'Eleu a me ka' ole o ka fungus. Avilable amanita

Mawaena o ke kanawai elima aupuni o ke 'ano i loko o ka kūikawā kūlana i Fish. Ka mea, i hana hiʻona e emi iho ia me kū hoʻokahi, nona akā loa nui a me ka pono no ka mea i hoʻolilo 'ia a me ke kanaka kino. Hiʻona o ka 'ole a me ka functioning o Fish a mākou e ho'āʻo e noonoo i ka' atikala i ka ke kū hoʻokahi o ia i maopopo.

hiʻona

oi aku 100 o ko lākou mau laha 'no i ke aupuni o ke fungi. A i waena o ia oe ke halawai ai i kekahiʻano o nā 'ano apau loa ma ke kaʻina hana o ka lako:

• saprophytes;
• parasites;
• symbionts.

Lower unicellular a multicellular meaola kiekie aeʻikepili hale i laha ma ka ano a me ka noho he nui ka lewa i loko o ke aloha honua nenoaiu. Mai kala fungi a me nā kānaka, e like me ka meaola i hele mai i loko o hui 'ana me lākou,ʻaʻole wale externally, akā, no hoi ma ke kelepona hele pae, maloko (parasitic fungi, Candida).

A nui kūlana ola kanaka o loko o Radio he kūikawā papa Basidiomycetes, a me blewits. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, i ka uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o ia - Ua edible? Ueo i hoʻohanaʻia e kānaka me ka waiwai'aiaola huahana no na mea he nui millennia.

Mai ka liluwelo wahi o ka hoomaopopo, ka mea hewaʻiʻo kūikawā noonoo ana o ka 'ole o ka fungus, a i ka helu o nā moʻolelo like me ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona meaola. 'Oiai, mawaho ia mea oi kokoke i ke kanu aupuni. I mau, ke Fish mea nō mea kanu'ōiwi kaapuni, ina he unicellular meaola, ka mea, he o hyphae noncellular mycelium, a me sporangia a me spores. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka mea kiekie loa ka poeikohoia, oiai mall māhele e like penei:

• mycelium (mycelium) - lola honua hapa;
• hyphae ulana pūʻia i loko o ka Honolulu loa e hana i ka hua kino;
• wawae;
• ua inaina i ka.

Aia nō ka poʻe i nā He keʻa ma waena o nā fungi lalo a luna i loko o ka 'ole a me ka aoao o ke ola.

Mea Maluna

Hoikehonua, taxonomy he 7 nui papa hui i mau papaʻekolu. 'Ole a me ka' eleu o Fish kēlā i kā lākou mau 'ano a me ka waiwai. E mākou huli ia i loko o au mamuli.

Phycomycetes

Ke uie kekahi hapanui hewahewa o kēia mau meaola - ia mea parasitic, a i hoʻohana saprophytic ano e kanu ola, holoholona pono, ka ai, ka hale mau. O nā ekolu papa.

• Chytridiomycota - poʻe i noho ma ka hou a me ka paakai wai. Parasitic ma luna o ka līoho hiki iʻai saprotrophic decomposing koe o ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona nā'aʻaʻa. Ho i,? A? Ole. Hiʻona o ka 'ole o kēia' ano o ka fungus - i aeee i mau ka ulu o ke - rizomitselii ana no ka IeIIeYOA i ka kūpapakū, e like me ka neʻeʻana i loko o ka wai kolamu. Poeikohoia chytrid, monoblefarisovye, spizellomitsetovye, rizofidievye meaola.
• Oomycetes - noho pilikia loa parasites o kiekie mea kanu, e like me ka wai punahelu shape. Ke kanu'ōiwi poe ma ka fungus mycelium multicore ole-ke kelepona hele, nā'ōlelo lŘlŘ ma ka neʻe zoospores. Ke alo aku o ka kelulose i loko o ka halepaahao paia paipai koke i na mea kanu a hiki i ka nui loa ma mua o nā fungi. Me ka Poeikohoia o Phytophthora, peronospory a me na mea e ae. 'Aʻole wale nō i awi aku māhele o nā mea kanu, akā, no hoi lakou i na mai o ka meaola kai, i kekahi manawa luku holoʻokoʻa ulu.
• Zygomycetes - i ka poʻe i noho ma ka aina a me ka lewa, unicellular huikau 'ano apau loa. More e e kamaʻilio nui ma luna o ke kumu hoohalike o ke huali Luna - Mucor.
• Gifohitridiomitsety - waena ano o ka 'ole a me ka aoao o ke ola i waena o ka Oomycetes a me ka Chytridiomycetes.

