Decembrists ma Rusia. Ka hooko ana o ka Decembrists. Location a me ka lā o ka hooko ana o ka Decembrists

No ka mea, aneane 200 makahiki, ka Decembrists kipi ua o Laielohelohe i ka noonoo ana o nā moʻolelo. Ua Ua palapala i ou wahi lihi iki o ka 'epekema' atikala a me ka hiki dissertations ma luna o ke kumuhana. He aha buke no keia hoihoi? Ka mea ka mea, Hawaiʻi nei, ka Decembrists ma Rusia ua ka mea mua nana iʻaʻa e kū'ē i ka mana o ke aliʻi. Interestingly, ka study o keia kŰia hoomaka ae la e noho pū no ka poʻe kipi ia lakou iho, ka mea, ua kālailai i nā kumu o ke uprising ma Senate Square a me kona make. Aie i ka hooko ana i ka Decembrists Lūkini ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua lilo kona kala i ka loa hoʻonaʻauao keiki kanaka, no ka mea, ka mea, ua mua ia mai ka hanohano mauʻohana, nani i komo i loko o ke Kaua o 1812. Ala hou ana o ka hopena ma luna o ka hopena o ka loea haku mele. Penei,, no ka mea, o ka mea e pili ana i na i komo o na nā kaiapili malu, i hoouna mai ai i loko o ke pio A. Pushkin.

Owai ka Decembrists

ʻO wai ka mea Decembrists? Komo ka mea, hiki ke wehewehe aku penei: ka mea, he mau lala kakou o kekahi mau hana kālai'āina nā kaiapili e kaua ana no ka abolition o serfdom a me ka loli o ke aupuni. Ma December 1825 ka mea, hoʻonohonoho i ka uprising, i i brutally uhi pū.
5 kanaka (alakaʻi) i kau aku ai i ka hilahila hoopai no ka luna. Decembrists, Ua a hoʻokuewa wale 'i komo i Siberia, kekahi ua pana mai i loko o ka pā kaua.

Nā kumu o ke kipi

No ke aha la Decembrists kipi? Kekahi mau kumu no keia. Pookela mawaena o lakou, i ka mea, i nā mea a pau me kekahi, pâʻani 'o ia i ka interrogation i loko o ka pā kaua - i ka uhane o ka noa manao, manaoio i ka mana o nā poʻe Lūkini, maluhiluhi o ka hoʻoluhi hewa - a pau i hānau ma hope o ka maikaʻi loa lanakila ma luna o Napoleon. He ole ulia 115 kanaka, mai waena o nā Decembrists - i komo o ka Patriotic Kaua o 1812. Aia hoʻi, i ka oihana koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe, freeing ka aina Europa, ka mea, aole halawai savagery o serfdom. Ua alakai ia lakou e noonoo i ko lakou heluia ana i ka aina, "na kauwakane a me nā haku."

Ua ua ahuwale ia serfdom iho i ola ma hope iho kona waiwai. Kauaʻaoʻao ma kaʻaoʻao a me na makaainana, e kamailio pu ana me ia, i ka wā e hiki mai Decembrists hele mai i ka manao i kanaka pono i ka maikaʻi ma mua o hopena slavish ka'āina. Mahiʻai, hoi, ua manaolana ia ma hope o ke kaua, kā lākou kulana home 'ole e hoʻololi i ka maikaʻi, no ka mea, ka mea, ua hoʻokahe lākou i ke koko no ka pono o ka'āina. Akā, Eia naʻe, i ka Auguseto a me ka hapanui o nā aliʻi paa paʻa ma i ka pakaua. I mea no ke aha mai ka 1814 a hiki i 1820 makahiki, i ke aupuni akula nô ia ma luna o nā haneri kua'āina uprisings. Ke apotheosis ua he kipi ku e Colonel Schwartz Semenovski kiai i ka 1820. Kona lokoino i na mea koa loa a pau palena. Activists o ka Decembrist neʻeʻana, Sergey Muravev-Apostol a me Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin,ʻike maka i kēia mau hanana, e like me ka hookauwa aku i loko o kēia regiment.

