Transduction - He aha ka keia?

были описаны в разное время. Hou 'a me ka transduction ua oleloia ua hiki aku ma kekahi mau manawa. Ua wehe ia ka hope i ka makahiki 1952. He pauku, e nana i ka mea na ano okoa o transduction, i nā hiʻona ka mea, i, a ma kahi e ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia kŰia.

Ka mua haʻawina

E like me ka haumāna, N. Tsinder hana ana ma Lederberg Keʻena aʻo i ka alo o ka conjugation ma Salmonella typhimurium. He hoʻohana 20 monoauksotrofnyh kona ke kanana nei. A hiki aku ka mea, e hui pairwise nä känaka 'epekema ho'āʻo e huai ae prototrophic MOKUNA XXXIII. I ka 9 hoopii, na clones o kēia mau keena i ua hōʻike 'ia ma 79 pu ana. Aie i ka mea i kekahi o ka palapala ke kanana nei i ole hana repertantov ma ka palena haʻahaʻa meakino Tsinger manao i waena o lākou, ua lawe mai conjugation, oiai i ka aaiaoe hōʻike ua hoolilo.

E hoʻokūpaʻa i ke kuhiakau, me Lederberg,ʻo ia haʻi akula i ka hoʻokolohua o Davis me ka U-hoʻokino Tube māheleʻia aniani Kānana e lawe aku oe i na keena o microorganisms. Ke ao hoʻohana ke kanana nei o Salmonella typhimurium 2Ahis- a me 22Atrp-. I kekahi lala paipu 22A hanau i ka moʻomeheu o ka ke kanana nei i kekahi - 2a. Ua pau i ka lehulehu o 1 • 108 aeee / ml. Ma hope o ka incubation au, i hōʻike 'ka maʻiʻo hapa 22A kanana nei prototrophic keena. Ka mea, Ua hana i ke alapine (frequency) o 1 • 10-5. Na kekahi lala paipu prototrophic keena, ua kahi e.

Ka mana hualoaʻa i ole hoʻokūpaʻa i ke kuhiakau o ka conjugation hoolilo o ka 'ike mai ka 22A, a 2a ke kanana nei.

Transduction: Ka Experience

Iloko o ka hope nana ka mea i loaʻa i ke kanana nei 22A iho mailoko me ka phage P22. He hiki ke iho mailoko a me ka lyse keena Salmonella typhimurium 2a. Penetrating ma ka Kānana, ka mea, ua iho mailoko o na keena, paʻi a hoike mai la ia lakou. Me keia kala o ka kānana ana Agena (e like me ka mea ua kapaia Lederberg a me Tsinger). He, ma ka huli, hele mai la ma ke aniani. Ma lalo o ka aoao o ke kānana Agena, kekahi o na keena ma ka ke kanana nei 22A loaʻa iā ia kekahi i ho'ākāka 'hereditary ano. Ka mea, ua like no ia mau makana i loko o ka ke kanana nei 2a, mai ka i ku mai i ka fa.

Ma mau mea hōʻike i ka hiki e synthesize tryptophan. Iho la ka manao i ke kānana konohiki i ka ha awina ua nalowale iloko o aaioee ia DNase. Kēia eliminates ka manawa kūpono o ka loli. Ua Ua loaʻa i ke kānana waiwai o ka Agena, ua'ālike phage P22. Ua manao mai ia i ka la mahope hāpai 'ike ma luna o ka ke kanana nei i ka 22A 2a, i malama ia e like me ka hoike ana o aaiaoe kūlana o nukelea nāʻakika.

Transduction Ua hoʻolauna like me ka manaʻo e hōʻike i kēia kŰia aaiaoeʻikepili EYI.