Eumitsety

Kēia waeʻano nā oi? Acaeoey? Holomua ano o nā papaʻekolu.

• Ascomycetes - waiwai i ka 'inikua hoʻomaʻamaʻa Fish. Build hoʻohuʻu mycelium, multicellular, septate, a he mahalo ulu. E like me kona inoa (marsupials), ua loaa mau Fish no ka palapala i mau aa moni, recess a asci, i oʻo 'īnea i spores - ascospores. Ka 'ole o ka hyphae e makana ma nā wēlau o ka a i hana conidia komo i loko o nā'ōlelo. Ka Poeikohoia ka hū, Penicillium, Aspergillus, a me na mea e ae. Au i hoʻomaopopo ai i ka nui, e hoike ana, ua hiki i ka paka antibiotics he nui? Ueo.
• Deuteromycetes, a imperfect fungi. Ka hapanui o ka poeikohoia o ka genus Candida helu i ke kumu i ka ua inoa o ka maʻi i loko o kānaka a me nā holoholona. Hit na nā'aʻaʻa a me nā loko. Ka mea, e mai i keia spawn wale psevdostrukturu. E hoonui i, ho okumu i chlamydospores.
• Basidiomycetes a shlyapochnye palapala. Ka 'ole o ka fungus papa e e kūkākūkā i hou au mamuli lalo nei.

Mea like a me nā meaola

Ka 'ole o na keena o ka mea kanu, holoholona, fungi, i ka helu o nā hiʻona i ka pono. Ua mea Nolaila nō,ʻaʻole hope hoʻoholo inā e līkaia no ka meaola i loko o ninau ma ke kaʻawale aupuni a hui pu iho la me ka mea kanu a me nā holoholona nō.

Ka mea mea i loaʻa i ka helu o nā kumu ma a na Fish e like me ka poe o flora:

1. Nona iho no kona palena ulu ma ke ola.
2. Fungal aeee i mānoanoa aeea pā, e like me mea kanu.
3. ki ina hana like o nā'ōlelo e like: ma ka mea o spores a me na hapa o ka mycelia, i mea vegetatively.
4. Hikiʻole e neʻe i loko o ka lewa.
5. Omo o ka mahuaola omo hana.

Eia naʻe, ma ka Akä naÿe i ka poe e noho ana ma luna o kēia mau kumu E hoomanao i Fish i ka lalo mea kanu, e haawi aku i ka helu o ka hoike ana i emi ma mua aʻo Kīwala'ō o kēia mau meaola i na holoholona:

1. Ke kelepona hele pa kekahi mau polysaccharides - chitin. ʻOiaiʻo ia mea ia ke exoskeleton o crustaceans a me kekahi nā mea kolo.
2. Ke metabolic huahana o fungi i ua loaʻa ko läkou 'o uricʻakika.
3. Reserve māhuaola i loko o kēia mau meaola - glycogen, e like me ka kānaka.
4. Ma ke ala o ke omo o ka māhuaola mea heterotrophic meaola i ua 'akomi i chlorophyll i loko o kā lākou mau keena.

Penei, ka mea, ua maopopo i ka Fish a pau - keia mea he kuokoa aupuni, a me kona maopopo hiʻona.

