honua, ka mea i hoike mai ai ia lakou iho me eha okoaʻike manaʻo, akā, kui theorists manaʻo i loko o ke kakahiaka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ka wā he mau incredibly kiʻekiʻe pae o ka ikaika, a pau o kēia mau koa i ho'ākāka 'ia ma ka kaula, interacting me kekahi i kekahi.

supersymmetry

All (particles) i loko o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa hiki ke maheleia i mau ano: bosons a me fermions. Kui kumumanaʻo Wānana hoʻi i loaʻa mea he pilina ma waena o ia mau mea,ʻikeʻia me supersymmetry. Inā pono nei supersymmetry no kēlā me kēia boson a me ka fermion no kēlā me kēia fermion - boson. Eia naʻe experimentally ola ana o ua mau (particles) ua ole hookupaa iho la ia.

Supersymmetry mea he makemakika pilina ma waena o nā kumu o ke kino ai 'nā helu kaulike. Ua Ua loaʻa i loko o kaʻokoʻa wahi o ke kālaikūlohea a me kona noi alakai i ka renaming o ka pähola 'ana o supersymmetry kui (a superstring kumumanaʻo, i kaulana' ōlelo) i loko o ka hapalua like makahiki 1970 i ka.

Kekahi o na pono o ka supersymmetry mea i mea nui simplifies ka helu kaulike, hiki ke hoʻopau i kekahi aiaiiuo. Me ka supersymmetry nā helu kaulike alakai i physicalʻokoʻa, e like me ka mea mana loa waiwai a me ka mana ikehu pae.

No kānakaʻepekema i i mālama i ka huna wānana ma ka supersymmetry, ia mea nō he kuhiakau. He nui physicists manaʻo i ke kumu no keia - ka mea e pono ai no ka nui dala o ka ikehu, a ua pili i ka ike kaumaha o Einstein ka helu kaulike E = mc ^2. Mau (particles) ke nei i loko o ke kakahiaka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, akā, e like me ka mea i ho'ēmi iho, a ma hope o ka Big Ekahi, ka ikehu hoolaha aku, e hoʻoneʻe mau (particles) e haʻahaʻa ikehu pae.

Ma nā hua'ōlelo, nā kaula e kuekueni like kiʻekiʻe ikehu (particles) nalowale ikehu, a hoʻolilo ihola iā lākou nā kumumea me ka emi kamakawiwo ole.

Noiʻi manaʻolana i Astronomical pono ana a me ka hoʻokolohua me ka huna accelerators hoʻokūpaʻa kumumanaʻo, nä kekahi o supersymmetric nā kumumea me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe.

hou ana

Other makemakika no o ke kui kumumanaʻo o ia ka mea i hoohalike i loko o ke ao nei, me ka helu o nā ana, uaʻoi aku ma mua o ekolu. Currently, ma laila nō nā ho'ākāka no keia:

1. Ua pelupelu ia Additional ana (eono o ia), paha, i loko o ka terminology o ke kaula kumumanaʻo compactified i ka incredibly uuku nui, e ike ka mea e loa lanakila.
2. Ua paʻa mākou i loko o ka 3-dimensional brane, a me nā Ana ana ma kela aoao o ka mea a me ka mea i loaʻa iā mākou.

An nui 'āpana o ka noiʻi i waena o theorists o ka makemakika hōʻikeʻia nani o ana kēia mau kulana paha e ua hoʻopili i ko makou iho. Nā hualoaʻa kilokilo i kānakaʻepekema, e iho koke ana e hiki ke huai ae mau keu Ana (ina e ola ana) i loko o ka mai ana mai ia mea, e like me ka mea, e kela aku kona nui ma mua o mua i manaoia.

ka naauao o ka mea

Ke AIMʻimiʻia e kānakaʻepekema investigating superstrings - "pähola 'ana o na mea a pau", oa he hookahi physical kuhiakau ia ma ke kahua pae iienuaaaony a pau physical aku o ka lanakila ... Inā holomua, ka mea hiki möakäka hou he nui na ninau e pili ana i ka 'ole o ko mākou ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

Wehewehe o ka mea a me ka nuipa a

Kekahi o na kumu hana o kēia noiʻi - ke huli no pāʻoihana i maoli (particles).

Kui kumumanaʻo hoomaka ae like me ka manaʻo hōʻike no nā (particles) e like me hadrons, likeʻole kiekie vibrational Hawaii o na kaula. Ma ka hapanui o kēia mea haʻilula keimikala, mea, nānāʻana aku i loko o mākou ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka hopena o ke kuekueni o nā kaula a me branes me ka haahaa ikehu. Ke kuekueni paha oi kiʻekiʻe-ikehu (particles), i nā manawa i loko o mākou honua e mai nei.