Ke specificity o ke kaʻina

специфичное явление, при котором осуществляется перенос генетической информации от клетки-донора к клетке-реципиенту при помощи фага . Transduction - he mau 'kŰia ma i lawe mai i ka hoololiia ana o aaiaoe' ike mai i kona mau pou aeea i ka haumāna haʻawina kālā aeea hoʻohana phage. Ua Ua ka nānā i ka mea i loko o ka papa o nā'ōlelo o phages hiki ke hanaʻia o ka (particles). Together me ka 'ole kahi o DNA ka mea, nā' ē aʻe koena ai i ka inoa o transduced. E like me kona adsorption ka waiwai a me ka morphology i like iʻike mau phage virions. Naʻe, ina ka mea, mailoko o hou keena, aia no he hoolilo o aaiaoe determinants o ka mea hope nona. transductionʻano papa hana pela oia i loko o ka eia. No ka hoolilo ana o aaiaoe determinants e pono ai, e hoʻomaka multiplication o ka phage a hiki i na keena o ka pou ke kanana nei. Mahope, e hoʻolauna i ke kūpono fagolizat i loko o ka haumāna haʻawina kālā keena. Koho o transductants ua lawe mai ma luna e wae Media,. I hiki i kā lākou mua haumāna haʻawina kālā keena ulu.

Mea Maluna

Ma këia i ka kŰia ka mea, ua loaʻa i kekahi phages i ka hiki e hoouna okoa nā'ōewe, a me kekahi poe e ae - wale nō kekahi. Alaila, elua ano o kaʻikepili hoolilo ua anao? Aou:

1. Generalized transduction. явление предполагает передачу любого фрагмента хромосомы. O kŰia komo ai i ka hoolilo ana i kekahi apana nahaha o ka chromosome.
2. I Kekahi Mau Polenekia. Ma keia hihia, e hoolilo wale kekahi nā'ōewe.

Nonspecific (generalized) kaʻina

He aha nā hiʻona i keia hihia i kekahi transduction? явление имеет место при наличии вируса, выступающего только в качестве переносчика материала. O kŰia ia lŘlŘ ma ke alo o ka mea hoʻomaʻi, hana wale nō me ka laweʻia. Kekahi o ia mau mea - i mai la phage P22. Lederberg hana me ia, a me Zinger. PBS1 B. Subtilis, Р1 E. Coli и проч. Eia hou kekahi, phages, i lawe generalized transduction - o PBS1 B. Subtilis, P1 E. Coli, a no laila, ma luna o. Ke kaʻina hana i wahi me ke komo 'ana o ka hemahema (particles). I ka ho okumu ana o kēia mau kumu mua ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka'ōlelo phages pu ma disintegration o ka mea koʻohune chromosomal DNA. It E e kaulana i kā lākou ho okumu hiki ke lawe wahi ma lytic ana, a ma hope o prophage hoʻokomo. Ma kekahi mau helu o (particles) piha me ka mea koʻohune DNA. I ka nui o kona koena ai alai hou nui. Pela ka māhele likeʻole i ke piha pu ia ma luna o ka mea koʻohune chromosome. Ke phage (particles) e lawe DNA mamala, haawiia keia i like hemahema.

recombination

Inā fagolizatom, a iloko ona i kakauia na maʻamau a transducing koena ai mai aeee haumāna haʻawina kālā ke kanana nei, ka maʻiʻaʻai o maʻamau phage ana hiki aku ai i ka lysis (noho male 'ana). Akā, i iho mailoko o kekahi keena me ka hemahema eiiiiiaiou. Ke 'ole ke hele mai pōkole na apana o ka lua-ili DNA mai o ka pou. Pela circularization ia lŘlŘ. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, ka laina DNA hakina, mai kona mau pou recombine me ka DNA, mai ka haumāna haʻawina kālā. Kēia kaʻina ua noho mana ana ma ka recA-'ōewe. Penei, ia mea he mau homologous recombination, a ua laweʻia e ka reciprocal (ae) e loaa hou mai o ka pili homologous wahi.

