Eduard Bernstein: XIX. Ideas

Ua i ka mea nana i ninau aku i ka naueue ole o ka Marxist olelo. E like me ka vivid kākoʻo iā ia, a lawelawe kemokalaka manaʻo,ʻo ia i ka mea kākau o ka hou pähola 'o ka revisionism, i aha ka kumu o ka huli ana a hiki i ka manaoio'ōnaehana, a ua hahai ma hope SDs. Kēia kanaka - Eduard Bernstein. "Bichevatel" Marxism a me ke poo o ka Apana International ua loa hoomaopopoia i ke ao ana o ka "'opi o ka capitalism" a me ka pähola 'ana o ka "impoverishment o ka proletariat" i loko o ka hewa kumu. No laila, i ka ia, Eduard Bernstein, a me ke kumu a pau o ka ulia ia i lilo i hoa paio o Marx? E hoomanao i keia ninau i hou au mamuli.

Makahiki o ka wā kamaliʻi a me ka adolescence

Ua ua ike ia Eduard Bernstein, nona ka pōkole Kawaihae mea o ka ukupanee i ka moʻolelo a me ka mau kānakaʻepekema, Ua hānauʻia i loko o ka Iudaio ohana. Kēia hanana ana January 6, 1850 ma Germany. ole Edward mau makua, he mau waiwai, akā, aka hoi, ua hiki ke haawi aku i ko lakou poe mamo i ka hoʻonaʻauao ka mea. Future Social Democrats he kula keiki 'kula pau, laila, hoomaka ae la e hele i ke kula.

ke kanaka opio la, komo aku i ke Kula o Pāʻoihana. Lilo kona puka, oia loaʻa he 'oihana me he Kakauolelo i loko o ka mea hui panakō kula nova ma ka Rothschilds i loko o ka Kelemānia kulanakauhale alii.

SDP

Eduard Bernstein, ua like ke kanaka'ōpiopio hoʻomaka e e hoʻomau ana ma ka kumumanaʻo o ka socialism. Oiai këia ma ke kula,ʻo ia e hoʻokau i ka kekahi papakoa i kapaia "Utopia", i nā kanaka e like me kona manao. I ka 1872, ui kanaka hui mai i ka poʻe kaua o ka German Social kemokalaka Party. Ma ia laua, oia ua komo i loko o journalistic hana i loko o ke kula kālai'āina. Soon Eduard Bernstein, kona Kawaihae ua ike ole no a pau, ka mea, o ke kākoʻo iā ia, no Socialist kumumanaʻo ulu Dühring. Ma ka hopena o 1870s, ua banned ka Kelemānia Aupuni ka nupepa i hoopuka ia e ka Social Democrats, ma hope i i puʻe wale akula kēlā i ke kanaka uʻi, e haʻalele i kona'āina.

emigration

He neʻe i Kuikilana. No kekahi manawa i ke kanaka ui, e hana me ke kakauolelo ma ka pāʻoihana Hochberg, i ke kālā no kekahi mau ka lehulehu ākea Social Democrats.

I ke kakahiaka nui 1880s, Eduard Bernstein, hoomaka ae la e hana i loko o ka periodical "Social Democrat" me ka OAaAeAEeOIeO. Ma keia kulana, oia i hana no ka aneane 10 makahiki, e lilo ana i ka oluolu insurgents i, laila, ke ahonui ua ho'āʻo 'ia e ka Hawaiian Aupuni, ka Social Democrats a kipakuia mai o ka aina. Ma hope o Edward holo ÿana i ka UK, ma kona hoʻopaʻi lawe me ia iho Engels. Ka mea, e mau hoapili, a Bernstein - he kākoʻo iā ia, no ka Marxist olelo.

i Germany

I ke kakahiaka nui 1890s, Edward hope ae, e hoʻi i kona'āina, kahi āna e kālele ana ma luna o nā hoʻoikaikaʻana o kona 'oihana pili aupuni. Ma kēia wahi,ʻo ia hope hoʻoholo ma luna o ka poʻe uʻi a o ke ao ana.

I ka 1902, ka Social Democrats lilo i lâlâ o ka Kelemānia hale kanawai. He E hana me ka uuku wanaao ae ma keia nona iho a hiki i 1928.

I ka kumumanaʻo o ka revisionism

Ma ka mōʻaukala o Bernstein ia i komo i ka hoa o ka Marxist ao, i mea, aole ia iʻae aku i nā mea a pau kona ai, akā, wale i kekahi. He pū hoʻomohala i ke ao ana o ka revisionism.

Ka mea kākau Hoopaa loa i Marx ka kumumanaʻo nele hou, no ka mea, holo loan i ka hou mōʻaukala hana a me ka pukaʻana o ka socialism like me ka manao pili aupuni, a pehea ao mea wale pono. Akā, me ka manao paa Eduard Bernstein, a me ka hanau ana o ka revisionism i loaa mai me ka manaʻoe hōʻeha ma ka luna o ka RussianʻOiʻenehana Vladimirom Leninym.

Ma kana mau hana "pilikia o ka Socialism" a me "pilikia o ka Socialism a me ka nohona aupuni a ka lehulehu" Social Democrats ua kālaiʻia i kona kumu o ia hoʻi: "Ka neʻe - a pau me ka mea hope loa pahuhopu - kekahi mea".