'Ole o ka fungal halepaahao

i ka luna a me nā mea like oko a me nā meaola e noho ana e lewa i loko o ka 'ole i loko o uuku ke kelepona heleʻilikai. No ka laʻana, ka mea fungal halepaahao i ka helu o na kēia mau hiʻona:

1. Waho, ka mea, ua kaawale ma ka halepaahao paia i ka mea kanu. Eia naʻe, 'ona i kekahi hapa o keia' ole hōʻike i loaʻa ua nui mea like me na holoholona. Eiiiiiaiou: chitin (i loko o kekahi mau laha 'o kelulose), glycan, polysaccharides, monosaccharides, heteropolymers. Over manawa, i kēia 'ole hiki ossify, loaa kalipuna oxalate paakai, a laila, nae ko waho mycelium kino e paa like kanu anei i. Ma kekahi mau hihia, ua uhiia i ka halepaahao paia me ka bitumena ma ke waho.
2. Next mea he maʻamau 'ole o ka wai kokoʻili lahilahi - ka wai-mosaic ho okumu oia hoi o bilipidnogo, ahu iho me ka hou ana i, a i loko iho nā polokina o kekahi mau hana. ʻili lahilahi hana nōʻo ia me ia ma kiekie meaola, - e hōʻoia i ka hana a me ka OE amo i loko o ka halepaahao, a mai o ia.
3. Ma lalo o ke aupuni 'plasmalemma protoplast ec ka vacuole, ke nucleus me nucleoli hyaloplasm cytoplasm a me organelles.
4. Vacuole me aeea SAP - ia mea he piha aupuni similarity i ka mea kanu aeea. I loko o ke ola-hoʻololi nui a me ka nui o kaʻikepili hale. Ma kekahi kākoʻo aeea i kekahi nui parietal vacuole hoopihaia me ka pāʻoihana na polyphosphates, carbohydrates,'aiaola ke aloha nā lātoma.
5. Ua pinepine i loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻokahi kope i ke nucleus a me ka nucleolus. Ke aupuni 'kokoke i ka waenakonu o ka halepaahao hookauwa no ka ho'āhu a me ka pū i hiki aaiaoe' ike i loko o ka palapala o ka nukeleaʻakika nā lātoma (DNA, RNA) a. Interestingly ka 'ole o na keena o ka fungus i kāna mau' ōlelo ma ka māheleʻana i ka mitosis maalahi loa, akā,ʻaʻole koke hāʻule i loko o nā keena transverse constriction. No laila, i kekahi manawa ma ka Fish 'ole hiki ke' akomi a trinuclear pālua Kora naʻEsau ho okumu.
6. Ua ho hyaloplasm cytoplasm a me aeea organelles. Ke kinowai meakino mea hoʻoheheʻe carbohydrates hoonohonoho inclusion glycogen ulu microfilaments, keena hana cytoskeleton. Ma organelles nā mitochondria, ribosomes, dictyosomes. Kamailio e pili ana i nā hiʻona o ka 'ole o ka fungus, ia mea kumukuai i haiia ae lomasomah. Kēia translucent bipi, kona kūlana mea,ʻaʻole i maopopo.

Penei, o ka halepaahao o ke fungus he mea like me nā holoholona, a me ka laau. Naʻe, ka mea, ka loaʻa, a haka kekahi eiiiiiaiou.

Unicellular fungi: Mucor

Ka Poeikohoia o na ano ike, paha a pau. White fluffy punahelu e 'ōili mai ma luna o ka ai, ka lau a me na huaai, stale nō hoʻi a me ka holoholona nā'aʻaʻa - he fungi o ka genus Mucor ka papa Zygomycota.

Externally, a hiki i ka maka kapa ole nana fluffy rug. Over manawa, ia darkens a lilo bluish, poʻo. Kēia ia lŘlŘ i ka maturation o spores ma sporangia, kahi punahelu ua lilo i oʻo, a hoomakaukau ai no nā'ōlelo.

