Communist International. I ka moolelo o ka Communist neʻeʻana: ai ka lā, i nā luna

He nui nā poʻeʻike i ka Communist International kapaia lahui hui, i huiʻia nā'āina likeʻole o ka Communist Party i loko o 1919-1943, niioaaonoaaiii. Na ia hui kekahi i kapaia o ka Apana International, a Comintern.

Ua ho okumu i hoʻokumu i ka 1919, March 4, ma ke noi ana o ka RCP (B) a me kona alakaʻi V. I. Lenina no ke kūkākūkā a me ka hooulu ana i ka manaʻo nui o ka hoʻonohonoho 'hoʻokahuli aupuni socialism, i ka e like me ka reformist socialism o ka Apana International ua like ke ku pono kŰia. Kahi nahā i waena o nā coalitions mau ana ma muli o ia oko ao ma na kulana ma ka First World War, a me ka OkatobaʻOiʻenehana.

Ahaolelo Lahui o ka Comintern

Ahaolelo Lahui o ka Comintern paa ole pela pinepine. E mākou noonoo ia ma ka mea:

• Me Kinohi (Constitutive). I hoʻonohonoho 'ia ma 1919 (March) ma Moscow. Ua Ua hele ia e 52ʻelele mai ka 35 pūʻulu a me ka poe mai ka 21'āina.
• Na Mahele Ahaolelo Lahui. Alakai aku ia Iulai i 19 July ma St. Petersburg. I kēia hanana, he helu o ka olelo hooholo e pili ana i na nā kaʻa mokulele a me ka papa kōnane o Communist hana, e like me ke kumu hoʻohālike o ke komo i loko o ke aupuni liberation ana o ka Communist aoao elua, ma ka rula o komo i loko o ka 'aoʻao i loko o ka 3 International, ka Communist International Palapala, a no laila, ma luna o. Ka manawa i hanaia e kūwaho hoʻi ke alu like 'oihana o ka Comintern.
• Ka Apana Ahaolelo Lahui. Paʻa ma Moscow i ka 1921, mai ka 22 June a hiki i 12 July. Ka hanana hele mai i 605ʻelele mai ka 103 aoao a me ka hoʻonohonohoʻia.
• Eha Ahaolelo Lahui. I ka hanana i wahi, mai November a hiki i Dekemaba 1922. Ke kau ahaolelo i hele e 408ʻelele, a i hoounaia mai 66 poe a me ka poe mai ka 58'āina. Ahaolelo Lahui Hoʻoholo ihola e hoonohonoho i kūwaho hoʻi poe kōkua i ka poʻe kaua o ke kipi.
• I ka lima o ka halawai ana o ka Communist International i paʻa mai June a hiki i Iulai 1924. Ka i komo hoʻoholo ihola e huli i kekahi aupuni Communist Party Bolshevik: hoʻololi i kā lākou nā kaʻa mokulele i loko o ka malamalama o ka pio ana o hoʻokahuli aupuni 'ana i loko oʻEulopa.
• Ka Eono Ahaolelo Lahui i paʻa mai Iulai a hiki i September 1928. Ma keia halawai ana, i komo e auhau i ka pili aupuni kulana home 'ole i loko o ka honua me ke hoʻololi i ka mea hou ke kahua. Ua Ua wehewehe aku ma ka waiwai ulia, i palahalaha ae ma ka Honua, a me ka intensification o ka papa paio. Members o Ahaolelo Lahui ke kūkulu i ka ia hoʻi e pili ana i ka lawelawe fascism. Ka mea, puka mai he māmala'ōlelo no ka pono o ka Communist kālai'āina alu like 'ana me nā ma ka akau a me ka hema-eheu pōʻai democrats mea hiki ole. Eia hou, i ka Palapala a me ka Program o ka Communist International i aponoia ma ka hālāwai kūkā.
• Ka hiku hālāwai i paʻa i loko o 1935 mamuli, mai July 25 a hiki i Augate 20. Ka walaʻauʻana theme like ana o ka halawai i ka manaʻo o ka hoʻohuiʻana o nā koa, a me ka kaua e ku ei ka mea e māhuahua Nazi hoʻoweliweli. Ka hana 'amelika alo, a ua he kino coordinating i ka ha awina o ka hana kanaka o likeʻole pili pono o kēia wā i hana.

moʻolelo

I mau, ke Communist International e noiʻi i loa hana hoihoi. Pela, ka mea, ua ikeia e ua aponoia ka Trotskyists ka mua eha congressional kākoʻo o ka haʻalele-communism - wale ka mua elua. E like me ka hopena, paipai aʻo kai eʻe 1937-1938 ka, ka hapanui o na pauku o ka Comintern i eliminated. Polish māhele o ka Comintern hope kauoha aku mea hoʻoheheʻe.

