Alexis de Ka Tocqueville: i ka manaʻo o ka mea maikaʻi moku'āina

Palani thinker Alexis de Ka Tocqueville i hanau July 29, 1805 ma Paris, i loko o ke aliʻi ohana. Kona nui-kupuna ua he koʻikoʻi monarchist, ma mua o ka Convention kokua Louis XVI , a make iho la iloko o ka HoʻokahuliʻOiʻenehana Nui. Ka 'ohana i nā mea a pau i Alexis loaa i kekahi mea e like ai ka lokomaikaʻi kilokilo hoʻonaʻauao. I kona wā'ōpiopio, e hali ana ma Versailles Apana Hookolokolo oihana, oia pokole hana kānāwai. Akā, Tocqueville ka mea hou hoihoi i loko o ka kaiapili-pili aupuni poepoe, kahi āna i hoʻoneʻe i ka manawa mua ae la.

I ka manao o ka thinker

Haʻalele kona kupunakāne a me ka makua kāne, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, nona Kawaihae mea he laʻana o ke kanaka i kona ola me ka wiwo ole lagging kemokalaka ideals, ka mea, ua mamao loa ia mai i ka monarchist. Kona manaʻo o ka maikaʻi moku'āina i hanaʻia ma familiarity me ka laila, liʻiliʻi maopopo ia e kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia maʻEulopa.

Ma Amerika, Tocqueville ua i ka makahiki 1831. He hele huakaʻi i ke kai 'ano he māhele o ka hana kaapuni, i ua e nana i ka halepaahao'ōnaehana o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia. Like Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, i ka makahiki o ka i ana ma Europe e ua mea okoa ina mea a pau,ʻaʻole he laʻana o ka malamalama-puni Americans, au makemake e makaikai i ke aupuni a ka lehulehu oiaio o kahiko Beritania panalāʻau.

A hele i ka US

Ma Amerika, hele aku la na Farani me kona hoa Gustave de Ka Beaumont. Over ke kai, ka mea, malaila mahina eiwa. A pau o ka manawa, ua hele nā hoa ma luna o nā kūlanakauhale, kamaʻilio ana me ka kūloko intelligentsia, pūʻali koa i mea e pili ana i nā manaʻo o ka ola o ka noonoo maalea, a me ka malihini lehulehu.

Ma ka makahiki 1831 US Pelekikena Endryu Dzhekson ua he Democrat. Tocqueville ua laki -ʻo ia i loko o ka'āina undergoing kekahi kumu nui systemic loli no lakou iho. Ma pekelala hui ana o ka umikumamakolu Huipuia, hui he umikumamakahi nae. Elua o ia (Missouri, a Louisiana) i noho ai no ka mea nui Mississippi River. Palani malihini ua hiki ke ike firsthand ka papakaukau colonization o na aina komohana, iʻimi ai i adventurers a me ka hou'āina.

I ka makahiki 1831, i ka US heluna, he 13 miliona, a hoomau iho la oia i ka ulu hikiwawe loa. More a oi kanaka haʻalele i ka hikina Pūʻia, a me ka neʻeʻana i ke Komohana. Ke kumu no keia i ka hooulu ana o ka capitalism. Hawaiian hanalima wahi oko ao ilihune hana kumu i loko o nā hale hana, pinepine ka nele a me ka hale noho pilikia. Ka hapa nui o ka manawa, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville i loko o New England. He kipa i ka Great Mammoth, nana aku la ia Canada, Tennessee, Ohio, New Orleans. Ke Farani i loko o Washington, ma ia ua hiki no ka ike lea i na kumu mua o ka hana o ke aupuni pekelala aupuni.

Tocqueville hui a lilo ike me ka nui a me ka influential kaulana Americans: Endryu Dzheksonom, Albert Gallatenom, Dzhonom Kuinsi Adamsom, hunaahi Jerid a me Francis Lieber. Pōkole i kamaʻilio me ka hele i me ka Poeikohoia o nā Hoʻohana o ka heluna kanaka. Tocqueville a Beaumont noi Americans i olalo i nīnau. Lākou mau palapala i ka hoa a me ka hanauna paipai i ka hoʻokolokolo pono hoʻomākaukau no nā kūkaʻi'ōleloʻana.

"Aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika"

Tocqueville ka hele ana a hiki i kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia i hānau hua - ka puke "aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika." I ka palapala i ka pomaikai nui,ʻaʻole wale nō i loko o Farani, akā, maʻEulopa. Koke aku la ia i laila 'o ia i ke kakini'ōlelo'ē. I ka papa kuhikuhiE poʻokela hiʻona o ka puke lilo i ka hoʻopiʻi kū'ē heluia, o ka mea kākau i kona kumuhana, i kona naauao a me ka hohonu o ka ike o ka theme like me pono me ka nui o ka ohi hanana mea. Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, "aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika," a i ole nalowale kona pilina i kēia lā, i ke aloha ia ia Ua deservedly helu pu ia oia me kaʻoi pili theorists o ka XIX kenekulia.

I kona puke, ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoohalikeia ka pili aupuni'ōnaehana o kaʻAmelika Hui Pūʻia a me France. E like me ka lehulehu huahelu, a me ka wā e hiki mai lālā o ka hale kanawai kona makemake, e hoolilo i ko lakou hale aupuni i ka mea maikaʻi o ka hana 'Amelika. Ke kumu o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu Tocqueville i ike ai ma ka mooolelo o ka Puritans, ka poe i ku ma na kêia kanaka o nā panalāʻau i loko o ka New World. I ka papa kuhikuhiE lanakila o 'Amelika ke kaiāulu kanaka,ʻo ia manaʻo e hoʻokolokolo pono o ka manawa no nā kanaka i loko o ke aupuni.

I ka manaʻo o ka mea maikaʻi moku'āina

Kanaka noiʻi Akä naÿe no ka Palani huakaʻi i ke kai excessive centralization decentralization (i ka pahuhopu nei kākoʻo iā ia, o ka hope). He mahalo ia ia, manao iho la thinker i loko o ka United States,ʻaʻole i i nunui kulanakauhale, hākālia nō, a me ka excessive ilihune mea luku. Like kūpono o Keʻei o ka nohona o onei, a kokua mai i ka pale aku kipi. I kahaha no mea Tocqueville Akä naÿe no nä America ole wale France, akā, i Rusia, i kona manaʻo like me ka kaua o ka autocracy disastrous.

Federalism i kekahi hoailona o ka maikaʻi moku'āina, manao iho la Alexis de Ka Tocqueville. "Aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika", naʻe,ʻaʻole ka hoolea i ke aupuni a ka lehulehu wale, akā, i 'aloʻahia kona hoʻokau'. It Tocqueville i ka mea kākau o ka mea kaulana hoike "ka hainā o ka hapanui." Kēia hopuna'ōlelo ka mea kākau hoʻoholo i ka mea i loko o i i ka nui o ka mana hiki pono ke hoʻohanaʻia ai a hiki i ka Elele i kona mana i ka Wiliama.

Palani akeakamai i hele mai ai i ka hopena i ke ki i pau i ka helu o ke ku okoa ana o ka wae a me ke Kumukanawai kauoha ua pono ai i loko o ka wahi mua, e kali, a iloko o ka moku'āina. He pū i contradictory māmala'ōlelo e hōʻike ana. No laila, Tocqueville manaoio i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, aole he wahi kaulike eo oe. "Aupuni a ka lehulehu i loko oʻAmelika" heluhelu Alexander Pushkin. Russian haku mele ua kaumaha pīhoihoi lākou eʻike ana ia, e like me ia i olelo mai ia ma kekahi o kona mau palapala Chaadaev.

Ka hoʻomaka o kona 'oihana pili aupuni

Ma hope o ka lehulehu ākea o "aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika," Alexis de Ka Tocqueville hele i Enelani, ma kona puke mea maopopo mahalo. Mea kākau e kali ana no ka paio hookipa ana o ka heluhelu lehulehu. I ka makahiki 1841, i ka poe akeakamai lilo i lâlâ o ka Palani Academy o Sciences. He ia i koho, eia nae kona kulana i loko o ka Hale i ole oko i kekahi mea poʻokela.

Me ka lilo pohihihi keia ma muli naʻe o kona pili aupuni manao hale kanawai alakaʻi, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville kokoke i ole hele i ka podium, akā,ʻano nui hana i loko o kekahi Komite. He i hui ole ia i kekahi mea pili aupuni, eia nae nui hooholoia me ka hema-'ēheu wahi a pinepine olelo mai e ku e ia makeʻe kulana Kuhina Nui Kuhina Fransua Gizo.