kekahi kaʻina

Transduction o kēia 'ano i loaʻa i loko o 1956. kona peculiarity mea i kēlā me kēia phage? Aaeaao loa i kaupalena' ia, kekahi wahi o ka chromosome. Inā nonspecific phage transduction - "OE" maʻi lele aaiaoe mea, a me ka recombination ia lŘlŘ i mau kānāwai, ma keia hihia, ia? Aaeaao ole wale i ka 'ike, akā, i hoakaka kona komoʻana i loko o ka chromosome. Ka hana kaulana loa hanaʻia i ke kaʻina hana, ua hoʻololiʻia ma ka phage λ. He hiki no infecting keena o E. Coli me ka hou hoʻohui 'o ka DNA i loko o ka genome. Kēia pakiko phage me koʻohune ma lizogenezatsii paena-ilepili recombination (no ka mea, i kahi nahā i, a me ka kea-ai pili aku i puhi ai nā lātoma) hoohui i loko o ka chromosome i wale kekahi hapa - ma waena o bio- a me ka gal-loci. Presumably, keia ua kena ae la e "hewa" hana i kekahi loop i loko o ka prophage disintegration. No ka mea, o keia māhele o ka genome e pili ana, a pipili mai ka chromosome 'ole, a hele i loko o ka noa phage. Recessed mea hiki e puku mai me 1/3 o aaiaoe 'ike. Ma hope o'ōpala hemahema phage DNA (particles) hana.

Nā mahinaʻai o ka i

Transduction o koʻohune hiki ke hoʻohana:

1. Ma ke hoʻololi i ka kekahi genotype ke kanana nei, isogenic, i pakahi. Ma keia hihia heʻuʻuku a pau o ka pū i hiki (particles) e hoʻolako i ka lanakila transduction kaʻina mua conjugation. Isogeneic ke kanana nei ua loaʻa ka hoʻohana generalizatsionnoy hoolilo mea OAOOUIEeE wale ma ia hapa o ka chromosome e hāpai i ka hemahema phage.
2. No ka pololei kŰia nā'ōewe o koʻohune hookupaa aku i ka noho pololei ana o ko lākou hoʻokomo 'ana ma operons, o ka uku' ole o kekahi determinants. Kēia Ua hooko ma ka complementation hōʻike. Ua ua loaʻa ia no ka synthesizing kekahi huahana pono i ka hana ana i kekahi mau nā'ōewe. No ka laʻana, ke kaʻina me ka nānā 'ana i nā eiiiiiaiou o ka hale i ka a me ka b. Lawe ma laila nō nā phenotypically like mutants i hikiʻole ke synthesize i ka'ūhū. Ka mea, Uaʻikeʻole paha ka mea, oko genetically. E kuhikuhi i ka genotype lawe transduction, a laila phage multiplication ma luna keena ma ka ia heluna kanaka, ma hope o ka maʻiʻaʻai me ka oihana mua o ka lua. Inā ka ka pahu kui i loko o e wae meakino hua mai la ka poe nui a me ka uuku panalaau ia transdukantov, ka mea, ua manao ia o ka IIeEeAIEUAA o na mutations i loko o kekahi nā'ōewe.
3. I ka transdutsirovanii plasmids a me kona mau pou pōkole koena ai o chromosomes.

aiiieieoaeuii

Ke moʻokalaleo Ua pinepine hoʻohana like ia me ka mea i "neaiae transduction". Ua ho i ka peahi ana EYI. Ke kaʻina hana i wahi i loko o kekahi o kekahi kumu. Mua, o ka Agena haole hana me ka ke kelepona mea loaʻa. Mahope ho'ā 'effector lātoma. Ua Ua Aia i loko o kaʻili lahilahi, a mea kuleana no ka ho okumu ana i ka lua o na elele. Lākou mau hanauna ka poʻea pau i ka ho'ā hope o ka pale umauma hoʻokahi nā polokina. Lakou, ma ka huli, kāhea i ke kēia intermediaries.