Benzene - he ... mall haʻilula, ka waiwai a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o benzene

A hui e like me benzene, me Mike kemika ma kona aina i hope loaʻa wale i ka makahiki 1833. Benzene - he hui i loaʻa he pōkole-hui, ua hiki ke olelo, a hiki pahū. E like me ka mea, ua loaʻa mai?

moʻolelo

Johann Glauber huli i kona noonoo ana i ka pilina i ka 1649, i ana i hana i ka wa a ka chemist hana i loko o ka aaioee o ka lanahu hohono. Akā, ka mea, he makemake i ka noho incognito.

Ma hope ma kahi o 170 makahiki, a me ia e nui aku kūlike loa, ma ka hapalua like-twenties o ka XIX kenekulia, ma ka wale o ka mālamalama kinoea,ʻo ia mai ke kaawale condensate extracted benzene. No laila, i ka hana o na kanaka aie a hiki i Michael Faraday, nä känaka 'epekema maiʻEnelani.

Ke baton no ka āpana o benzene intercepted German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Kēia ka hana i ka wa a ka aaioee o ka hooholoia anhydrous benzoicʻakika kalipuna paʻakai. Paha, no laila, ua hāʻawi mākou i ka inoa pili - benzene. Aka, me he koho, i nā kānakaʻepekema kapa ia kakolina. I ka meaʻala, ina ma Apapika.

Benzene ke aloha a me ka brightly ho'āʻia, ma ka pili ana i kēia mau loina Ogyust Loran i ka manao, e kapa aku i kona "lauoho" a me "benzene". Bright, ua - ina unuhi mai ka Helene.

Ma muli o ka manao o Lino Pauling, i ka manaʻo o ke 'ano o ka lolouila palapala, no na ano o ka benzene, he nä känaka' epekema i hui lātoma like penei. Kēia hexagon. Ua Ua kākauʻia hoa kanaka. Na keia paipai i ka pono o ka lolouila ao o ka benzene, a ana manao i ka eono (me ka hoʻokoe ') kalapona. Palapala hoopaa aeaie pili i malama.

Me ka benzene mua hana me ka'ūheheʻe. A holo nōhie, e like me ka mea, e olelo aku, i ole ho ohana ana, au i i ke komo. Akā, ia mea i loko o ka XIX kenekulia. Ma XX kenekulia malaila i ua mea hou. benzene waiwai ka hoike i ka loa waiwai ano i kokua nui a me ka poe hanohano ia, e lilo. Ke octane helu, i hoao kiʻekiʻe, nae he manawa e hana ia e like me ka wahie nā kumumea no fueling kaa. Kēia hana i ka impetus nui ana o ka benzene, pōʻalo ia mea ua lawe mai like me ka haumāna huahana manufacturing coking kila.

Ma na forties i loko o ke kula o Nine Inch benzene hoomaka ae la e e hoʻopau i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ka waiwai i koke explode. XX kenekulia i kau ia iho i ka mea hoohehee maemae au ia hana ua hoʻomohala me benzene, a ua lilo, e lawa i ka Nine Inch oihana puolo.

benzene hiʻona

Unsaturated hydrocarbons mau mea i like loa me benzene. No ka laʻana, he hydrocarbon o'etolina puke characterizes ia iho, me unsaturated hydrocarbon. Ua Ua wehewehe aku e kekahi poe koa hou naoh. Benzene hooholo koke komo i loko o hakahaka reactions. A pau i kēia mahalo i na nā'ātoma mea i loko o ka hookahi pelane. A me he mea - conjugated huina'ine ao.

Inā ka haʻilula mea i loaʻa i loko o ka benzene ke komo lima, a laila i kekahi ke hele mai i ka kumu o ka hopena i keia - benzene, i ka mall haʻilula o i nana pono like.

physical waiwai

Benzene - he wai i loaʻa i kala like 'ole, akā, ka mea, ua ka pōʻino ala. Benzene heheʻe ka wā o ka mahana kīnā 5,52 kekelē Kelekia. Maʻi hēhē ma 80,1. Nuʻa He 0,879 g. / Knm ^3, he molar nui like i 78,11 g. / Mol. I'ā nicotineʻelemakule. Ua paha ke pahū i huiʻia, ka wā ea komo iloko. Nalu ke aloha? Ueony (benzene, me Etera, etc.) a me ka mea i ho'ākāka 'ia waiwai e pili ana me ka pilikia. Ua hana azeotropic hui me ka wai. Hahana maoli nō kēia ma mua i ka vaporization ia lŘlŘ ma 69,25 degere (91% benzene). At 25 kekelē Kelekia ma ke ke ia ka pono i loko o ka wai 1,79 g. / L.