Ka nuipa o kēia mau kula haʻahaʻa (particles) o ka hoike ana o ke ana o nā kaula a me branes compactified wahīʻia i loko o nā Ana. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka Nohie wā ka mea, e pelupelu ia i loko o ke kinona o ka donut, i kapaia mathematicians a me physicists torus kaula ke uhi i kēia palapala i nāʻaoʻao:

• pōkole loop ma ka waena konu o ka torus;
• lōʻihi loop a puni ka holoʻokoʻa mawaho anapuni o ka torus.

Ka pōkole loop mea he malamalama huna, a me ka loa - loa. I ka wa e uhi i ke kaula a puni ka toroidal compactified ana i ke kahua o ka hou nā kumumea me ka okoa nā paʻi hua.

Superstring kumumanaʻo pokole a me ka maopopo, wale a elegantly wehewehe i ka hoʻololi lōʻihi ma ka nuipa a. Hauneneʻe puni ana mea nui ka paʻakikī i torus, akā, ma ka rula ka mea, i hana.

He oiaio, e hiki, naʻe ia mea paakiki i ka manao wale ana i ke kaula wahī mai ka torus i loko o nāʻaoʻao i ka mea ia manawa, a e 'ai pono i loko o ka' ē aʻe huna me kaʻokoʻa nui. hiki no hoi Branes uhi i ka keu Ana, e pili ana i nui kūpono.

Definition o ka makahiki a me ka manawa

I nui aku o superstring pähola 'ana o kāu mahele collapses, e ia unobservable i ka papa kiʻekiʻe o ka' enehana? Acaeoey.

I keia manawa ia mea,ʻaʻoleʻike inā kui kumumanaʻo ke wehewehe i ke kumu 'ano o ka makahiki a me ka manawa ma mua i hana ai Einstein. Ana ia mea i ka backdrop i ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN o nā kaula, a kuokoa maoli ano mai ole.

Mākou e kaumaha i ka wehewehe, ua ole loa finalized, e pili ana i ka hoolohe ana o ka lewa-manawa me he derivative o ka huina nui o nā mea a pau kui hana kūleʻa.

Kēia hele 'aʻole e hālāwai me ka manao o kekahi physicists mea i alakai i ka noʻonoʻo loi o ke kuhiakau. Hoʻok & pähola 'o loop quantum umekaumaha like me ka wahi ho omaka ma ka quantization o ka makahiki a me ka manawa. Kekahi manaʻo e ho'ōla mea, e ia wale nō heʻokoʻa kokoke i nā mea a pau o ka mea hookahi kumu o kuhiakau.

Quantization o ka umekaumaha

Ke kumu nui e piʻi like ana o keia kuhiakau, ina hookupaa iho la ia, e lilo ia i quantum pähola 'o ka umekaumaha. O kēia hōʻikeʻano o ka umekaumaha i mau relativity mea kue i quantum ke kālaikūlohea. Hope, kono kapu ma luna o ka hana ana o ka poe liilii, (particles), oiai ho'āʻo e makaikai i ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa i loko o ka loa uuku unahiʻole, i hiki aku ai i kaʻokoʻa.

Ke unification o nā koa

Currently, ikeia physicists i eha kumu koa: umekaumaha, electromagnetic a, nāwaliwali a me ka ikaika nukelea hana kūleʻa. Mai kui kumumanaʻo mea hoʻohuʻu ia a pau ka mea, kekahi manawa, he mau hoike ana mai o ka ia.

E like me ia i kēia kuhiakau, e like me ka mea i kakahiaka nui ke ao holoʻokoʻa ho'ēmi hope o ka nui Ekahi, ia mea he hookahi AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i Wāwahi i loko o kekahi pae'ōnaehana i keia la.

Ho okolohua me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa ae mai, e huli i ka hui ana o kēia mau koa, eia nae mau ho okolohua e oi loa aku iaʻikena 'enehana ulu.

elima koho

Ma hope o superstring kipi i ka makahiki 1984, o ka hooulu ana i wahi ma kekahi feverish uuku ae. E like me ka hopena, kahi o kekahi manaʻo huli elima, i kapa 'ano au, iia,, IIB, HO, HE, kela mea keia mea o ka i aneane loa wehewehe mākou ao nei, akā,ʻaʻole hiki i ka hopena.

