Brown dwarfs - hoku i loko o ka poe lń: wela, kiʻi, spectral papa

E lilo hou nuiʻimi naʻauao ike a me ka oaoieei uea 'o nā kānakaʻepekema, ka nui discoveries ka mea, e. Mea, ua manao ia i nā mea a pau i ka makahiki mea i ikeia, a ia mea wale nō e pono e wehewehe i ko lakou mau hiʻona. Eia naʻe,ʻo ke ao holoʻokoʻa kēlā manawa e kaua i kēia manaʻo i loko o astrophysics makana i kekahi mea hou ia. Pinepine, nae, e wānana theoretically ia HOU. I ka helu ana o ia mau mea nā mea eleele dwarfs. A hiki i 1995, ka mea ola wale "ma ka maka o ka peni."

E ka loaaʻi ka ike

Brown dwarfs - hoku mea he hana. A pau i ka walaʻauʻana kiko'î o ko lākou nui okoa, mai na ano o ka mau no mākou i ka hoku, akā naʻe, loaʻa nō kekahi mea like. Pololei olelo ana, he mea eleele dwarf - substellar e hoopii mai ai, ia ninoaaeyao he palapalaʻoihana ma waena o ka mea maoli malamalama a me ka Honua ma ka. Mau makahiki kino i ka kŘpa a uuku nui - mai ka 12,57 a hiki i 80,35, mai ka AYEIE aiao o Dia. I kā lākou interiors, e like me ka pono me ia ma na ano he waenakonu o nā hoku, lawe mai thermonuclear reactions. Lua 'eleele dwarf i loa nīnūnē kūlana o ka hydrogen i loko o ke kaʻina. E like me ka wahie ua hoʻohana 'ia hoku deuterium, boron, likiuma a me ka beryllium. "Wahie" kŘpa a koke na welau a me na mea eleele dwarf anuanu. Ma hope o ka pau ana o keia kaʻina, e lilo Honua-mea. Penei,ʻeleʻele dwarfs - hoku, wau, aole e hiki i ka papa kuhikuhiE kaʻina o ka Hertzsprung-Russell kiʻikuhi.

ʻike makaʻole aea

Kēia mau mea nui o ke hoihoi mea, a hiki i kekahi mau pepeiaohao nui 'ano. Ka mea, i na hoku lele, i pili i kekahi Wiliau Hōkū. Theoretically, i kēia mau cosmic kino ke heʻe nā cosmos no miliona o ka makahiki. Eia naʻe, kekahi o ka loa nui o ko lākou waiwai - ka aneane piha kaawale o ka pāhawewe. E nānā i ka mea o kekahi mea me ka hoʻohana 'ana o kūikawā lako a mea hiki ole. i pono lako a pan, mai astrophysicists ua no ka lōʻihi lawa wā.

Ka mua puka

Ka ikaika loa ka malamalama eleele dwarfs hoike no ka welaʻula spectral māhele 'āina. I ka huli 'ana no ka mea, ko läkou' i hooleiia me ka pomaikai i ka 1995, ka wā o ka mua o ia mea Teide 1. Ua pili ana i ka spectral papa M8, a ua aia i loko o ka huhui waina a lākou o ka Pleiades i weheia. I ka hookahi makahiki, i ka mamao o 20 malamalama makahiki , mai ka lā, ka mea i ike i kekahi mau hoku, Gliese 229B. Ua revolves a puni ka ula dwarf Gliese 229a. Discoveries hoomaka ae la e hahai i kekahi ma hope o kekahi. I ka lā, he mea oi ma mua o na haneri o ka mea eleele dwarfs.

oko ao

Brown dwarfs mea i oluolu i ka hōʻike, no ka lākou similarity ma kekahi mau mea kiko'î a me na hoku a me na hoku malamalama. E like me kona kahahńnai o lākou e hoʻokokoke mai i ka loli iki ana degere i Dia. Kahi o ka mea hookahi cia no keia aiao ua hoolaia no ka mea holoʻokoʻa nui huahelu o ka mea eleele dwarfs. Ma ia mau pilikia ana, ua lilo loa paʻakikī e maopopo ia lakou, mai ka Honua.