Nine Inch mall

Benzene ua reacted me sulfuricʻakika a me ka nitricʻakika. A no hoi me alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. hakahaka naoh - i mea nona ia ia. Ana wela e loli ai i ka manaʻo koikoi Ua Hopu benzene komolima i kŰlń ao i loko o ka 'anoʻoʻoleʻa ana.

Kēlā me kēia helu kaulike o ka naoh o benzene mākou ke ike hou au mamuli.

1. Electrophilic hakahaka. Bromo, ma ke alo o ka hōʻeleu, ua reacted me ka chlorine. I ka hopena o ka chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-Fashion naoh paha alkylation o benzene. Ka muli o alkylbenzenes i wahi ku i ka pilina me alkanes, i mea halogen nā mea loaʻa:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 Electrophilic hakahaka. Eia ka ka naoh o nitration a me ka sulfonation. E nana benzene helu kaulike mea like penei:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. Benzene i'ā:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

Ma lalo o kekahi mau kumu, e hōʻike mai i keʻano hoʻomaopop 'ana i paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. U-huina'ine ao, i mea i loko o ka 'ole o ka waiwai ma ka ninau, wehewehe i kēia mau reactions.

By enehana kūikawā hilinaʻi ma acee? Iuo oeiia o benzene. Nolaila i ka omaka o kaʻaila kā benzene. No ka laʻana, hoomaikai hoomaemae a me ka huikalaʻana i ka hoʻololi kemikala. I makemake makemake i kahalalo 'ia i nā homologues o benzene, a ina o ka pōhaku puna - kā lākou Nine Inch waiwai. Ua alkylbenzenes.

Homologues o ka benzene Ua nui aku paha i ka pane. Akā, i ka hua naoh o benzene, oia hoi homologues kekahi me kekahi oko ao.

halogenation o alkylbenzenes

Ano o ka helu kaulike mea like penei:

S6H5-CH3 + br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

I ka makemake o ka bromine i loko o ka benzene ke komo lima o ua i mālama. He hele aku i loko o kaʻaoʻao kaula. Akā, mahalo Salt hōʻeleu Al (+3) bromo wiwo ole i loko o ke apo hookahi.

nitration o alkylbenzenes

Ma muli o ke sulfuric a me ka nitric nāʻakika, nitrating benzenes a me alakaila benzenes. Kū'ē alakaila benzenes. e loaa mau huahana mai imua o ka ekolu - he para- a me ortho-isomers. Oe ke hoʻopaʻa i kekahi o na nā papakuhikuhi:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

'okesaside

Benzene mea unacceptable. Akā, alakaila benzenes pane koke hooholo koke. No ka laʻana, benzoicʻakika. Ke haʻilula Ua like penei:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene a me ka benzene, hydrogenation o

Ma ke alo o ka hydrogen pahu hoʻonui leo hoʻomaka e pane koke me benzene, pela i hana cyclohexane, like ana no ma luna. Like me alkibenzoly seamlessly hoohuliia i alkylcyclohexanes. No ka alkylcyclohexane e e malalo iho a hiki i ka makemake alakaila benzene hydrogenation. Holo nōhie ia mea he pono i ke kaʻina hana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o unalloyed huahana. A me keia mea i pau ka naoh o benzene a me ka alakaila benzene.

? Iecaianoaaiiuo o benzene. hana

Fundam ia? Iecaianoaaiiuo ua ma muli o ka mea i ka recycle eiiiiiaiou: toluene, naphtha hohono a ua hookuu ia i kaʻuʻina o ka lanahu, a me ka 'ē aʻe. Nolaila, benzene ua hua mai ma ka petrochemical, metallurgical hana. He nui e ike pehea e loaa kekahi benzene ka pololei, no ka mea, o ka loina hooponopono o? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka mākaʻikaʻi e ia i ka pololei pilina o ka hao ana o ka waiwai.

I ka liona ka kaʻana like 'ana ua i hoʻoponoʻia catalytic lei hapa kaustobiolitnoy hoolapalapaia mai i 65 degere, a i ka hopena o ka extract distillation me ka dimethylformamide.