O ka holo ana, o ka pili aoao o ka 20th kenekulia akaaka malu i ka puu o ka loli. Repressions ku e activists o ka Communist lahui neʻeʻana, loaʻa iā lākou iho i loko o ka Soviet Union i loko o ka poʻe a me nā kumu, uaʻikeʻia i mua o Kelemania, a me ka Soviet Union manao he pili-aggression pact i ka 1939.

Marxism-Leninism i keia manawa, hiʻona nui mawaena o na kanaka. A ma ke kakahiaka 1937, nā lālā o ka German Communist Party Keʻena Luna G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, na luna o ka Yugoslav Communist Party M. Filipovic, M. Gorkich i hopu. B. Chopich i kauoha mai ai i loko o Spainʻumikumamālima o Lincoln Brigade, akā, i ka wa i hoi mai ai,ʻo ia hopu ia no hoi.

E like me 'oe ke ike, no ka Communist International i hana i ka nui loa o kanaka. Aia i kekahi, ua repressed koʻikoʻi huahelu i loko o ka Communist kūwaho hoʻi neʻeʻana o Hunakalia Bela paha, he nui na alakai o ka Polish Communist Party - Ya Pashin, E. Pruchniak, Koshutskaya M., Y. Lensky, a he nui na mea e ae. Ua hopu mua General Kakauolelo o ka Helene Communist Party A. Kaitas, a ua pana mai. ʻO ia hopena, a loaa i kekahi o Party luna Iran A. Suletana Zadeh: ka mea, ua he lâlâ 'o ECCI,ʻelele II, III, IV a me VI Ahaolelo Lahui.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka pili aoao o ka 20th kenekulia he nui helu o kekahi mau manaʻo. Stalin Hoʻopiʻi akula nā luna o ka Communist Party o Poland ka Anati-Bolshevism, Trotskyism, Anati-Soviet kulana. Kona hana i kūpono ai ka physical ho'āhewa wale ma Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochacki a me nā luna o ka Polish Communists (1933). Kekahi repression loaa i ka 1937.

i aʻo maikaʻi Marxism-Leninism, ma ka mea, ua. Akā, i ka 1938 o ka Presidium o ka Hooko Komite o ka Comintern manao e hoike mai i ka Polish Communist Party. Ma lalo o ka nalu o repression he na kanaka haku o ka Hunakalia Communist Party a me na luna o ka Hunakalia Soviet Repubalika - F. Bayaki, D. Bokan, Bela paha, Rabinovich, Kelen J., Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikash. Bulgarian communists e hoʻoneʻe i ka USSR, repressed: H. Rakowski, R. Aberama B. Stomoniakov.

hoomaka iho la no hoi Lomānia Communists e luku aku. Ma Finland, ka repression o na Mamua o ka Communist Party Rovio G. a me A. Shotman, General kakauolelo K. ano mua a me na mea he nui o ko lākou mau hoa.

Ua ua ike iʻikeʻia e ka Communist International mai o ka wahi. No ko lakou pono, ka mea, ua oi aku mamua o ka haneri, waiho wale aku no Italia Communists, ka poʻe i noho i loko o ka Soviet Union ma na 1930s. Ka mea, i nā mea a pau i hopuia, a ua hoololiia no ka i hoomoanaʻi. Mass repressions mea i hooholoia e na luna o ka Communist aoao elua a me ka'āina Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus a me Estonia (mua hui ia lakou a hiki i ka USSR).

Ka 'ole o ka Comintern

No laila, nānā i nā congresses o ka Comintern mākou, a e nānā i ka 'ole o ka hui. Konaʻo Samuel M. Ua aponoia i loko o August 1920. I ka mea, ka mea i palapala: "I mea, o ka Communist International ua koi ia maoli a me kaʻiʻo nō ia i global hoʻokahi Communist aoao, ke kanaka nāʻaha hui iho i hana i loko o nā moku'āina."