Ua E hoi e kaulana ia i kekahi uhane o ka noa manaʻo luna o ka hapanui o na i komo i loko o Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum: no ka laʻana, kona puka, he Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, a me ka noho kauwa ole ana-puni poem e Pushkin hoʻohana like inspirational nā manaʻo.

Hawaii Society o ka Decembrists

E hoʻomaopopo i i ole e ala aʻeʻoe mai o wahi i ka neʻeʻana o ka Decembrists: ka mea, ulu mai o ko ke ao nei ka hoʻokahuli aupuni i ka manaʻo nui. Paulo Pestel kākau ihola ia ia mau manao e hele "mai kekahi kihi oʻEulopa ia Rusia", uhiʻo ia mau mea kū'ē i ka mentality Tureke a me Enelani. Hoʻokō ma ka hana ana i nā manaʻo o ka Decembrist malu nā kaiapili. I ka mua o ia mau mea - ka Union o ke ola (St. Petersburg, makahiki 1816,) a me ka Union o lāua nohoʻana (1918). Ka lua mai ai ma luna o ke kumu o ka mea mua, ua emi huna nae a me ka loaʻa o ka nui loa o na hoa. I ka 1820, a disbanded ia no o ka divergence o ka manao.

I ka 1821, he hou hui haku o nā nā kaiapili: ka North (i loko o St. Petersburg, ua ma ke poʻo o Nikita Muravev) a me ka aoao hema (ma Kiev, ua ma ke poo o Paulo Pestel). Hema ke kaiāulu kanaka, ua oi reactionary wale: e hookupaa nui ae i ka repubalika, ka mea i mōhai aku, e pepehi i ke alii. Hawaii Society kanu'ōiwi poe ekolu ka pāʻana o: ka mea mua, a me P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky kuhikuhi, a, lua - S. ka holo akula-Apostol, kolu - Davydov a me S. Volkonskiy.

Paulo Ivanovich Pestel

I ka luna o ka Hawaiian Society, Paulo Ivanovich Pestel, i hānauʻia ma ka makahiki 1793 ma Moscow. He loaa i ka hoʻonaʻauao maikaʻi i loko o Europa, a ma luna o kona hoi ana i Rusia helu kuhi puke, e lawelawe i loko o ka pūʻali Pages - pakahi aku la ia i waena o ka aeia no na'lii. Nāʻaoʻao i kino kama'āina i na lala a pau o ka imperial ohana. It mua hoike okoa ana-puni glances ka opiopio Pestel. Brilliantly puka 'o ia mai ka pūʻali,ʻo ia mau e lawelawe i loko o ka Lituania regiment me ke ano o ka hae Life kiai.

Iloko o ke Kaua o 1812 Pestel uaʻino eha. Ola iho, hoike i ka hana, kaua makau ole aku lakou. Ma ka pau ana o ke kaua Pestel na luna hoʻolilo 'ia', a me ke gula ka uku nui loa na mea kaua. Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua II,ʻo ia hoolilo e lawelawe i loko o ka lio Regiment - i ka manawa o ka loa 'ihiʻihi wahi.

Oiai ma St. Petersburg, Pestel ike e pili ana i kekahi hui pu malu (i ka hoola ana o ka Union) a me ka loko ia koke mai. Paul helu kuhi puke i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ke ola. I ka 1821, alai ae i ka Hawaiian ke kaiāulu kanaka, - ma keia la oia i kōkua ma ka eloquence lede, he akamai a me ka mana o ka olelo malimali. No ka mea, o keia mau ano i kona manawa, ua hoʻokō 'ia ke kuʻikahi, o ka manao o ka Hawaii a me ka Northern nā kaiapili.