Alexis de Ka Tocqueville mau nema aku i ke aupuni no kona kūkulu 'ia, i nā pono o nā Hoʻohana o ke kaiāulu. I kona pohihihi keia olelo nā loea kālai'āina olelo e pili ana i ka inevitability o ke kipi. Ua nae iloko i ka makahiki 1848. ʻOiai Tocqueville ua he kākoʻo iā ia, o ke kumukānāwai Kalikiano a, ia i ike i ka hou Repubalika, e noonoo pono i ka mea i loko o nā ana, ka mea wale ala, e malama i Kivila liberties.

French Aina Kuhina

Ma hope o ka makahiki 1848ʻOiʻenehana, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville i koho ai i ka Constituent Ahaolelo. Aiaʻo ia hui i ka pono, a hoomaka ae la e aumeume me ka Socialists. Pakahi aku la ia paʻakikī thinker, hoomalu nae lakou i ka waiwai pono. Ho'āhewa wale ma luna ona Socialists, Tocqueville manaoio, e alakai i ka encroachment ma ke ku okoa ana o ka makaainana o ka aina, a me ka excessive? Anoe? O ke aupuni i hana '. Makaʻu despotism, ia mea i loko o ka lokomaikai o ke kaupalenaʻana koho pelekikena mana, i ka paa ana o ka bicameral hale kanawai, a no laila, ma luna, i ole hoʻokō D. None o kēia mau noi ma ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa.

I ka makahiki 1849, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, kona Kawaihae, me he politician, ka oko ao transience, ua hoonohoia haole e lawelawe i loko o ka aupuni o Odilon Barrot. Ka papa hana o ka 'Oihana kalaiaina poo i ike i ka malama ana Farani ole i kokoke Italy. E like me ma Apeninnskom Peninsula i pau ai i loko o ke kaʻina loa no e pili ana i ka hoʻokahi moku'āina. Ma keia manao, ke kue wawahi mai ma waena o ka Ekalesia Hui a me ka naita ma luna o ka hou Italy.

Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, ke kumu o manaʻo o ka malama o ka kuokoa mana o ka Pope, ho'āʻo ana e hoʻokō i kekahi ala apuupuu na nā mea hoʻololi i loko o ka Papal States. E loaʻa ai i kēia kona nele, like wale he mau mahina ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ke Kuhina o ko na Aina e no ka holoʻokoʻa Aha Kuhina Barrault haʻalele no ka mea, o kekahi Temepela pili aupuni ke komo pū i ka pelekikena o ka palapala ana i Ney.

Hoopau ana i ka lawelawe hana

December 2, 1851 ma Farani, ua kekahi coup. Peresidena Louis Napoleon ia ka pono i ka hale kanawai, a loaa aneane monarchical mana. A makahiki ma hope, i hoopau i ka repubalika, a me kahi hai i ka hoʻokumu o ka Apana aupuni a pau. Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, nā hōʻike a me nā paʻi puke a pololei ia o ka pilikia ana o ia i ka huli ana o hanana, ua ma nā kahua o ka weuweu ku i ka hou nenoaiu o ke aupuni. No ka hoʻokuliʻoe i ka mana, i hoopaa ai ia i Vincennes ka halepaahao. Soon Tocqueville i hookuu, akā, ka mea, i ka hope haehaeia aku, mai pili aupuni hope.

Ka mea kākau hoʻohana e'Āhewa ia manawa aku, a hoomaka ae la e noiʻi i nā hanana mōʻaukala o ke kipi nui o ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia. Ke coup ma December 2, hoʻomaopopo iā ia no ka coup o 18 Brumaire, i kūpono i loko o ka hoʻokahi hou loa mana ua Napoleon. Ma keia kulana, ka thinker vinyl hewa pili aupuni'ōnaehana, i a ua hanaʻole eʻai pili aupuni ku okoa ana o na kanaka e like nā pono kīvila, me ke koho ana.

