A meaola i haku o ka hookahi aeea? ano he kumu hoʻohālike Mea Maluna

A pau o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu i ke kaua ana ma maʻamau o ke ola, i multicellular meaola. Eia naʻe, aia no he microcosm noho ma ka meaʻike makaʻole i ko kakou mau maka. I kekahi manawa e komo ana i ka hoʻokahi halepaahao. No laila, hiki ia lakou ke ike ma lalo o ka microscope wale. He aha nā hiʻona hiki ke ike okoa mai hookahi-aa? Meaola?

Ka 'ole o ka halepaahao: kiʻikuhi o ka typical prokaryotic a me ka eukaryotic keena

E noho nei meaola i loko o ke ano maoli hiki e unicellular paha multicellular, eukaryotic paha prokaryotic. Kēlā me kēia pūʻulu i kona ano iho i loko o ka 'ole, physiology, a me ka biochemistry. He aha nō nā'ōuli o ka prokaryotic aeea? Mua o nā mea a pau, ka mea, o ka pono io o ka hui. Ma kēia ʻano o ka halepaahao mea ole ka Kora naʻEsau, a me ka aaiaoe ike i kakauiaʻi ma ka DNA. A ma keia ala ia "lana" ma ka cytoplasm. No hoi, he ano hiʻona mea i loko o kēia mau keena, eiaʻaʻohe organelles. i auou caiaiai ia protrusions o ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi kā lākou mau hana, i kapa mesosoma. Ka mea, i loko o ka hapanui hihia, a ua kuleana no ka hanu a me kāʻamaʻai.

Ma prokaryotic keena, i ka ili honua o ka mokuna ua hoonohonoho loa pilikia, 'ole. K. He ua poe ma kekahi mau papa. I ka mua o ia mau mea - ka cytoplasmicʻili lahilahi - Radio he pilikia kūlana ma ka amo ana o 'ona ma waena o ka halepaahao, a me ka kaiapuni. MTC poe bilipidnym, ahu iho i loko i kekahi nā polokina heleuma. ua uhiʻia i ka cladding a i ka aiiay a me ka adaptive ano hou ia prokaryotic halepaahao. Ka lua o ka papa 'ano ua ālai ka anal oʻawahia waiwai. Ka mea, i malama mai i ka hopena o kaʻino wale i aʻe,ʻoiai i loko o keia iwi i kona palena.

Ka hope, ahu iho o ka mea 'ilikai i ole mau loa e ike. He He slimy Nānā '. Mua, ka mea e kokua ma ke kaʻina hana o ka halepaahao neʻe, hoemi kū'ē. Ka lua, slimy Nānā 'he metabolic nā huahana o na keena a me ka secretion. Mau waiwai hiki ke hoʻohana 'ia no aiiay hana, a, conversely, e hoouka aku i ko lakou waiwai pio. All prokaryotic meaola komo o ka hoʻokahi halepaahao. Mau mea kuhikuhi i ka koʻohune.

hiʻona eukaryotes

Eukaryotic aeee i wehewehe aku ma kā lākou ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka hui. Ka mea, i ka nui helu o ka ho okumu ana a me ka hale, a me ka lehulehu biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kauoha mai i ka ai iiiaanoaa o kekahi nā'ūhū, a me ka ho okumu. He aha ka mea, he o ke ola aeea eukaryotes? Kona 'ole loaʻa ka kēia hehee wale:

• Kora.
• Organelles a me cytoplasm.
• I kaʻili lahilahi, a me ka cytoskeleton.

Kora - he kikowaena 'ole o kekahi eukaryotic halepaahao, i kahi o ka aaiaoe hōʻike ua waiho waho. Ua loaʻa i nā chromosomes a me nucleoli. Ka mea, e kuleana no ka hoololiia ana a me ka manaʻo o aaiaoe 'ike. Mawaena o na organelles o aeee hookuu ia:

1. Dvumembrannye 'ole (plastids a me mitochondria).
2. Odnomembrannye 'ole (lysosomes, Golgi i hoʻomākaukauʻia, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole, peroxisomes, a me kekahi poe e ae.).
3. Ole-ʻili lahilahi 'ole (ribosomes, cytoskeleton).