Ke ae pā o ka noʻonoʻo loi o ka Marxist kumumanaʻo

He ua, e like me ka olelo maluna, ua ninau aku i ka pono o kekahi mea i ho'ākāka 'o Marxism i ka olelo o ka' epekema ho'ōia. Mau nā, i loko o 'ana, a hiki i ka dogma i ka hooulu ana o ka capitalism, e hoʻonāukiuki aku i ka impoverishment o ka proletariat. Aha i ole i ua kuikahi, Eduard Bernstein? I ka walaʻauʻana i ka manaʻo nui o Marxism haʻalele mai ia ma muli o ka mea i ka bourgeois'ōnaehana komo ai OAXA lehulehu o ke kulanakauhale alii i loko o nā nāʻoihana o ka hoʻokele waiwai ', ia. E like me ka Social Democrats, ka nui ulu ka capitalist'ōnaehana, ke emi mai kekahi 'ke kūlanaʻokoʻa, a me na ola o ka ano o ka poe e hana ana ma keia hihia, e ke hou ma ka lilo ana o ka moku'āina loli'.

A ma ke kūkulu i ka nohona moku'āina o ka bourgeois 'ano o ka mea nui hoʻopololei - ka Ahaolelo, ma i ka "haʻalele" E hoʻokū' ia ma ka hapa nui.

Eia naʻe, Bernstein mea he kākoʻo iā ia, no gradual mihi a pili aupuni a me ka oicyenoaaiiie hui. A me ka pakiko-paa nā loina o ka kūpaʻa a me ka aupuni a ka lehulehu pono no hoi "pahee" a me ka "ikea ai" hoʻokō. Eia naʻe esdekov ao ku forcible (mechanically) ma ka disrupting i ke kaʻina, ole ke kaiāulu kanaka, ke maka i ka hoʻoponopono ulia.

Paradoxical mea i ka hana i ole hoopaa i ka kumumanaʻo o Marx, a Engels, e like me ka mea wale nō i ka mākaukau i ke kaua 'ana o ka mana ma ka proletariat o ke alakai i "socialization" o ka hoʻokele waiwai.

"Ua mea hiki i ka 'epekema socialism?"

Pela o ka hana Eduarda Bernshteyna, i kākau 'ia ma 1901. Ma ka mea,ʻo ia i makemake ai i ka papa kuhikuhiE mau mea o ka mihi e pili ana i ka Marxist kumu hoʻohālike o ke? Acaeoey. I ka manaʻo o ka socialism Social Democrats noonoo ekolu mea nui o ka nānaina. Ka mua hoʻohuʻu socialism me ke kumumanaʻo, i ke kumu o ka a i ka papaʻokoʻa.

Ka lua o ka nānaina ua Positioning i ka mea like me ka holo no ka hou 'ana o ka capitalist'ōnaehana i loko o ka like aina me na kumu hoʻohālikelike a. Ke kolu o ka paipai i socialism - he ao ana i Hōʻike a ala i ka hooulu ana o ke kaiāulu.

Eduard Bernstein ma keia hana ua hoʻokoʻikoʻiʻia i hai mai pahu hopu o ka papa e kue e like me ka mea maikaʻi pahu hopu o? Acaeoey o ke kaiāulu - ia mea he Classic hewa.

"O na mea postulate i ka kumumanaʻo o ka socialism, kūkuluʻia i loko o ke kūlana o ka 'epekema, e e hoʻonoho me he invariable rula i loko o ka pae ana o kona Logical hoike. A kumuhana o kokoke alu like 'ana me ka mea, i ka i socialism AIM, keia mea ia paha e hoemi i ole mea hiki neʻe i loko o kekahi mau hihia, "- kākau" bichevatel "o Marxism.

Bernstein e waiho aku i ka manaʻo e socialism like me ka ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka hana a me ka pähola 'Aʻole e hāʻawi liloʻole aʻe i ka' epekema iainiiaaiey, eia nae ka mea i pono ia. Ka nui, e hoike ana i ke ao ana o ka socialism mea viable wale ma ke ano i ka mea hoomakaukau i kekahi mau pono a me ka loio dogma.

Eia naʻe revisionist esdekov wā hoohalike ana me loa rejection hoʻomanaʻo a me Marxism kumumanaʻo.

Personal e pili ana i Marxism Social Democrats

Eduard Bernstein like me ka ideologue o ka lawelawe aupuni a ka lehulehu i na aʻo o Karla Marksa heluia, ka henua. ike aku la oia ia me ka pulakaumaka o ka papa paio kumumanaʻo, mōʻaukala, kālaiʻike, ka manaʻo politika hoʻokele waiwai o ka capitalism, a me keia symbiosis i hōʻano hou ana-maka noiʻi kūlana o kivila lehulehu.

Eduard Bernstein ua hiki i ka hapa 'ia' neutralize i ka inviolability o ka walaʻauʻana tenets o Marxism, akā,ʻo mea, e kaʻawale ia i loko o ka maikaʻiʻaoʻao. Ma 'ana, ka Social Democrats manaoio pomaikai o ka mea i nā aʻo o Karla Marksa a pau e hiki ke consolidate a me ke kākoʻo'-nei mau ano oiaio o socialism: ka papa paio, a me ka uhane a me kaʻimi naʻauao hana.

Kakaolelo mea o ka manao i ka papa kuhikuhiE ke keʻena o Bernstein ka manaʻo ua i ka 'imi naʻauao honesty. He ua i ka mua o na ukali o ke aʻo a Marx, a Engels huki hoʻolohe i kona kūlana a me ka laulā o ka hou mōʻaukala keia.