Eia hou,ʻaʻole i nā dwarfs a pau o keia ano, ua hiki no ke kākoʻo nui kuʻi nukeliu reactions. Na hoa o kēia (13 MJup) ka ai anu i kā lākou mau wahi hohonu hiki ole e like me keʻano o ka hanaʻana me ka hoʻohana 'deuterium. Ka loa nunui loa koke (ma ka pālākiō o ka cosmos - no 10 miliona makahiki) me a no hoi e hikiʻole, e malamaʻi i kuʻi nukeliu reactions. Kńnaka i i mea eleele dwarfs oko i mau papa kuhikuhiE aoao. I ka mua o ia - he ana o ka pa apŘ. Brown dwarfs i wehewehe aku ma ka hola o ka hookahi aiee o ka kahahńnai a me ka leo, a nolaila, i ka mawaho kino o ka nuipa a 10, a ma luna o Dia paha pili i kēia 'ano o ka mea.

Ka lua o ka iaoia - ka loaʻaʻana o ka X-kukuna a me he pāhawewe. Ke alo o ia conspicuous ano hoʻolaha hiki ole wale heʻeleʻele dwarf, i haule i ka mahana i planetary kiʻekiʻe (1000 K).

Ka papa hana i kekahi, mai ka ia maʻiʻaʻai hoku

Light me ka uuku nui - kekahi e hoopii mai ai, a hiki e paʻakikī e maopopo ma waena o ka mea eleele dwarf. He aha mea he hoku? Kēia kuʻi nukeliu ieoaeunoai, kahi kiʻekiʻe o kuni i ka mea a pau i ka malamalama hehee wale. Kekahi o ia mau mea - likiuma. Ma ka kekahi lima, i loko o ka'ōpū o ka hapanui hoku, oia koke ke hele mai a hiki i ka hopena. Ma ka 'ē aʻe - no ka reactions pili i ka kŘpa a haʻahaʻa ka mahana ua koi' ia. Ua huli mai ia i ka makemake o ka likiuma laina ma ka pae, paha e pili ana i ka papa o ka mea eleele dwarfs. Kēia hana i kona hoʻokau '. Likiuma He pinepine makana i loko o ka pae o ka opiopio hoku. Eia hou kekahi, eleele dwarfs mea i loko o ka manawa o ka hapalua o ka ieeeea makahiki e a no ka maluhiluhi i na waiwai o keia hehee ai.

A hiʻona hiki e, a methane. Ma nā kuʻina hope ana o ke ola kalapona mea eleele dwarf - he hoku nona ka mahana e leie aku oe, e loaa i kilakila dala ia mea. hiki ole Other kukui hoomaalili mai ia i ia i ke kulana.

E hoomaopopo eleele dwarfs a me ka hoku i ana a me ka aa pono ana. Lights i powehiwehi i ka pau ana o kona ola. Dwarfs hoomaalili mai ia i ka pau "ke ola." Ma ka hope loa kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao e lilo ai poeleele mea e hookahuli ai ia lakou i na hoku ole i ke Akua.

Brown dwarfs: ka spectral papa

Kaʻilikai mahana o nā mea i ho'ākāka 'ia loli aʻe ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kaumaha a me ka makahiki. Hiki Hawaiʻi i loko o ka laulā, mai ka planetary a hiki i ke ano o ka coldest papa o ka hōkū M. No kēia mau kumu, eleele dwarfs mua elua hou spectral type i ua anao? Aou - L a me T. Ma hou iā lākou, ma ka kumumanaʻo ola a me ka papa Y. To lā, kona ike maopopo ua hookupaa iho la ia . E nā 'ano o nā mea o kēlā me kēia papa mai noʻonoʻo.

papa L

Hoku e pili ana i ke 'ano mua o ka luna, okoa mai ka mua kūlana' elele M alo o ke omo auka e paa ai,ʻaʻole wale vanadium a me ka titanium'okesaside, akā, na hydrides metala. He kēia hiʻona hoʻohana 'mākou, e kuhikuhi i ka hou papa o L. nō hoʻi i loko o ka pae ana o kekahi mea eleele dwarfs no ia mea, loaʻa i ka laina o ka mekala' åkilikai i eliiaʻi a me ka iodine. I ka 2005, ua wehe 400 mau iauaeoia.

papa T

T-dwarfs i wehewehe aku e ke alo i loko o ka kokoke-welaʻula ka poe hao wale o ka methane. Similar waiwai i mua, ua loaʻa wale nō i loko o ke kinoea kanaka nunui o ka poe lń, e like me Saturn ka mahina Titan. E puku hydrides FeH a me CrH, ano L-dwarfs, T-papa hele mai mekala 'åkilikai ke hooheheeia e like me paʻakai a me ka potasiuma.