Eukaryoticʻili lahilahi i loko o nā hale a kohu ia o prokaryotes. Naʻe, ka mea, ua he oi luna 'hui. Eukaryotic aeea ua i mai o na pauku kapa compartments. Kēia'ōnaehana nui simplifies ka hoʻolālā o ka pele o nā mea a pau biochemical keʻano o ka hanaʻana, oa, no, ka halepaahao ua maheleia i mau compartments.

Protists - unicellular eukaryotic meaola

I waena o keʻano o ka eukaryotic meaola e a mākou no, eia hoi emi hiki i ke kanaka maka ia. Ka mea, i kapaʻia protists. Ka mea, he aupuni hookaawale i loko o ka taxonomy. All protists komo o ka hookahi halepaahao, no laila, i ka nui o ka i oi mamua o 250 microns. Ka mea, ua māheleʻia i loko o kekahi mau pūʻulu, i waena o i mea sarkodovyh, flagellates, ciliates.

ʻAno sarkodovyh

O nā amoeba, a iloko o ka hookahi halepaahao. Mau mea i noho i loko o ka lepo, muliwai a me ka wai. Lākou mau kino i ole paʻa ano, e leie aku ia lakou e lilo i ai-kapaia wāwae, a mau protists hoʻopio lākouʻai.

ʻAno flagellates

Flagellates loaʻa kona inoa, no o ke alo o ke flagella ma ka pau 'ana o ke kino. Ua mau hiʻohiʻona nō ia mau keena e neʻe koke. Kēia i flagellates maikaʻi loa aiia. Mawaena o ia mea he nui helu o parasites o kiekie ae multicellular meaola. Ke kino o ka mea mai i ka ikaika shape ku i sweaty aeea membranes.

ʻano o nā ciliates

Ciliates i haku o ka hoʻokahi halepaahao. I loko nō o kēia mea, e evolutionarily loa hoʻomohala i waena o ka simplest. Aia ua o ka pähola 'ana o ke kahua o multicellular holoholona ma luna i ka mea i iho mai ciliates. Kēia mau mea i mānoanoa aeea pa. Ka mea, a pau loa imua i loko o ka cytoplasm o nā Kora naʻEsau: generative, a hoʻi nā'ōlelo, a me vegetative kuleana no na keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke ola. Ua uhiia ke kino a pau me cilia o ciliates. Ke metabolic huahana i wehe 'ia ma ka kūikawā puka - poroshitsu.

kanaka aeee: heʻano o nā kinona a me mall hiʻona

Mākou meaola mea he multicellular ho okumu, kahi na keena e pili i kekahi i kekahi. Ka mea, ke hoʻouna i 'ike me ka hoʻohana' synthesized neaiae waiwai. Palapala nā'aʻaʻa, nā loko a me nā 'oihana, i mea okoa, mai kekahi i kekahi functionally a morphologically.

He aha mea he kanaka aeea? Inā na keena o kekahi'aʻaʻa o ke kino, ua noonoo, ka mea, i nā mea a pau i nā hiʻona o eukaryotes: ka Kernel, organelles, cytoskeleton, ka ka manaʻo pohihihi o ka pūnao. Eia naʻe, iwaena o lakou kekahi e 'imi' ia e haawi kū hoʻokahi o ka ua'aʻaʻa.

No ka laʻana, ulaula koko aeee i ole nucleus. He mau hiʻohiʻona nō ia, e hoopaa hou i oxygen ole o carbon dioxide. Ka hua manu ke hiki 0.12-0.15 knm ma anawaena, a mea he nui loa kona waiwai i eukaryotic keena. kanaka neurons no hoi i ko lakou mau peculiarities. Ka mea, hana protuberances lehulehu, i waena o i nā pōkole dendrites a me axons loa.