Aleksandr Gertsen: Kawaihae, ka palapala, ai hooilina

Ua piha ka devotees ka poe i makaukau i ka waiho aku i kona ola no kona manaʻo Lūkini mōʻaukala.

Aleksandr Ivanovich Gertsen (1812-1870) ua ka mua Lūkini Socialist nana i hai aku ai i ka manaʻo o ka like a me ka launa hoahanau. A aole nae oia i lawe i kekahi ala 'ana i loko o hoʻokahuli aupuni hana, akā,ʻo ua mawaena o ka poe wālua i ke ala no kona ulu ana. Kekahi o na luna o ka Westerners,ʻo ia ma hope lilo Mohai me na ideals o ka Europa ala o? Acaeoey o Rusia, oia hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka e ku pono ana i hoʻomoana ai, a ua i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o kekahi hiʻona'āina no mākou ana ka mōʻaukala - Populism.

Kawaihae Aleksandra Gertsena ua pili loa me na kii o ko Lūkini a me ka honua kipi me Ogarev, Belinsky, Proudhon, Garibaldi pili. Ma kona ola, oia ho'āʻo mau e imi i ka pono ala e pono ke kauoha o ke kaiāulu. Akā, ia mea he passionate ke aloha no kona poe kanaka, hoʻolaʻaʻana i nā ideals o ke koho - ua mea hoʻolimalima i ka manao o na pua o Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich.

Pōkole Kawaihae a me ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o ka papa hana e ae i ka mea heluhelu no ka ike lea i ka Lūkini thinker. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, wale i loko o mākou hoomanao, e e hiki ke ola mau loa a me ka hoʻomau i ka ho ololi i na manao ka mea.

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich: Kawaihae Lūkini thinker

A. I. Gertsen i ke illegitimate keiki a kekahi waiwai landowner Ivana Alekseevicha Yakovleva a me kāna kaikamahine i ka kūhelu Hookah, 16-makahiki-kahiko German wahine Henriette Haag. Aie i ka mea i ke kauoha aku kakau mare i ole, hope ke keiki a kona makua kāne invented. I unuhi 'ia mai Kelemānia ka mea,' o ia hoʻi "naau keiki".

Au i lawe mai ai i ka wā e hiki mai publicist a me ka mea kākau i loko o ka hale o kona makua kāne ma luna o Tverskoy Boulevard (e ia o ka palapala, ai 'Institute ia ia. Gorky).

Mai kekahi kakahiaka makahiki, hoomaka ae la oia e overwhelm "ku okoa ana-puni moe", i mea ole kahaha ko oukou naau - i ke kumu o ka moʻokalaleo IE Protopopov hoike aku i ka haumāna a me ka poem a Pushkin, Ryleeva Bouchaud. Ke PalaniʻOiʻenehana, ke manao ua i loko o ka lewa mau nooaai? Lumi Alexander. Kela manawa, i ia manawa Herzen me Ogarev makamaka, a me ka pu e hoʻomoe i ka papahana e hoʻololi i ke ao nei. Unusually ikaika manaʻo i hoa i ka Decembrist uprising, ma hope a ka mea i ho'āʻia mai i loko o hoʻokahuli aupuni hana, a hoʻohiki akula i ka hopena o kona ola ana, e hoomalu aku i ka ideals o ke ku okoa ana a me ka launa hoahanau.

Books o ka Palani hoʻomāʻikeʻike wale , ua kela la i keiaʻai puke Alexander - ua heluheluʻo ia i ka hailona o Voltaire, Beaumarchais, Kotzebue. He i i hele ma a me ke kakahiaka nui German Romanticism - hana o Goethe a me Schiller kukulu ia i loko o ka hoihoi uhane.

kulanui kaiapili

I ka 1829, Aleksandr Gertsen ia i komo i ke Kulanui Moscow o ke kālaikūlohea a me Balanced 'Oihana. A ma lailaʻo ia iʻuwao me kona hoa wa Ogarev, ka mea a ka wa a lakou i hana i ka pōʻai o ka me-manao kanaka. Ua hoʻi ka loaʻa o ka luawai-ike i loko o ka wā e hiki mai, he mea kākau a me ka mea kākau moʻolelo a me ka unuhi V. Passek N. Ketscher. Ma kona halawai, iloko o ka p ÷ ai i ana i ka manaʻo o Saint-Simonianism, e hoʻokolokolo pono ma waena o nā kānaka a me nā wāhine, abolition o ka waiwai - ma pōkole, ka mea, ua ka mua socialists ma Rusia.

