Ka papa kuhikuhi o ka akeakamai o ka 19th kenekulia a me ka muli o positivism

Inā i ka papa kuhikuhiE kuhikuhi o kēia kālaiʻike mākou noonoo, e mea oiaio no kekahi o na wahi loa kupaianaha i loko o ka ulu ana o ka philosophical ike paa positivism. Ma mua o haliu ae la ia i ka Ikepili o ka philosophical olelo, pane e wehewehe i ka kêia kanaka o ka i hana i ke kumu o keia au, i hoʻokani a Radio he nui kūlana i ka hoʻomaopopo i ka honua.

I ka pau ana o ka 19th kenekulia i hala loa he ākea irrationalist kālaiʻike, a ua hoakakaia ma ka Hoʻohaku ololi o ke kaʻina hana o ke aʻo 'ana i ka unconscious, ke kino, irrational. XIX. Cognitive waiwai irrationalism hai aku nemyslitelnye, ao ke ano - e, aloha, kilo. 'Aʻole liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ka papa inoa o nā kumu o cognitive irrationalists haalele iho unconscious, mystical hoʻomālamalama, a Schopenhauer - kekahi o na elele koʻikoʻi loa, o keia olelo - hai nui ka wale kumu o ka ike.

Hou 'ana o ka kālaiʻike, a me ka oi loa o na sciences maoli ua hōʻike i ka hoʻokau' o ka irrational hoea mai, i kona hikiʻole e komo i loko o ka hana o ka pono manawa scientific honua. ʻAʻole mākou ke lanakila ma luna o ka ulia i loko o ka philosophical ike, a ua i ka papa kuhikuhiE LIKE ma kālaiʻike, a i hana aneane ka poʻe me ka irrationalism. Kālaiʻike o ke ola, e like me ka philosophical ao ana, ua kanalua he maikaʻi 'ana i loko o hua'ōlelo o ka noonoo ana o kanaka a me ke kaiāulu i loko o kona olelo e lilo a me nāʻano. Akā, ka mea no hoi Aina i loko o ka irrational ka wā e hele ai i loaa na kumu i impel ke kanaka i ka hana. Ka Poeikohoia o naʻepekema manaoio e ola - he chaotic kahawai i loaʻa ole Pahuhopu expediency, a, nolaila, e kamailio ana i kekahi kanawai o ka cognition, me kekahi hapa o ke ola ma ona iho, ka mea, i ole ano.

Hermeneutics i kekahi, alahula na makana no ka hooulu ana o ka 'epekema hoʻomanaʻo, o ka oi aku ma ka mea e pili ana i na ki ina hana like o ka haʻawina o nā hāʻina o nā haʻawina, a me ko lakou ano. Akā, iʻaneʻi, loaʻa mākou i ka aoao o ka irrational - kekahi e pōʻino ike ua hōʻike mai iā ia e like me ke ala o ka ike ana i ke ola o kona kumuhana-unuhi. Ma ka olelo, i ka hoohalike olelo ke ano o ka mōʻaukala, a me ka ike maopopo i ke kumu o ko lakou manao o ko lākou iho.

Oia walaʻauʻana philosophies kekahi kala 19 - o ka hoʻomaka o ka 20th kenekulia existentialism a me ka subjectivity, psychoanalysis cognitive poepoe wale kipaku mai i waho ka mea kēia kanaka maoli, i loko o ka papa o ka a ka mea i hooholo ia, a ma ia ano.

A nui Hopu i loko o ka hoʻoponopono i nā pilikia o ka philosophical ulia o ka muli a me ka hooulu ana i na kumu o ka positivism. Ka hoʻomaka kulana o ka hoʻokō 'mea he māmala'ōlelo e pili ana i ka fallacy o ka hilinai ana ma luna o kekahi mau akeakamai loina ma ka ike, i? Aaeaaaaony mamua i ka papa kuhikuhiE kuhikuhi o ka kālaiʻike. Positivism hoʻike he mea - e like me ka mea wale nō kumu oiaio o ka ike, oiai hoakaka ana i ka olelo i e e loa i hooakea ai i keia mea o ka oaeuiinoe wahie, a hookupaa iho la ia ma ka mana ano (hōʻoia iaoia).

I ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka positivist LIKE ma kālaiʻike ua noʻonoʻo i ka Palani lexicographer Ogyust Kont, ka mea i komo i ka mōʻaukala o ka 'epekema manaʻo like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kālā o ka sociology like me ka' epekema ma ka Classic ano o ka loina. I loko o kona ola ana, positivism ua hele ma eha nui kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao ma o ka ulu ana. Kēia mea - kekahi o ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona o ka positivism, ina kekahi o na kumu nui kuhikuhi o kēia kālaiʻike ole paha ke ola ma lalo o ka huahekili o ka noʻonoʻo loi, a, ma ka mea, huli ae la i kekahi kuhiakau kumumanaʻo, positivism loaʻa kumu waiwai a me ka hou methodological i kūpono hoapono kona walaʻauʻana me nā loina. No ka laʻana, i ka wa a ka Classic mana o ka wanaʻao positivism i ua ninau ma e pili ana me ka kokololio kūpono 'ana o nā sciences maoli, ka mea i nani koke o loi reinterpreted e Mach a me Avenarius. Machism i ka lua o ka mōʻaukala 'ano o ka positivism, i loko o ka wahi mua he mea he pilikia ka hoao ana. Ia mea ke kumu o kēia au i kekahi inoa - Empiric. Eia ka mea, ano ua positivist kālaiʻike like Neo a me postpositivism, koʻikoʻi 'elele o ka poe Carnap, B. Russell, Popper, ua ulu ka pono palapala methodological study cognitive kaʻina.

No ka laʻana, ka mea Neo manaoio aku i ke kumu o akeakamai o ka olelo i manaoia kuhikuhi no Logical Ka Ikepili ano o ka 'epekema i mea no ka papa kuhikuhiE mea e loaaʻi ike loea ike. Postpositivists hele a hiki hou aku, i ke kumuhana o ko lākou hoihoi i na kumuhana o ka muli o kaʻimi naʻauao ike, o ka pilikia o ka 'epekema kona manaʻo ma a me ka mua o ka naauao. Postpositivism nui kupaʻa i ke akeakamai a me kona kūlana ma ka cognition.

Ka mea nui wale e piʻi like postpositivism - hoaponoia no ka nele o OAXA hoʻoikaika kino hoÿäÿo i ka pono o ka manawa kūpono o ka 'epekema mea. Ia penei, mai keia nui hopena e pili ana i ke ano o ka hooulu ana mai o kēia 'epekema - ia mea i loko o ka ulu ana o ka la iluna, a iho i lalo, akā, me ka mau kuhikuhi ua kuhikuhi i ka hana o ka' epekema ike.