Ua ua ike ia ka alakaʻi o ka Comintern i lawe mai ma ka Hooko Komite (ECCI). A 1922 ka mea, oia ka elele ulele ma ka Communist Party. A ma ka 1922 i koho ia Ahaolelo Lahui o ka Comintern. Small Office ECCIʻikeʻia i loko o July 1919. Ma September 1921 ka mea i Kapa hou i ka Presidium o ka ECCI. ECCI Secretariat i hanaia i ka 1919,ʻo ia i komo i loko o kanaka a me kaʻaha hui nīnūnē. Ka hui ola a hiki i 1926. Ua hana Aʻaha hui Buro (hoʻolālā mua Buro) ECCI i ka 1921, a ola a hiki i 1926.

He hana hoihoi ia mai ka 1919 a hiki i 1926, lunahoomalu o ka ECCI ua Grigory Zinoviev. I ka 1926 hoopau ia i ka lāʻau kū o ka Luna hoomalu o ka ECCI. Aka, ka mea iʻikeʻia ka Kalaiaina Secretariat o ka ECCI o eiwa. Ma 'Aukake 1929, i ka haku mele' ana o kēia hou ho okumu i ua anao? Aou ka Kalaiaina Komisina o ka Kalaiaina Secretariat o ka ECCI. Ua i, e hana me ka makaukau o keʻano o nā nīnūnē, i mea no hoi noʻonoʻo i ka Kalaiaina Secretariat. Ua komo Manuilsky D., O. Kuusinen, he 'elele o ka Communist Party o Germany (like me ka CC o KKE) a me A. Pyatnitsky (moho).

I ka makahiki 1935, he houʻoihana - Kakauolelo Nui o ka ECCI. Ua i Dimitrov. Ka mea, hoopau ia i ka Kalaiaina Komisina a me ka Kalaiaina Secretariat. Once hou ka Secretariat o ka ECCI i hoʻonohonoho.

Na Makuahine lahui ke aeia Kau aku la lakou i ka 1921. Ua kulana kupono i ka hana o ka ECCI nakeke, kaawale pauku (poe) a ua hana i loko o ka hooia o Waiwai.

He aha ka mea, na ka hoʻonohonohoʻia ua ka Communist International?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• Communist International wa opiopio (CMM).
• Krestintern.
• Women ka International Secretariat.
• Hoʻohuiʻia breakaway hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hou (lahui).
• Hoʻohuiʻia breakaway kākau moʻolelo (lahui).
• International noa-proletarians.
• World Komite Soviet hoa.
• International hoaaina.
• "Red Kokua" lahui kōkua i ka hoʻolālā kapaia revolutionaries a DENR.
• Anti-Imperialist o Oʻahu.

disbanding ka Comintern

I ka ua i ka noho male 'ana o ka Communist International? Ka lā o ka kūhelu liquidation o kēia kaulana hui moe ma May 15, 1943. Ma ka noho male 'ana o ka Comintern, Stalin aku la ia i makemake e holoʻokoʻa i hele mai i ka Western allies, hoomaopopoia'na o lakou i na mea kuka no ke kukuluia'na o ka Communist a me kākoʻo-Soviet eia, yeieiae? I loko o ka'āina oʻEulopa aina e hina. Ua ua ike ia i ka inoa maikaʻi o ka 3rd International a hiki i ka hoʻomaka o ka 1940 o ua loa maikai. Eia hou kekahi, ma ka Hawaiian Europe i uhi pū ka Nazis, a luku iho la ia kokoke a pau o na keena.

Mai ka hapalua like-1920s, Stalin kino, a no ka CPSU (b) imi e Kīwala'ō i ka Apana International. pâʻani 'o ia kēia nuance he kūlana i loko o nā hanana o ia manawa. Iʻa, a me ka hoʻopau o ka aneane nā lālā o ka Comintern (koe wale no ka International Kamaliʻi a me Executive Komite) i loko o nā makahiki o Stalinist repression (ke kualapa waena 1930s). Eia naʻe, 3 International ua hiki ke malama i ka Hooko Komite: ia wale Kapa hou i ke Keʻena World o ka CPSU (b).

Ma June 1947, ka mea, i ka Paris hālāwai kūkā ma Marshall kōkua. A ma September 1947 Stalin mai Socialist poe hana Cominform - ka Communist Information Buro. Ua auou caiaiai i ka Comintern. I mea, ia ua ka mea ulana pukapuka, i hana mai i ka Communist aoao o Pulakalia, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, ka Soviet Union, Romania a me Yugoslavia (no ka mea, Tito, a Stalin kona hoa pāonioni holoiʻia mai ka papa i ka 1948).