"Malovskaya moʻolelo"

Education ma ke Kulanui o stale a me ka monotonous. Mau kumu e hoʻolauna i nä haumäna i ka haʻi'ōlelo me ka holomua manaʻo o Kelemānia kālaiʻike. Herzen imi i ke ala mai o kona ikaika ma ka 'oihana i loko o kulanui oʻApelila ia. I ka makahiki 1831ʻo ia i komo i loko o ka ai-kapaia "malovskoy mōʻaukala", i i mālamaʻia e Lermontov. Nā haumāna i kipaku mai i ka lohe ana Kumu o ke karaima kānāwai. E like me ka mea, ma hope hoʻomanaʻo aʻela Alexander Malov MJ ua naʻaupō kēia, a me ka hawawa koʻu Malia paha Kumu. Haumāna ma ke akea hoʻowahāwahā maila iā ia, a akaaka ma ia ia i loko o ka papa. No ka mea, o kona escapade kipi hiki lakou i waho kŘpa a oluolu - mākou malaila i kekahi mau lā i loko o ka hoopai ana aeea.

Ka mua loulou

Hanana launa kaiapili o Herzen i kekahiʻano halaʻole i loko o ke ano maoli, akā, no ka imperial Chancellery i ike ai i loko o ko lakou manaoio i ka hoʻoweliweli 'ana i imperial mana. I ka 1834, ua hopu hoa a pau o ka hui, a a hoʻokuewa wale '. Herzen muaʻikeʻia i loko o Perm, a laila, i paa aku la ia, e lawelawe i loko o Vyatka. Aia kuni ihola ia i ka exhibition o kaiakū hana, i haawi ala i Zhukovsky pili ia e hoolilo ia Vladimir. Aia Herzen laweʻia aku, a me kana mau wahine, mai Moscow. Kēlā mau lā,ʻo nā hoa a happiest ma ka māpuna ola o ka mea kākau moʻolelo.

Ka mahae o Lūkini manaʻo i loko o ka Slavophiles a me ka Westerners

I ka 1840, Aleksandr Gertsen hoi i Moscow. Here, hoʻopaʻi, alakai aku la ia i ka palapala, ai 'pōʻai o Belinsky, ka mea i hai, a' Imi engrafted Hegelian nā manaʻo. Me ka typical ohohia a me ka Russian intransigence lala o keia kaiapili ike manaʻo o ka German poe akeakamai o ka rationality o ka pau o ka ike maopopo i kekahi mau mea hoʻokahi-kapakahi. Eia naʻe, Herzen ia iho mai Hegel i like ke ku pono hopena a. E like me ka hopena, i ka p ÷ ai i maheleia i Slavophiles, ka luna o ka poe Kirievsky a me hamsters, a me ka Westerners mea i coalesced a puni Herzen a me Ogarev. I loko nō o ka loa divergent manao ma ka wā e hiki mai ala o Rusia ka ulu, a me ka poe a me kekahi poe e ae 'amelika maoli patriotism me ka nānā' ole i ka makapo ke aloha o ka Lūkini statehood, a me ka oiaio manaoio ma ka ikaika a me ka mana o na kanaka. E like me ka mea, kakau iho la hope, Herzen, ka mea, ua like me ka mau-, he maka he Janus, kona maka i ke ka ao ka i loko o kekahiʻaoʻao, a me kekahi naau kui.

Ka'opi o ideals

Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich, kona Kawaihae, a no laila, i hoopihaia me ka pinepine Pńk'pika, i ka lua o ka hapalua o ke ola a make pau keia la ma waho o Rusia. I ka 1846, make iho la i ka mea kākau moʻolelo o ka makua kāne, e waiho i ka nui hoʻoilina Herzen. Ua haawi Alexander Ivanovich manawa no kekahi mau makahiki, e hele a puniʻEulopa. Ka huakaʻi ua fundamentally i ke ala o ka noʻonoʻo o ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoʻololi. Kona Westerners hoa ua hoohikilele au ia ia e heluhelu paʻiʻia i loko o ka puke pai "Notes o ka Fatherland" Herzen 'atikala ma hope mai "palapala mai ka Avenue Marigny», ka mea ma hope la ia mea e like me ka "palapala mai Palani a me Italia." Pelapela Anati-bourgeois heluia, o ia mau palapala i hoike aku ai i ka mea i ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loaa ole i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni vitality o Western manaʻo. Hope e hoike ana i ka holo pono o ka Hope o ke kaula i kahiliia ma Europe i loko o nā makahiki 1848-1849, i ka ai-i kapaia "kupulau o nā lāhui kanaka",ʻo ia i hoʻomaka e kūkulu i ka pähola 'o "Lūkini socialism", a hanau mai la he hou kahawai o Lūkini philosophical manaʻo - populism.

