Cartilaginous iʻa, pokou iʻa: ano, 'ole, oko

E like me ka mea hope 'epekema ikepili kūpuna o kēia iʻa - jawless holoholona, reminiscent o ko lākouʻano i ka nānā - noho nei i loko o ke kakahiaka nui Cambrian, ma kahi o 530 miliona makahiki aku nei. Ua aeia ka manaʻo i kēia mau mea, i loaʻa i loko o ka makahiki 1999 ma Yunnan mokuna, e ia i nā kūpuna o nā mea a pau vertebrates.

Ma ka manawa, cartilaginous iʻa, pokou iʻa (Ray-finned a me ka lobe) mooolelo no ka oi ma mua o ka hapalua o nā mea a pau vertebrate holoholona, e noho ana ma luna o ka Honua. Aia nō ma kahi o 31 tausani laha 'o ka laulāʻano o nā kinona, nui like' ole, e noho ana i loko o ka paakai a me ka wai. I ka like o ko kahiko aoa hoʻoili i loko o ke kaʻawale 'epekema - ichthyology. E iā mākou nui au mamuli ma luna o nā papa, kā lākou mau 'ano a me ka oko ao.

cartilaginous ia

Ke kumu nui hiʻona o nā hoa a pau o ka papa i kā lākou mau iwi ua i ka cartilage, a e ho'ōla hopena ma ka mea pōhaku hoʻokomo kālā e lilo paakiki lawa. Mua, no keia mea, ua kuhi iho la lakou prehistoric holoholona. Eia naʻe, no ka mea, he nui no ia typical o ka hanau ola, i kekahi manawa e like me ke kahua o ka bile placenta - ka mea okoa, mai ka cartilaginous ia pokou ia dramatically.

Eia hou, ka mea, i kekahi mau anatomical mall hiʻona. Mua, o ka nele o ka 'auʻau bladder. No laila, ka mea, i ke neʻe, ana e poho iho i ka lalo o ka loko iʻa. Ka lua, i cartilaginous iʻa nō i halo o mua a me ka halo o mua oä hamama waho ano. Kolu, a pau o ia uhi placoid unahi, i mea like me ka niho o vertebrates. Ua ninoieo o dentin a me ka enamel, ahu iho uhi ia. Oia unahi hiki ole e hoihoi hou ia ma ka hihia o ka poho, akā, me ka mea ulu o ka iʻa kona mea maoli.

ola-kākoʻo nenoai ma cartilaginous iʻa

Ano o cartilaginous a me ka pokou ia makemake ole e piha me ka hoohiki ana o ke kumu o nenoai: circulatory, digestive a me ka moe, i ka i ka oko ao malama. Cartilage i ke koko ulaula kala (aie i ke alo o ka hemoglobin a me kaʻulaʻula koko aeee), a ua hua mai ma ka spleen. Ua circulatory'ōnaehana kohu ia o ka 'ole i loko o cyclostomes. Ma ke kau ana o ka spine i loko o ka palapala o nāʻula hakuʻala auka e paa ai. Cartilaginous iʻa liʻiliʻi ninoieo o nā māheleʻekolu nō: nui a me ka naʻau liʻiliʻi, rectum. Good no ka akepaʻa, pancreas. Akā loa importantly mea i na papa o ka cartilaginous iʻa a me ka pokou iʻa iʻokoʻa 'ole o ka reproductive nenoaiu. No ka mea mua ano maloko fertilization e paka hua paha, i hiki ke hoopanee i loko o ka 'ia a noho ma ka lalo o ka oviduct. I ka lua o ka hihia, ke kino i ka makuahine o ka hoʻomaka e hoʻomōhala i ka embryo.

Mea Maluna o cartilaginous ia

A pau o na lala? Ueony o ka papa Cartilaginous iʻa e māheleʻia i loko o ekolu superorder.

• Stingrays - cartilaginous iʻa (pokou iʻa - i hoakaka ia) me ka ano "flattened" kinona o ke kino a me ka nui pectoral haloʻole fused i ke poo. He nui no ia i hoemiia unahi, kekahi o ka mea nui ka poeikohoia - manta.
• Mano. Fish me ka hanohano nō hoʻi hiʻona: ke kino ua torpedo-hoʻokino, elongated, heterocercal nui huelo fin, a me ka nui helu o nā niho ma luna o nā ā. Kekahi o ka mea kahiko elele o ke ao nei, kona mau kūpuna iʻikeʻia 420-450 miliona makahiki aku nei. Nui like 'ole ka ÷ 17 knm i 20 m + (okohola niuhi - Picture luna), loa Moana. Kēlā me kēia? Ueo mai i kekahi ola kīkoʻo kona, akā, ka hapanui o ia e lōʻihi-ola - 20-30 makahiki.
• Holocephali - poe e hoʻokahi wale nō poe - Chimeras ec e pili ana i 50 kaʻoi loa hohonu? Ueo. O ke kumu ho i kā lākou uuku mahele.

