Real kinoea: haiahū kūmau mai ideality

Kaʻia "maoli kinoea" i waena o chemists a me physicists kapa kinoea na waiwai i mea pololei kalele iho ma luna o lākou intermolecular hana kūleʻa. Oiai kekahi hana kūikawā papa kuhikuhi hiki e heluhelu i kekahi kameleona o ka waiwai ma lalo o maʻamau rula a me ka napoo moku'āina ninoaaeyao i ka buke o ka hola 22,41108 nā lika. Kēia olelo He oiaio wale no ka ai-kapa kinoea "maikaʻi" no ka mea, e like me Clapeyron helu kaulike,ʻaʻole e hana mana o ka ae attraction a me repulsion o na nā lātoma, a me ka leo ku ma ka hope o negligibly uuku.

O ka holo ana, i kēia mau waiwai e ole nei, pela a pau kēia mau manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē, a helu i hoʻokahi wale nōʻimi naʻauao kohoʻia. Akā, me ka oiaio kinoea, a mea ana i kekahi mau loa deviate mai ka maikaʻi kānāwai i hele pinepine mai. Ma waena o nā nā lātoma o kēia mau waiwai i mau makana ikaika o ka manao lokahi attraction, a 'o ia hoʻi i kā lākou mau buke mea iki okoa mai ka ho oholo hemolele kŘkohu. A, a pau ka makemake kinoea i loli iki degere o ka haiahū kūmau mai ideality.

Akā, eia ka mea, Hahai I loa ike ka welelau o: ka mea kiekie oia ka mea baila aʻela i wahi waiwai kokoke i 'Aʻohe degere centigrade, i ka nui o ka hui, e hoano e mai i ka maikaʻi kŘkohu. Ka helu kaulike o ka moku'āina o maoli kinoea nova ma ka Hōlani physicist Johannes Diederik van der Waals koa, i huli aʻe ka mea, i ka 1873. Ma keia haʻilula, a i ka palapala (P + N ² i ka / V ²⁾ (V - nb) = nRT , lawelawe mau loa lula 'hoololi e like me Clapeyron helu kaulike (PV = nRT), manao paa au experimentally. Ka mea mua i kekahi i loko o no na koa o hakakino AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN, i loli ai ole wale i ke 'ano o ke kinoea, akā, i kona leo, a me ka pa apŘ puʻe. Ka lua o? Iaea Ua nānā 'ia e ka hakakino ke kaupaonaʻana o ka waiwai.

Ka mea nui wale kūlana ka hoʻoponopono 'kuaiʻikepili ma ke kiʻekiʻe puʻe kinoea. No ka laʻana, no ka naikokene ma ka 80 me ka lewa exponent. helu e e okoa mai ka maikaʻi ma kahi o elima pakeneka, oiai ka'aloʻahiʻa piʻina i eha me ka lewa koena unuhi mua hoʻokahi haneri pakeneka hiki. Ua penei i nā kānāwai o ka maikaʻi kinoea kŘkohu i He kokekau wale. Kū'ē lula mai ia mea aʻelua laupaʻi a me ka qualitative. Ka mua hoike mai ai ia ia iho ma ka mea ana i ka Clapeyron helu kaulike loa no a pau maoli gaseous loa kaʻoʻoleʻa. Kuemi hope mai o ka qualitative nui malalo ia.

Real kinoea i pono e hoopahaohao ma ka wai a me ka paa ana o ka aggregation, a makemake e hiki ole i loko o kā lākou ikaika adherence i ka Clapeyron helu kaulike. Intermolecular koa e hana ma luna o ia mau mea alakai i ke kahua o nā Nine Inch i huiʻia. Kēia hou hiki ole ia i loko o kaʻimi naʻauao maikaʻi kinoea nenoaiu. Ka mea, ke'ōlelo i hana palapala i kapaia o Nine Inch paha valence. Ma ka hihia ma ka maoli kinoea ua ionized, ma laila hoʻomaka e hōʻike Coulomb attraction koa i hooholo i ka hana o, e laʻa me, he wai koko, i mea he quasi'ākilikai ionic? Ueo. He mea oi loa aku hoi oiaio i loko o ka malamalama o ka mea i ka wai koko ke kālaikūlohea keia mea he nui, hoʻomaka koke ka ulu '' epekema ka hoʻopaʻi, a ka mea i mākaukau laulā noi i loko o astrophysics, o ka pähola 'ana o no lepa Radio ho'āli, a me ka pilikia o kekahi lāʻau' nukelea kuʻi nukeliu reactions.

Nine paa ana ma ka makemake kinoea ma ko lakou ano e ole oko mai o ka hakakino koa. A o ka poe a 'ē pili kēia hoemi ia i ka pou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN ma waena o ka'ātoma' āhewa 'ana, o ka a pau i kūkulu'ātoma a me hakakino' ole o ka waiwai. Eia naʻe, he piha naauao o ka hakakino a me ka Nine Inch koa ua hiki i ka muli wale nō o quantum mechanics.

Mākou i ka ae aku i ole na noho o ka mea i ka hana maʻalahi me ka helu kaulike o ka Hōlani physicist, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana. He pono no hoi i ka ololi o ko lākou thermodynamic kumupaʻa. Kekahi o ka mea nui keia ia kumupaʻa konohiki mea i loko o ka isothermal puʻe helu kaulike pono ai e malama ikaika i ka welelau o e emi i ka huina kino. Ma nā hua'ōlelo, me ka mahuahua aiee o V na isotherms a pau o ka maoli kinoea haule steadily. Ia manawa, ma ka isothermal pakuhi van der Waals koa ma lalo o ka pilikia ana wela kiʻekiʻe o ka pehu ana'āpana i malama. Nā kumu i loko o kēia mau cii hoʻopili like i ka lolelua ka moku'āina o ka waiwai, a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hiki ole e hoʻomaopopo.