Pestel ka kumukānāwai

I ka 1923, ka mea hoohana i ka polokalamu o ka Hawaiian Society, i houluuluia e Pavlom Pestelem. Ua hoʻoholo like aponoia na lala a pau o ka hui - i ka wā e hiki mai Decembrists. Pokole ka mea loaʻa ka 'ikamu i kēia:

1. Rusia e lilo i ka repubalika, hoʻokahi a me ka indivisible, oia hoi o ka 10 apana. Public aaieieno? E e lawe mai ma ka People ka Aha (kau) a me ke aliʻi ma Duma (ka hooko).
2. Ma kamaʻilio akula i ke kahe o ka serfdom Pestel i manaoia e koke ana ia, māheleʻana i ka'āina i loko o nā māhele: na kauwa a me na konohiki. Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ka la mahope, e hoolimalima ia no ka mahiʻai. Noiʻi manaoio ia ina ka mihi ana o 1861 ma ka abolition o serfdom e Pestel hele aku la i ka manaʻo, ke aupuni makemake koke ma luna o ka bourgeois, hoʻokele waiwai e holumua ai alanui o? Acaeoey.
3. Ke abolition o ke kula, papa. Nā kanaka holoʻokoʻa o ke aupuni ua haawiia keia i like kanaka, ka mea, i ka ia like ma mua o ka kānāwai. Hai aku pilikino ku okoa ana a me ka inviolability o ke kanaka a me ka noho.
4. Tsarist aupuni categorically ole ia Pestel, no laila, ua koi ia ka physical ka make ana o ka holoʻokoʻa aliʻi ohana ia.

Ua Ua ea ae ka hana i ka "Lūkini Make" e komo i loko o ka lalau wale i ka wa i ka uprising. He ke kumu o kānāwai o ke aupuni.

Northern Society o ka Decembrists

Northern Society hele mai i loko o ola i loko o 1821, ma ka luawai. Mua i kekahi hapa o ka mea, oia no mau pūʻulu, hui hope. It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka mea mua pūʻulu ua oi'ano'ē, ka i komo pili ana i ka manao o Pestel a loa maliu i kona "Lūkini Make".

Activists o ka Northern Society, he Nikita Muravev (poo), Kondraty Ryleev (Hope), Prince Obolensky a me Trubetskoy. Aʻole ka mea liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ke kaiāulu kanaka, kūlana Radio Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society hanaʻano nui i loko o St. Petersburg, akā,ʻo ia, ua he lālā ma Moscow.

Way e hoohui i ka'ākau a me ka hema nā kaiapili i Ua i ka lōʻihi, a loa ola. Ka mea, i kekahi kumu hoa pāonioni ma kekahi nīnūnē. Eia naʻe, ma ka Ahaolelo i ka 1824, ka mea i hooholoia, e hoʻomaka i ke kaʻina hana o ka unification i ka 1826. Ke uprising ma December 1825 luku i kēia mau mea kuka.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - hele mai ana, mai ka aliʻi ohana. Hânau 'ia i ka makahiki 1795, i loko o St. Petersburg. I loaa i ka hoʻonaʻauao nui ma Moscow. Ka War o 1812 loaʻa iā ia i loko o ka papa o collegiate Kakau o na Kuhina o ka Lunakanawai. Ke kaua,ʻo ia holo aku mai ka hale, e he maikaʻi loa 'oihana i loko o nā kaua.

Ma hope o ka Apana World War hoʻomaka hana i kekahi hapa o ka malu nā kaiapili: ka Union o ke ola, a me ka Union o pomaikai. Eia hou, i palapala mai ai i kaʻo Samuel no ka hope. Manaoio, aole loa no e hookupaaia ka republican 'ano o ke aupuni, ka mea hiki wale ke kōkua i ka oihana koa coup. I loko o ka huakaʻi no ka hema me P. Pestel. Aka hoi, o kāna mau hoʻolālā kona 'ole - ka Northern Society, akā, he adherent' aʻole i haehae, akā, ma ka mea ku ole, ua 'Imi cooperating.