I ka hana ana i'etolina a me ka propylene ua loaa ia wai huahana a i hana i ka hoʻopöʻino 'ia o'okanikaʻole a me ke aloha i huiʻia, ma lalo o ka aoao o ka wela. O kēia mau mea, benzene a me ka noho kaʻawale. Akā, Eia naʻe, i ka maka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kēia o ka benzene mea,ʻaʻole no ka nui loa. No ka mea, ua i hoihoi i loko o ka waiwai mai o e hoʻoponoʻia. Ma ia kekahi papa hana maoli i ka nui o ka benzene.

By dealkylation ma 610-830 degere me ka hua hoʻohui, ma ke alo o ka mahu i hanaʻia i nā kapuahi e ana o ka wai a me ka hydrogen, ua hoomakaukauia mai toluene, benzene. Aia o kekahi koho - he hōʻeleu. A hiki i ke alo o zeolites i hoʻomaka ai, aʻOkoʻa,'okesaside catalysts, malalo iho o ke ana wela 227-627 degere.

Aia o kekahi, mua, iaoia ulu benzene. Me ke omo ana o ke aloha me Kinohi palemo ka mea, ua kaʻawale ia mai ka hopena hope loa o coking lanahu. Ke huahana Ua malalo i ka mahu-kinoea make a me ka mālama '-ka huʻihuʻiʻana. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka papa o ee makouʻaila, i ke kumu o ka i ka aila a me ka lanahu. I ka distillation ua lawe mai me ka mahu, he absorber hookaawale. Hydrotreating o ka maka benzene kōkua noa mai ka hoʻokali kūpono 'waiwai.

lanahu hohono maka mea

I metallurgy ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka lanahu, a ina hoohehee maemae au ia - kona maloo distillation i Coke. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, kaupalena 'ea lako. Mai ole e hoopoina i ka wela o 1200-1500 Kelekia wela lanahu.

Carbon kemika benzene pono lawe ia'ku, hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Oe Pono e pakele o OAXA mai meto cyclohexane a me kona mau hoa o ka n-heptane. Paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons pono e wehe no hoi. Benzene e ia i ke kaʻina o ke kaawale ana, huikalaʻana, a e e lawe mai oi ma mua o kekahi manawa.

Ka hana i ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, ka mea kahiko, akā, ma hope o ka manawa e haalele i kona kiʻekiʻe kulana.

ʻaila kā hapa

0.3-1.2% - mau kii a pau mākou meʻe ma ka untreated aila. Poino hana e ana a me ka waiwai o nā koa. He pono e hoʻohana i ka hanalima kaʻina no ka aaioee o kaʻaila hapa. I mea catalytic e hoʻoponoʻia. Ma ke alo o ka Aluminum-platinum-rhenium pahu hoʻonui leo loaa ulu pakeneka o onaona carbohydrates, a maoli he anakahi wā hiʻona i ole ka hoʻoponopono-ignite wahie i kona mīkini'opihia.

pyrolysis kēpau

Inā mākou extract mai ka 'oleʻaila kā maka paa, oia hoi ma ka pyrolysis kūpono ai i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o propylene a me ka'etolina, i keia hoʻokokoke makemake ia i ka loa kūpono. Ia e kūlike loa, benzene hookuu mai pyrocondensate. Ke decomposition o kekahi mau mahele pono hydrotreating. A hiki ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe luaipele a me ka unsaturated kaulia ana ukuhiia. I ka loiloi mua hopena o Contents kaulana xylene, toluene, benzene. Ma holoʻana o ka i mea ekstaktivnym, BTK-pae ua loaa, a ua kaawale benzene.

hydrodealkylation o toluene

N Ku I Ka kaʻina lama hoʻohuihui o ka hydrogen pele a me ka toluene e hanai aku i loko o ka hahana loa mīkini'ātoma. Toluene Ua hooholoia ma ka hōʻeleu, ahu iho. I loko o kēia kaʻina hana, ka meto pae ua hookaawale e lilo benzene. Where kūpono i kekahiʻaoʻao o ka huikala. I ka hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe-maemae substance (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

I no meto rejection papa ua i i hanaia benzene, xylene ua oxidized. Ma keia kaʻina, ka mea, ua malamaia transalkylation. I ka hana i ku pono i ka catalyzing palladium, platinum a me ka neodymium, a nō ma luna o ka alumina.