"Ke kahiko o ka papa, a me kaʻOiʻenehana"

Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka hana i ka 1856, Tocqueville paʻi i ka buke mua o ka puke "Old? Eia, a me kaʻOiʻenehana", a lilo iho la i loko o ka hopena o kona mau lua o loa hana nui (ma hope o ka "aupuni a ka lehulehu ma Amerika"). Ka puke i ke komo o ka ekolu, akā, i ka make ana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo i papani ai hoi i kona hana ma luna o ka lua o kekahi.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE mea o ke ao ua Tocqueville ka pilikino ku okoa ana. He manaoio aku i ka hoola ana a me ka pololei rula o non-ākeʻakeʻa i loko o ka hoʻokele waiwai. Thinker i kanaka i ka noho kauwa ole ana i ike ole naita ma ka hoʻonaʻauao a me ka hoʻonaʻauao kanaka. Ole ia, i kekahi Kumukanawai kulanui mai e hana, i ka mea kākau manaoio. He pono no i ka mea heluhelu, e kumumea i ka ho'ōia o keia loina ma luna o ka laʻana o ke kipi nui loa i loko o Farani i ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia.

Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, akamai nä hopuna a i hoʻohana manawa i loko o journalism, journalism a me ka heluna o nā puke noʻonoʻo i ke kumu o ke ku okoa ana a me ka like aupuni a ka lehulehu. Pela kanaka i oi eager no ka lua ma mua o ka mea mua. He nui nā kanaka kaulana Tocqueville, e hiki makaukau hoi e kaumaha ku okoa ana no ka pono o ka like. Me ua mau kino i ka mea, ua olelo no e kukulu despotism. E hoʻokolokolo pono ke kaʻawale kanaka hoʻomōhala kā lākou selfishness a me ka particularism. A pau keia ua kaulana i loko o ka puke, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville.

Hana "ke kahiko o ka papa, a me kaʻOiʻenehana" i hui pū me ka noʻonoʻo o ka lehulehu kuko no ka waiwai. Maʻa e hoʻopau kanaka e ae, e haawi i ke aupuni hou na mana wale no i ka makemake o ka mea, hoopaa iho la i ko lakou maluhia, a me ka mea maʻamau ke ola. No laila, ua komo iloko o ka mana o ka moku'āina hohonu i loko o kēia hui, e hoolilo ana i kekahi kanaka i emi naʻu. O ia hoʻi, kēia mea o ka hoʻomalu centralization, a eradicates ka kūloko aupuni.

Ka hainā o na nā paʻi hua

Nā theses o "Old? Eia, a me kaʻOiʻenehana,"? Ac? Ua hoʻomaka 'ana i loko o ka buke mua o ka mea kākau o ka pähola' o ke aupuni a ka lehulehu. Alexis de Ka Tocqueville pokole akā, succinctly wehewehe i ka manaʻo nui, he nui no i hana i ke kumu o kēia kālai'āina 'epekema. Ma ka hou ka hana o ka mea kākau moʻolelo hoʻomau e noiʻi i ka kŰia o ka hainā o ka hapa nui. Ua Ua lilo clearer ia ina ka moku'āina i ke kaua aku i ke kaua.

Nā manawa lōʻihi o ka hookahe koko ana, aia no he pilikia o ka hanana o ka luna, ka mea i hoʻoholo e lawe ma luna o ka'āina i loko o ko lākou mau lima. Ke'ōlelo mai, no ka laʻana, ka mea, ua Napoleon. Ma keia kaua-luhi kanaka me ka olioli haawi aku i ka mea noi i ke kūlana o ka aina alihi kaua a pau ko lakou ku okoa ana, e loaa hou no ka olelo mua o ke kumupaʻa, a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o ke ao enrichment. No ia mea, ua mau populist slogans Ua kaulana, a hiki nae kona Pahuhopu unfeasible.

Na wale ala, e pale aku despotism - ka mea, o ke ku okoa ana iho. I ka mea, e lawe kanaka i kahi hookahi, hoʻonāwaliwali i ka selfishness a me ka lawe ana i mea pono. Mere Kumukanawai kemokalaka'ōnaehana mea,ʻaʻole lawa. Ka mea maikaʻi moku'āina E e nānā 'ana i ka laulā decentralization o ka mana. No laila, no ka mea, i kekahi aupuni nui i ka pono alanui, e hoonohonoho i ka Hui. No laila, manao iho, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville. I ka manaʻo o ka maikaʻi moku'āina, oia ho oholo ma ke kumu o ka mōʻaukala ka wahaheʻe e ae a me kona mau kanaka Farani, a ua nui no hoi na aina a puni ka honua.