Ka mua paiia o kona hoʻokolohua o ke Kumukanawai i kākau ai i loko o 1821, akā,ʻaʻoleʻo ia i loaʻa i ka pane mai lālā 'ē aʻe o ke kaiāulu. A iki ma hope,ʻo ia e noonoo i kona mau manao, a ua hoʻokuʻuʻia ka hou polokalamu kaumaha ma ka Northern Society.

Muraveva kumukanawai

Kumukanawai Muravʻev hookomoia na kēia mau 'ikamu:

1. Rusia e lilo i ke kumukānāwai Kalikiano a: ka ahaolelo - ka Aha Duma, iloko olaila i mau keena; hooko - ka Emperor (ma ka hui pu ana, - i ka lokomaikai kiekie luna). Kaawale, ia stipulated ana oia i ole i ka pono, e hoʻomaka a pau i ke kaua ma luna o lākou iho. Ma hope o kekahi i kā mākou iʻekolu kāuʻikepili o ka Auguseto ua e kakauinoa i ke kānāwai. Veto ka mea,ʻaʻohe pono, ke hookaulua wale nō ka hōʻailona i ka manawa.
2. A hiki i ka abolition o serfdom aina kuleana o landowners haʻalele nona a me ka mahiʻai - kā lākou mau kahua, eia kekahi hui 2 eka i kela hale.
3. Ke kuleana e koho - wale i ka aina nona. Women, nomads a me ka 'ole-mea nona ka mea i kaulia ana.
4. Hoopau i ke kula o nā papa, e hoohaahaa iho a pau ma kekahi inoa: ke kamaaina wau. Ke Hookolokolo'ōnaehana mea hoʻokahi no a pau.

Ka holo akula lii i kona mana o ke kumu kanawai, e halawai inaina nui ia'ku, no laila, ka mea i hoomakaukau i ka hoike i ke ano o na mea kaua.

E hoomakaukau ana no ka uprising

Malu nā kaiapili, e like me ka ho'ākāka 'ia ma luna, he 10 makahiki ma mua o ka uprising hoomaka ana. Ua pono e mai la oia i ka olelo hooholo o ka kipi i waho loa spontaneously.

Oiai ma Taganrog, make Alexander I. I ka wa e kaawale aku o hooilina o ka mea e hiki mai ana ia Auguseto Ua manao ia e Constantine, kaikaina o Alexander. Ka pilikia ua mea la oia i hookahi malu abdicated. Alaila, o ka papa hele i ke kaikaina, ma Rotehama. i hookahuli ai i kanaka, i ka ike e pili ana i renunciation. Akā, ma Rotehama hoʻoholo i December 14, 1925, e lawe i ka hoʻohikiʻana.

lilo i ka make ana o Alexander ka hoʻomaka wahi no na kipi. Ka mea, maopopo ia ia ka manawa e hanaʻi, hoʻowahāwahā i ka pono kīvila kanakaʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Hawaii a me ka Northern nā kaiapili. Ka mea, ua maopopo nö iä ia i ka manawa e hoomakaukau pono no ka uprising ka mea, iʻuʻuku, akā, manaʻo mea i hala i kēia wahi - karaima. Ua kakau iho la Ivan Puschin i kona hoa Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

A halawai mai la me ka po mua December 14, na kipi hoomakaukau i kekahi kumumanao o ka hana. Ua maʻi hēhē ia i ka kēia mau kumu:

1. Hoonoho luna o Prince Trubetskoy.
2. E lawe i ka Winter Palace, a me ka la o Petero a me Paul hūlili. Kuleana no ia i kauoha mai ai Yakubovich a me Bulatov.
3. Ma Rotehama i e pepehi Lutanela P. Kakhovsky. Kēia hana e ia i ka hōʻailona no ka hana no ka poʻe kipi.
4. Hoʻomaka propaganda hana i waena o nā koa, a malimali mai ia ma kaʻaoʻao o ka poʻe kipi.
5. E koi aku i ke Senate, e hoohiki, laulea a hiki i ka ia Auguseto waiho ia Kondrati Ryleeva a me Ivan Pushin.