Cominform Ua liquidated i ka makahiki 1956, ma hope o ka iwakalua Party Ahaolelo Lahui. Kēia hui i ka olelo hope i ole, nae, ka mea i ka Warsaw Pact a me Comecon, a mau hoopaa mau halawai friendliest Soviet poe hana a me ka Communist aoao.

Archive o ka Apana International

Archive o ka Comintern ua waiho ia ma ka State Archives o Kalaiaina, a Social History ma Moscow. Aia nā palapala i loko o 90 'ōlelo: no ka hoʻokumu hana' ōlelo mea Kelemānia. Available loaʻa nā papa hoike o ka oi mamua o 80 aoao.

hoʻonaʻauao kulanui

Apana International waiwai:

1. Communist China ka kulanui poe hana (codend) - mai i 17 September 1928 Ua kapaia ka University o na hana o Sun Yat-sen ma Kina (UGC).
2. Communist East University poe hana (TAS).
3. Communist University no National ê o ke West (KUNMZ).
4. International Lenin School (MLSH) (1925-1938).

kulanui

Ekolu International hoolilo o ka:

1. Ana helu a me Information Institute o ka ECCI (Buro Varga) (1921-1928).
2. International mahiʻai kula, (1925-1940).

mōʻaukala kūʻiʻo

Hanaia'na o ka Communist International i ukali pūʻia e keʻano o nā hana hoihoi hanana. No laila, i ka 1928, no ka ia, Hans Eisler i kākau i ka Himeni nui i loko o Kelemānia. Ke Lūkini 'ōlelo mea unuhi I. L. Frenkel i ka 1929. Ka Hui hana pinepine lohe i nā'ōlelo: "! Ko kakou slogan - World Soviet Union"

Nui, i ka wa a ka Communist International, ua hookumuia oia, ua ike mua - ka mea, ua he uaua manawa. Ua ua ike ia i ka noho luna ana o ka Red Army, pu me ka Propaganda o ka Apana International Buro hoʻomākaukau a paʻi i ka puke "kaua uprising". I ka 1928, ua hana i paʻiʻia ma ka Kelemānia, a ma 1931 - i loko o Palani. Ke hana i kākau i loko o ka palapala o ke aʻo a me ka Akanahe ma ka kumumanaʻo o ka hui ana o ke kaua uprisings.

Ua hana ia ka puke ma lalo o ka pseudonym A. Neuberg, kona maoli kākau mea he kaulana hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻe 'ana o nā hualoaʻa a.

Marxism-Leninism

He aha ka Marxism-Leninism? Kēia philosophical a kaiapili-pili ao ana o ke kānāwai o ka paio no ka abolition o ka capitalist'ōnaehana a me ke kukulu ana o communism. Ua hoʻomohala V. I. Lenin, ka mea i hoʻomohala i ka kumumanaʻo o Marx, a noi aku la ia i loko o nä hana kilokilo. Ka muli o Marxism-Leninism ua hoʻopaʻa i ka manaʻo nui o Lenin ka makana i Marxism.

V. I. Lenin i hana mai i na mea i ao nui ia ma Socialist aina, ka mea, ua lilo ka kūhelu "hana kūlana ideology." Ke ideology ua i kūpaʻa, ia modifies a hoʻomaʻa i na pono o ka waiwai. Ma ka mea, ma ke alanui, e ua ua hui pū, a me nā aʻo o ka 'āina' Communist alakai ka poe i alakai lākou manaʻo nui no ka Socialist Hawaii.

Ma ka Soviet noho 'o ke ao ana o V. I. Lenina o ka wale oiaio scientific nenoaiie o oicyenoaaiiie, philosophical, a me ka manaʻo politika a me ka pilina wale. Marxist-Leninist kumumanaʻo mea hiki ke hoʻononiakahi mea manaʻo manao me ka mahalo i ka noiʻi 'ana a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni loli ma ka honua a puni. Ua hōʻike mai i nā kānāwai o ka? Acaeoey o ke kaiāulu, ka kanaka manao a me ke ano maoli, wehewehe i ke kūlana paio a me na ano o ka hoʻololi i socialism (me ka hoʻopau o ka capitalism), nā kūkākūkā e pili ana i ka makakū hana o ka poe hana hana i loko o ka hana, a me ka Communist a me Socialist lehulehu.