Ka mīkini'ātoma Ua hoʻopale ai i ke kahua o ka hōʻeleu, a ua lako hydrogen taluol. Kona kumu - e mālama i ka palapala moʻopane ma ka hydrocarbon huli ana hōʻeleu o ka pelane. Ke kahawai e Haʻalele i ka ka mīkini'ātoma ua ho'ēmi a ua weheʻia ka maluhia ua hoʻopōaiapuni hydrogen. He aha ka mea i koe, ka mea, ua puhi ia ekolu manawa. Ma ka loiloi mua ke kahua hoi ana'ku i huiʻia i mea 'ole-onaona. Ka lua produces benzene, a me ka hope anu u - he e auaaeaiea o xylenes.

trimerization o acetylene

Manawa i ka hana o Palani physical chemist Marcellin Berthelot mai acetylene hana kila benzene. Akā, ka mea e kū ana i kaumaha lama hoʻohuihui o ka nui no hoi na oihana mua. Ke ninau ua pehea e emi i ka naoh mahana. Ka pane i loaa wale i loko o ka weuweu forties o ka XX kenekulia. W. Reppe loaʻa ka hōʻeleu kupono, e hoao ia e nikala. Trimerization - o ka wale koho, e loaʻa mai acetylene benzene.

benzene ho okumu ia lŘlŘ me ka ho'ā 'charcoal. Ma kiʻekiʻe holo 'awelika o ka wela ma luna o ka lānahu ahi hele acetylene. Benzene ua hookuu ia ina ka mahana mea ma ka liʻiliʻi loa 410 degere. Pēlā nō hanau likeʻole onaona hydrocarbons. Nolaila, e pono ai maikai ipu, i mea hiki o qualitatively maopopo acetylene. I ia o ka manawa-e hoopau ana kaʻina me ka trimerization o acetylene luku i ka hailona. E loaa 15 ml o benzene, 20 nā lika ua ia acetylene. 'Oe ke' ike pehea e nānā i ka haʻilula (acetylene, benzene), ka naoh aʻole i lawe lōʻihi.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky helu kaulike).

3CH → Ch = (t, Makila) = C6H6.

Where e hoʻohana benzene

Benzene - ka mea, Aloha nō mahalo brainchild kemika. No pinepine ka mea, ua malamaia me benzene loaa hana i loko o ka hana o ka cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. E ho okumu i styrene ethylbenzene hiki ole ke hana ole. Ua hoʻomakaʻia i ka mea e paka i ka caprolactam mea cyclohexane. Ma ka hana ana i ka thermoplastic kēpau hoʻohana mea caprolactam. Wehewehe i ka waiwai paʻa mau i loko o ka hana o nā pena, varnishes.

Pehea pilikia loa benzene

Benzene - heʻawahia waiwai. Hōʻike o ke kīnā o kaʻeha o ka malaise, i ua pu ma ka nausea a me kaʻona, - i ka hoailona o kaʻapu kōheoheo. Ua ua i hoʻokoe i ka make. A manao mai o indescribable olioli - ia mea, aole e emi pū waikaua mau bele ma ka hihia o kaʻapu kōheoheoʻana ma ka benzene.

Benzene wai a nā ili ae hookaawale. Benzene Leomakana oluolu komo iloko, a hiki ma kōna ili. Ma ka loa pōkole-manawa hui 'ana me ka waiwai i loko o kaʻuʻuku mahele lāʻau, akā, ma luna o ka regular' aelike, kaʻawaʻawa loa ka hopena i lawe lōʻihi, e kali. Kēia paha ia i ka iwi lolo leukemia a me ka huʻi ano o nāʻano.

Ma luna o ka mea waiwai i addictive i loko o kānaka. Benzene hana me ka dope. Mai ka paka uahi huli e noho huahana. ia i aʻo i ke Kanawai, alaila, hele mai la a hiki i ka hopena i ka maʻiʻo o ka la mahope mea e maluhia ai kānaka. Ua Ua loaʻa ma ka hou ana i ke alo o ka nicotine i, a hiki i ke alo o ke onaona carbohydrates type benzopyrene. Nā kūlana benzpyrene i carcinogens. Hookoia no ka mea, i loa nā palapala. No kekahi laʻana, i Ka maʻi 'aʻai.

Aka, o ka keia, benzene o ka hoʻomaka mea no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nā pharmaceuticals, Ka lula ea Ke, kemikala laholio, a, o ka papa, pigments. 'O kēia ke keiki loa, he pono ole o ka kemika a me ka onaona hui.