Na pomaikai o ka decentralization

Wale i ka kūloko aupuni mea hiki ke hoola kanaka mai bureaucratic tutelage, a lawe ia lakou i ka hana i ko lakou mau hoʻonaʻauao kalaiaina. I ka maikaʻi moku'āina hiki ole ke hana me ka piha kuokoa Aha, a me ka mana o ka hooponopono i ka hihia o ka hainā. Kēia kula mea i kiʻi i ka pono no ka pale ana i kānāwai e hoole aku paha i ke Kumukanawai, a me nā kuleana o nā makaainana.

Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, nana koke aku puana'ī mai nā puke o ka wā a me ka hua, i kaua aku no ke ku okoa ana o ka 'ona a me ka ahakanaka. I ka Ia manawa kumu hoʻomalu i ka moku'āina 'aʻole i encroach ma luna o ia mea,ʻaʻole kulanui, a me na aoao a me nāʻano o nā kanaka. Inā kanaka e noi noho kauwa ole ana, ka mea pilikia. Ma ka hihia o ka naau mai hoole mai o na makaainana o ko lākou mau mea e pono ai eʻaʻole kōkua iā lākou i kumukānāwai. Mākou e mai poina i keia kānāwai i ka hopena hoʻi mai. Kulanui lakou aloha ia o ka holo kahua o nāʻano a me ka aoao.

I ka nui o kaʻike hoʻokumu Tocqueville

Ke ho'āʻo nei e pohihihi mai pehea e kākau i ka puke, a pehea e hana i ka hoike, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville hiki i ka aʻe pāʻoihana. Ma ka huina hoonui o Amerika,ʻo ia i ho'ākāka 'ia i loko o au mamuli i ka moana. Ma muli aupuni a ka lehulehu a me ia mea ka pilina. I ka hana o ka Palani kanaka noiʻiʻeleu ma luna o nā kumu no ka ole o ka pono, e hooku paa, a hooikaika Kivila liberties.

Ke kahiko mea, Alexis de Ka Tocqueville kapaia ke kiʻi'ōnaehana i lanakila ma kona aupuni i loko o ka XVIII kenekulia ma ka confluence o ka hanau ana o feudal ke kaiāulu kanaka, a me ka aliʻi absolutism. Ke aupuni, hoopaa mai la i ka mahele o ke kaiāulu i loko o nā papa, no ka mea, i loko o ka mea, he kumu hoʻomalu o ko lākou mau ola. Ka heluna Ua demarcated i loko o strata, kona mau lala kamaʻilioʻana, e akahele hookaawale i kekahi, mai ka mea'ē aʻe papa. Ka mahiai Aʻole i nānā aku e like me ka poe i noho kulanakauhale, a me ke kalepa ma ka keonimana landowner. Gradual democratization a-yeiiiie? Ulu ua hoopau ia mea. Ke kipi luku aku i ke kahiko mea, e kukulu ana i ka hou - kūkuluʻia ma luna o like ma waena o kanaka.

Interestingly, i ka hana i ua 'ike ma ka wā Tocqueville mua'ākilikai nā puke e pili ana i nā hanana ma ka pau' ana o ke kenekulia XVIII ma Farani. Mua ona, ua paʻi moʻolelo haʻawina, e paku ana i kekahiʻaoʻao a me kekahi o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni kaua.

Kaʻoi loa no ka mea, o keia like o ka huina hoonui o Alexis de Ka Tocqueville, a me kaʻiʻo a pau o kona mau paʻi puke i hoʻolimalima i ka 'ike ai o ka hope, a ua malamaia ma ka mōʻaukala iaiyoe. He ia i imi e ho'āpono aku i ka hana o na monarchists a me kākoʻo o ka repubalika - ia i makemake i ka olelo oiaio, ma muli o nā kūʻiʻo pū i loaʻa. Tocqueville make ma April 16, 1859 ma Cannes. Kona nā haʻawina no ka 'epekema a me ke kaiāulu kanaka, i ua loiloi' paiia o ka piha hana, i na manawa he ku e hou Pai ia.