Ke kālaikūlohea, no hoʻokolohua o ke kaula pähola 'i loko o ka manaolana o ka loaa oiaio ao haʻilula, i hana 5 kekahi mau Lolina o ka hoʻoponopono-lawa. Kekahi o ko lākou mau waiwai noonoo i ka physical ike maopopo o ko ke ao nei, e noho ai untrue.

M-kumumanaʻo

Ma ka hālāwai kūkā ma ka 1995, ka physicist Edward Witten i manaoia i ka wiwo ole pāʻoihana i na hypotheses elima. Ma muli o ka hala koke loaʻa o ka duality, ka mea a pau lilo kūikawā hihia o ka hookahi hulina manaʻo i kapaia o Witten M pähola 'o superstrings. Kekahi o na ki manaÿo ka mea, lilo iho la brane (ailona o kaʻili lahilahi), walaʻauʻana mea ua oi aku kekahi Ana. ʻOiai ka mea kākau i i mohai aku i ka piha mana, i mea ole pela loihi, ka M kumumanaʻo o superstrings pokole ninoieo o na kēia mau hiʻona:

• 11-Ana (10 hoʻohui 1 māhele kino Ana);
• duality, a alakai ai i elima theories wehewehe i ka ia physical aku o ka lanakila;
• branes - kaula, me ka oi aku 1 ana.

hoʻokolokolo '

E like me ka hopena, kahi o kekahi mea, ua 10 ⁵⁰⁰ hoʻoholo. No kekahi physicists ka mea, ua i ke kumu o ka ulia, oiai kekahi poe i ka anthropic rula, a wehewehe i ka waiwai o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa me mākou alo i loko o laila. Ua koe ia e manaʻo, theorists loaʻa ka wā e kekahi ala e hoʻokele i ka superstring kumumanaʻo.

Kekahi ano oiaio aku nei au i ka honua nei i ka mea wale nō kekahi. Ka loa'ano'ē wale ae i ke ola ana o ka mana loa helu o universes, kekahi o i pihaʻi me na kope kiko'ī o ko mākou iho.

Einstein ka kumumanaʻo Wānana hoʻi i ke ola ana o ka minimized pokole, a ua kapaia ka wormhole a Einstein-Rosen alahaka. Ma keia hihia i ka mau kākou paena hou pili pōkole e hooholo ia. Superstring kumumanaʻo apono 'ole wale ia, akā, i ka pilina o nā keʻena kumu o ka laua lani a. Oe ke hiki hoʻololi ma waena o universes me kekahi mau kanawai o ke kālaikūlohea. Naʻe, ka mea paha koho, ka quantum kumumanaʻo o ka umekaumaha e e ka wā i ko lakou ola ole i ke Akua.

He nui physicists manaʻo i ka holographic rula, ka wā o ka 'ike a pau i loaʻa ma loko o ka buke makahiki, hoʻopili like me ka ike i palapala ia ma luna o kaʻili kai, e ae i kaʻoi naauao o ka manaʻo o ka mana kaula makalii.

Kekahi manaoio i ka superstring kumumanaʻo e leie mau ana o ka manawa, kūpono i hiki ia i ka hele ana ma ia mau mea.

Eia hou, ma ka? Aieao o ke kuhiakau, he mea i kekahi koho no ka Big Ekahi ÷, e like me a mākou ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ka hopena o ka hookui hookahe koko ana ma waena o nā branes, a hele ma ka puana pōʻaiapuni o ka honua nei, a me ka luku aku.

I ka hope loa hopena o ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa i mau ku physicists, a me ka mana hope loa o ke kui kumumanaʻo ke kōkua ho oholo i ka pa apŘ o ka mea a me ka cosmological a eia i. Ike mau aiee, cosmologists e e hiki, e ike ai i ko ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa, e emi aku ana lakou a, a ka mea explodes, a pau hoʻomaka hou.

'Aʻole hoʻi mea iʻike i ka hopena o ka ' epekema kumumanaʻo, like loa me ka mea e ole e ulu, a ikea ai. Einstein, kākau i ka helu kaulike E = mc ^2, i ole manao i mea e alakai ai i ka muli o nukelea mea kaua. Na ke kanaka haku o quantum ke kālaikūlohea i i ike i ka mea, e ia i ke kumu no ka kukuna a me ka pākali hoʻolele. A nae ka mea, ua ole nae i ike heaha la kou makemake ia he hoʻokahi wale nōʻimi naʻauao manaʻo, mōʻaukala E hoike mai i, eʻoiaʻiʻo nō, e loaa ia ia kekahi mea kupanaha.

No ka 'ike hou aku ma keia kuhiakau hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka puke Endryu Tsimmermana "Super kaula pähola no Dummies."