A hou kālaiʻike

Ma Palani, Aleksandr Gertsen i launa pu me Proudhon, a me ka mea ana i hoomaka ai e hai aku i ka nupepa "Voice o ka People". Ma hope iho o ka suppression o ka'ano'ē kue, oia hoʻoneʻe i Kuikilana, a laila, i ka Nice, ma ia halawai ai me Garibaldi, ke kinai kaulana no ke ku okoa ana a me ka kuokoa o ka Italia kanaka. A hiki i kēia wā, no ke paʻi ana o ka (essay) "Mai ka Other Shore", i outlines hou manaʻo, me ka i lawe pio aku ai Gertsen Aleksandr Ivanovich. Ke akeakamai o ka'ano'ē ka kūkuluʻana o ka nohona mea hou hoomaona mai la oia i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, Herzen a hope aku la a hui hou i kona lokomaikai hoi o ka hilinaʻi. Kona mau manao hoʻomaka e kipa ke kakahiaka ma luna o ka 'Eulopa kahiko, a me ka Loaʻaʻia nui o ka Slavic honua, puʻe wale akula kēlā e hoʻomaopopo i ka Socialist maikaʻi.

A. I. Gertsen - Russian kanaka moʻolelo nūpepa

kana wahine i ka make ma hope, Herzen neʻe i London, kahi ana i hoomaka ae la e hoolaha i kona kaulana Nupepa "Ka Bell". Most influential nūpepa i keia manawa, i loko o ka wā mua o ka abolition o serfdom. Ia manawa, kona holo hoʻomaka i ka papa, pakahi aku la ia ikaika hopena ma luna o ka hiʻona o kona suppression o ka Polish uprising o 1863. E like me ka hopena, i ka manaʻo o Herzen i i loaʻa i kekahi kākoʻo, mai na radicals, aole hoi Liberal (KS): no ka mea mua, ka mea, uaʻoi aku ko lōpū, a me ka hope o ka mea oi'ano'ē. I ka makahiki 1865, i ka Lūkini aupuni i hoʻomanaʻo mai koi i ke aliiwahine hanohano ka Wahine oʻEnelani, i me ka luna hoʻoponopono o "Ka Bells" Ua kipaku mai o ka aina. Aleksandr Gertsen a me kona mau hoa i haʻakoi e neʻe i Kuikilana.

Herzen make o ka pneumonia i ka makahiki 1870 ma Paris, kahi ia i hōʻea ma ka ohana mea.

palapala, ai ''āina hoʻoili

ʻia .................... Gertsena Aleksandra Ivanovicha mai he nui helu o nā 'atikala i kākau i loko o Lūkini a me ka emigration. Akā loa ike no kona mau buke, i loko o 'ana, ka hana hope loa o kona ola ana, "kaʻu i hala iho nei, a manao". Sam Aleksandr Gertsen, kona Kawaihae ua i kekahi manawa e hana hiki zigzags, kapaʻia kēia hana i ka hai aku, a ua kena ae la i kekahiʻano o ka "manaʻo o ke ana nou." He He hoʻololi kemikala o journalism, memoirs, ka palapala, ai kiʻi a me ka mōʻaukalaʻoihana aliʻi. Ma ka puke "Owai ka hewa?" Ka mea kākau moʻolelo hana no ka makahiki eono. Pilikia o ka like ma waena o nā wāhine a me nā kānaka i loko o ka mare ana, ka mea kaumaha ma keia hana hoʻonaʻauao e hoʻoponopono me ke kōkua o nā ideals kiʻekiʻe o ka humanism. No hoi no i kona peni ostrosotsialnye moʻolelo "Ka aihue Magpie", "Dr. kiliala", "ka pōʻino o ke aniani o ka grog", "boredom" a me na mea e ae.

Aia mea paha,ʻaʻole he hookahi ka hoʻonaʻauao aku i kanaka, i ma ka liʻiliʻi mea,ʻaʻole ma ka lohe i ka mea Aleksandr Gertsen. Pōkole Kawaihae o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i loaʻa i loko o ka Great Soviet puke noiʻi kūʻikena, Brockhaus a me Efron, akā, oe aole ike i ka mea'ē aʻe kumu! Naʻe, ka mea i pono, e kiʻi ike i ka mea kākau moʻolelo, mai kona mau puke - i loko o kā lākou piha-lōʻihi loaʻa ai ke kanaka.