Ka nui helu o ko ka honua ka aoao ua manaoia e ia i ka Communist Party o Kina. Ka mea, e ia i loko o kā lākou mau hoao ae aʻo V. I. Lenina. Ma konaʻo Samuel loaʻa i nā kēia mau hua'ōlelo: "Marxism-Leninism loaʻa i nā kānāwai o ka mōʻaukala evolution o ke kanaka. Kona kumu o kulana mea mau pololei, a i ka ikaika ola ikaika. "

mua International

Ua ua ike ia ka Communist International hoʻokani kūlana i overriding i loko o ka paio ana o ka hana kanaka no ke ola maikaʻi. I ka 'āina' ē aʻe o ka hana, ua kauoha aku la oia i ka inoa o ka mua International. 'O kēia ka mua kūwaho hoʻi kahua o ka hana ka papa, i mea i kukuluia September 28, 1864 ma Ladana.

Kēia hui Ua dismantled ma hope o ka mahae i mai ai i loko o ka makahiki 1872.

2nd International

2nd International (hanakimi ole Socialist) mea ana he hui o nā hana 'Socialist aoao, kukulu ai i ka 1889. He ili i ka moolelo o kona, hoʻokomo, akā,ʻaʻole i nā anarchists kona 'ole i loko o 1893. No ka ana kamaʻilio ma waena o ka lālā aoao o ka Socialist International Buro hoʻonohoʻia ma Palukela ka mea i kakau i ka 1900. International i ka manaʻoi hoʻoholo 'ia no kona constituent poe a pau i OAXA.

ha o ka International

Ka Eha International, ka mea, o ka hoʻonohonoho 'Communist hoʻolālā, koho i Stalinism. Ua Ua nānā ma kaʻimi naʻauao hooilina Lva Trotskogo. Nā Pahuhopu o keia ho okumu o ke kō o ka honua kipi, i ka lanakila o ka hana ka papa, a me ka hanaia'na o ka socialism.

Keia International Ua hoʻokumu 'ia i ka 1938, Trotsky a me kona mau hoa ma Farani. Kēia kanaka i manaoio i ka Comintern i ka piha ana o ka Stalinists ana oia mea hiki ole ke alakaʻi i ka hana papa a pau ma luna o ke ao nei, e hoʻopiha i ka naʻi aupuni o ka mana pili kalai aupuni. I mea no ke aha la, i kue i ka mea i hana i ko lakou mau "Eha International", kona mau lala ana e alualu ana i ka NKVD konohiki. Eia hou, i hoopiiia kākoʻo o ka USSR, a o ka hopena o Maoism ma illegitimacy ka mea, e weluwelu ka bourgeoisie (Palani a me USA).

Kēia hui mua ku ma ka mahae i loko o 1940, e like me oi mana mahele i ka 1953. I ka makahiki 1963 ua he hapa hawaiano, akā, he nui nā pūʻulu i aku nei au ka mea, he pili aupuni preemstvennikami "Eha International".

lima o ka International

He aha ka ke "Elima International"? He He manawa a Kû ka'ano'ē hema ka poe i makemake e hana i ka hou e hana ana i hoʻonohonoho 'a papa hana ma muli o ka ideology o Marxist-Leninism a me Trotskyism. Members o keia pae noonoo iho devotees o ka First International, o ka Apana Communist, Trotskyist Eha a me elua.

communism

A ma ka hopena, e ike kakou i ka mea a ka Communist Lūkini Party? Ua Ua nānā 'ana i communism. Marxism mea - he mea hypothetical waiwai a me ka nohona nenoaia, a ua nānā 'ana ma luna o ka lawelawe e hoʻokolokolo pono kau, lehulehu ka waiwai i hana mai na mea o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo.

Kekahi o ka loa kaulana o ka internationalist Communist slogans i ka i ana: "! Proletarians o nā'āina, hui pu iho la". I mai la kela mau mea mua'ōlelo kaulana - aole makou i ike iki. Akā, ua wehe malu: i ka manawa mua i ka slogan Ua Kupanaha e Fridrihom Engelsom a me Karlom Marksom ma ka "Communist Manifesto."

Ma hope o ka XIX kenekulia, i ka manawa "communism" ua pinepine hoʻohana 'ia i kapa i ka kaiapili-yeiiiie? Ho okumu, i wānana i ka Marxists i loko o kā lākouʻimi naʻauao hana. Ua ua nānā 'ana i ka lehulehu ona, hoʻokumu i nā mea o ka i? Iecaianoaaiiuo. I mau, na Classics o Marxism manaoio i ka Communist e kakau mai i ka loina o "kela a me keia - ma ka pono, a hiki i kela mea keia mea - e like me ka nele."

Mākou manaolana i ko mākou poʻe heluhelu e e hiki ke kōkuaʻana mai i kēia 'atikala i ka Communist International.