E like me na nā mea mahuʻi o nā kānakaʻepekema na mea e loaʻa i ka kŘpa a uuku nui - i oi aku mamua o 70 me ka Dia. Brown T-dwarfs ma na aoao like i ke kinoea kanaka nunui. Typical no kēia mauʻilikai mahana papa koa, mai 700 a hiki i 1300 K. Inā kekahi mau manawa, i loko o ka pahupaʻiwikiō maka aniani, e kiʻi i kēia mau mea eleele dwarfs, nā mea kiʻi, e hōʻike i ka pinkish-uliuli waihoʻoluʻu. Kēia keia mea aie a hiki i ka hopena o ka paʻakai, a potasiuma spectra a me hakakino i huiʻia.

papa Y

Hope spectral papa no ka lōʻihi manawa ola wale ma ka kumumanaʻo. I ka wela o ia mau mea 'ilikai e ia ma lalo 700 K, a laila 400 ° C. I ka hiki huahelu,ʻaʻole hiki ke 'akomi i nā mea eleele dwarfs (kiʻi mai e hana i nā mea a pau).

Naʻe, i ka 2011 o ka Astrophysics Amelika kūkala i ka loaʻa mai o kekahi mau mai o kēia mau anu mea me ka wela o ka 300 a hiki i 500 K. One o ia, akamai, 1541-2250, ua Aia ma ke kaawale ana o 13,7 malamalama-makahiki mai ka la. Kekahi, naauao J1828 + 2650, ua wehewehe aku ma kaʻilikai mahana o 25 ° C.

Menina lā - he mea eleele dwarf

I ka moʻolelo e pili ana i Ua like hoihoi ' la he mea makemake e kāpili me ka hoohiki ana o ka "Make Star." No laila, kapaʻia hypothetically? Ueony Sun counterpart, ma nā nā mea mahuʻi o kekahi haumana i kaulike 50-100 Astronomical Unit aku, ma kela aoao o ka Oort ao. E like me astrophysicists, i ka oleloia mea o ka mau o ko mākou luminary a me ka ala ma ka Honua kela 26 miliona makahiki.

Ke kuhiakau ua pili i ka mea mahuʻi o paleontologists David Raup a me Jack Sepkoski o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nui ia'na o? Ueo ma luna o mākou Honua. Ua laila'ōlelo akula ia i loko o 1984. Ka a pau kumumanaʻo ka loa controversial, akā, ma laila nō kekahi manaʻo hoʻopiʻi kū'ē ma kona lokomaikaʻi.

"Make Star" - kekahi o ka hiki ho'ākāka o ia'na. Oia ka mea mahuʻi i ka manawa kaua kipi mai nāʻokoʻa nā pūʻulu o astronomers. E like me ko lakou mau helu, e neʻe i ka lā ma papalua loa elongated ka Astronomical. mākou luminary I ka hookokoke ana aku o ka mea perturbs comets i loko o ka helu nui o ka "noho" ka Oort ao. E like me ka hopena, he ulu helu o ko lākou hookui hookahe koko ana a me ka Honua, a hiki aku i ka make ana o ka meaola.

"Make Star" a Nemesis, pehea'ē aʻe ka mea, ua kapaʻia, hiki eʻeleʻele, keokeo a ulaula dwarf. I ka lā, nae, pono no ke kūlana mea i loaʻa. Aia nā manaʻo kōkua i ka Oort ao māhele mea like i ike ole kanaka nunui Honua, a loaʻa ka hopena ma luna o nā orbits o comets. Ua,ʻo hau palaka, pela pale i ka hiki hookui me ka Honua,ʻo ia hoʻi, hana ole e like me ka mea hypothetical "Make Star." Eia naʻe, hoike o ke ola o ka Honua Tyche (oa kaikuahine Nemesis) mai aole.

Brown dwarfs i astronomers - he kŘpa a hou iauaeoia. A hailona 'ike hou aku e pili ana ia ia e loaa, a ua kālailai. E like i keia la, ka mea, ua mākaukauʻana i ia mau mea hiki e hoa o ka nui kaulana hoku. Na hihia o ka noiʻi a me ka loaʻa dwarfs o kēia 'ano, e kau aku i ka hou kiʻekiʻe' aukā no ka 'epekema lako a pan a me kaʻimi naʻauao me ka naauao.