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i manaʻo mai wā e hiki mai Decembrists. Mōʻaukala mai nei i ka poe kipi o ko lākou mau 'ia i i ka denunciation o ka pōʻino e hiki mai nei ma Rotehama i hope Hoohuli aku la ia ia e hoonoho i ke Senate hoohiki o ka oihana i loko o ka kakahiaka nui ma 14 December.

Ke kipi: ka mea i paʻa

Ke uprising i i hele aku e like me ke kōmi'ōkuhi, a ua manao kipi. Senate manawa e hoohiki, laulea a hiki i ka Auguseto mua o ka manaʻo pīhoihoi.

Eia naʻe, hoalaala ia i na shelves o nā koa ma ka mea o ke kaua i loko o ka Senate Square, a pau ua kali ana no ka kuleana hana ma ka aoao o ka'ōnaehana.
Ivan Puschin a Kondraty Ryleev hele mai hoʻi, a'ōlelo aku i loko o ka imminent ana o ke kauoha, Prince Trubetskoy. I ka la mahope, ma ka hoololi ana i na kipi Holo Malie i loko o ke alii ka General Staff. He nele i ka hoʻomaopopo i ka drastic hana i mea i koi 'ia o ka ia.

Ma ka hopena, i ka uprising i uhi pū.

Ke hopu a me ka pā hale

Ma St. Petersburg, hoomaka ae la e hele i ka hopu mua, a me ka hooko ana o ka Decembrists. An hana hoihoi 'oiaio o ia ka hoʻokolokolo' ana o nā detainees komo i ke Senate, e like me ka manaʻo, a me ka Aha Kiekie ua hōʻike hewa ogranizovanny Rotehama I no ka manawa. Ka loa mua, ma mua o ka kipi, December 13, i hopu Paulo Pestel. Ka mea, ua kokoke ma mua o ka ke kipi,ʻo ia i kekahi hoa o ka Hawaiian Society A. Mayboroda, ka poe i huli mea kumakaia. Pestel ma Tulchin hopuia, a lawe i ka St. Petersburg o Petero a me Paul hūlili.

Mayboroda, palapala iho la i ka denunciation a me N. Muraviev, ka mea i hopu ia ma luna o kona waiwai.

Ma lalo o ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana, he 579 kanaka. 120 o ia i a hoʻokuewa wale 'i ka hana oolea ma Siberia (i waena o lākou, Nikita Muravev), a pau i ignominiously ho'ēmi i loko o ka huakaʻi. Five kipi i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka make.

hooko

Kamaʻilio akula i ke kahua, ma ka mea hiki ke ala o ka hooko ana o ka Decembrists, ma Rotehama mai la oia i ke koko e ole e hookaheia. Penei, ka mea, na koa o ke Kaua Honua II, ua ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka mea inoa haumiaʻolokeʻa.

ʻO wai ka mea i hana Decembrists? Ko lakou mau inoa e like penei: Paulo Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Ua heluhelu ia ka verdict ma July 12, a kaawe ae la July 25, 1926. Ka hooko ana o ka Decembrists loa e iai? Oaiaaiiua kūkulu heʻolokeʻa me ka kūikawāʻano papa hana. Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole me nā pale poʻohiwi: na kanaka ekolu, haule iho la i ko lakou mau ami, i ka mea e e kaulia hou.

Place ma ka la o Petero a me Paulo hūlili, ma ka Decembrists i hana - ia crownwork. Aia ka he kia hoʻomanaʻo no ko ka obelisk a me ka māpala haku mele 'ana. Ua nô kêia ke koa me ka i kaua aku ai no kā lākou mau ideals hoʻokō Decembrists. e kii o ko lakou mau inoa ma ke kia.