Pokou Fish: mau ano

No ka lōʻihi manawa, a hiki i ka 21 la kenekulia, cartilaginous iʻa, pokou iʻa ua nānāʻia me nā papa. Naʻe, ka 'epekema kaiāulu ua lilo increasingly, he pono ole kekahi wahi o ka Hawaii. No ka laʻana, he Junior zoologist i hana Ray-finned ia a me ka lobe i kona Ho'ākāka 'ia ma kaʻawale papa, a me ka iwi, niioaaonoaaiii, i loko o ka superclass. 'O kēia ka loa like o ka poʻe e noho lā a pau o Reservoir. Lākou waha ua hana nele ā a me nā niho aia ma luna o laila, i ka halo o mua nō ma luna o ka halo o mua hoaka, a hui kaulua puka ihu.

Oko mai o ka cartilaginous iʻa

Ka loa nui likeʻole, mai ka pokou lawaiʻa cartilaginous hala ole oe i ka inoa - he iwi. He mea mai na iwi. Ma ka pā lua hooponopono circulatory'ōnaehana, kaawale, nā'ōlelo a me ka digestion. Unahiʻole, i mea no hoi kekahi ano o kekahi o ekolu ano: cycloid, a ctenoid ganoid.

Kekahi koena unuhi - i ka alo o ka mâkia bladder, ua aia ma lalo o ka spine a piha me ka kinoea i paka ipu koko. kona leo iʻa I ka mahuahua maʻalahi i ka ili me ka hōʻemiʻana - kuhikuhi ma ka hohonu.

Ka oko ao mea ole wale na hoailona o cartilaginous a me ka pokou ka iʻa, akā, i ka reproductive nā loko, e like me ka i olelo mai. No ka hoa loa o ka lua o ka pūʻulu ua wehewehe aku ma mawaho fertilization, a ia lŘlŘ ma ka koʻana koko meakino. Kēia kaʻina ua ike like spawning kai, ka mea hele mai i loko o ka hoakaka ia manawa, a ua ukali ma ke ano kolohe.

actinopterygii

He heluna hapauuku Hoʻohaku papa i loko o ka kēiaʻano o ka iʻa, eia oi ma mua o 20,000? Ueony, i mea e pili ana i 95%. Ka mea, noho nā kihi o ka poepoe honua, mai ka Arctic kai, a hiki i ka wela equator, nui like 'ole ka ÷ 8 mm o ke 11 mika, a me ke kaupaona ana o na kanaka ea i oi aku mamua o elua tona. I ka inoa, e like me oe e koho, ua pili ia me ka 'ole o ka hui kaulua haloʻole, nele basal iho (axis). Class, ma ka huli, māheleʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu: Novoperye (loa noho pomaikai? Ueo) a me ka osteochondral ka iʻa. ka mea hope 'ole loaʻa kiʻiona hiʻona. Ka mea, i ka 'auʻau bladder, akā, i ka mea ia manawa, i ko lakou mau iwi uaʻano nui haku o ka cartilage. Ke chord mea wale cartilaginous piʻo, a dismembered, ka vertebral kino e like me ka mea e ole nei. A kiʻiona hiʻona - ka rostrum, a malalo waha. He nui no ia i ka lawaiʻa, i ka maikai sturgeon (Picture lalo - hoopahele ae la i ka beluga).

sarcopterygii

Small papa o ka ia, ma muli ia o ka iwi o ka i mea laholio chord. Ka mea, hui pu iho holomua a me ka archaic hiʻona, a pau lala no ia mau laekahi superorder - Crossopterygii a me lungfish. Nā pūʻulu hui pu iho la kahiko iʻa. Lungfish ola i loko o freshwater kino ma ka Australia, South America a me Africa. Lakou i wale i halo o mua, akā, i hoomalamalama mai. Ua apono 'ia i kekahi manawa me ka wai a me ka neʻe ke alalai ole ia ma o ka oxygen ma-depleted wai. A pau ike 6 hoailona ia mea: ehaʻApelika Waena protopter (kiʻi ma lalo nei),'Aukekulelia a me South Amelika cheshuychatnik Queensland Lungfish.

superorder Crossopterygii

Ua Ua manaoiaʻaneʻane ole. Hiki i keia la ua hiki hoʻokahi wale nō lāhui - ka Konohana (kiʻi ma lalo nei), elua ano o ka helu. Ua o i i loaa kŘpa nei, Ua loaa i ke kope mua i loko o ka moana Indian ma ka 1938. Ua Ua manaoio ia crossopterygian iʻa - poʻe e noho lā ma freshwater, a nele i ka oxygen. Ma keia manao, ka mea, ua ulu na nāʻiʻo ma ke kumu o na haloʻole, a me ka pālua pololei o ka ha (ia maʻiʻaʻai a me ka halo o mua). Ua ae kekahi a laila neʻe hoʻi i loko o ke kai a me ka wai e ho'ōla lilo i mea ole. Aia ka speculation i mea crossopterygian iʻa i ala a hiki i ka papa o amphibians.

Penei, cartilaginous iʻa, pokou iʻa i ka helu o kekahi hiʻona. Ke kumu nui o ia i malamaia ma ka skeletal 'ole (cartilage a iwi), i ke alo a kaawale o ka' auʻau bladderʻano unahi, i ka reproductive nenoaia a me ka hana o ka propagation.