Punahelu fungus Mucor kanu'ōiwi nā mea he mea. Mua, i ka pau o ka mea - hoʻokahi nui ke kelepona hele 'ole, a me ia mea unicellular. Pono mycelium - he nunui-kāna mau 'ōlelo, akā, me ka pa, ua hoopili i manamana ai. Kekahi loaʻa ka manaʻo o ka he multicellular meaola, akā, ia mea,ʻaʻole.

ulu i ka hyphae o ka fungus hoʻopapakū upwardly, a ua hanaʻia ma luna o ka hopena sporangium, oi globular ano, ai ka oo spores. Kekahi inoa Mucor - capitate punahelu. Ua Ua haawiia mai ia lakou, no ka mea, o keia 'ole a me ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o spore-ho okumu i nā hale.

Ma hope o kūnewa ka mea liilii loa keena hookahe mai o ka sporangia moku hoʻi iaʻu, a hoʻomaka i ka pakiko-germination i loko o ka hou palapala. I loaʻa, a me ka moe kaʻina - ia kekahi produces ka hopena he Mucor. Ka 'ole o ka pili nā loko ho kekahi a semitransparent kaula makalii o kekahi kauoha, a i pili i ka hana i ka zygote. I hope haawi hou Gifu me sporangium, a mea he kuokoa kino.

Oia ka 'ole o ka fungus, aole ia i hana ia nā palapala i kānaka. O ka holo ana, i kekahi mauʻano a hiki i mucormycosis holoholona a me nā kānaka, akā, i ka maikaʻi waiwai o keia papa nei i nui. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua waiwai nā hoʻohua o ka lāʻau '- ramitsina. No hoi e komo i kekahi kiʻekiʻe enzymatic hanaʻo ia ka mea hiki ke hana ia me ka hū like me ka moʻomeheu i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kekahi mau hoailona ia mea o ka uhane, paʻi waiūpaʻa he a pela ma ka.

Multicellular fungi: Basidiomycetes

Keia papa, ua oi aku mamua o 31,5 miliona okoa laʻelaʻe 'ia. I waena o lākou ma laila i parasites a me symbionts. Ka loa hana hoihoi pūʻulu ninoieo o edible fungus, kapa pileate. Oia ka poeikohoia o ke aupuni e komo i loko o ae pono ke alu like me ka aa o ka laau, ho okumu i ka ai-kapaia mycorrhiza - he anuanu'ōwili pūʻia o fungal hyphae, a kanu aa. O ka holo ana, no laila, hana ole a pau me ka poeikohoia, akā,ʻo nā mea e edible, hāʻule i loko o kēia waeʻano.

Avilable blewits moe i loko o ka mea ia ia multicellular hana me kekahi kino māhele, a nō kona kiʻiona hiʻona. Penei, kēlā mau 'elele mea aboveground a me ka lola honua hapa.

helehelena

Ka mawaho 'ole ninoieo o ka Fish chap ho okumu i likeʻole kinona, hua mau wāwae o kaiʻewaʻewa lōʻihi a me ka massiveness a me ka lola honua māhele - mycorrhiza oia hoi o ka mycelium hyphae, a hui me ka aa o ua laau.

Paha ka mea i loa hele ma ka ulu lāʻau,ʻo ia keʻike i ka lei nä meaʻai Fish papale peeking mai intertwining foliage a me ka ululāʻau kahua hahi. White, ulaula, alani, he lenalena,ʻeleʻele, ka poe liilii, a me ka nui, a me ka flavorful meaty,ʻono a me ka loa nutritious - Ua lilo kēia mau meaola hapa ola kanaka ka o, a e i kekahi hapa o kaʻai o ka hapanui o ia mau mea.

Waho, e hiki ke ike wale fruiting kino iho, akā, hiki wale nō ke maopopo i ka mall hiʻona o ka amanita ma ka oi maalea Ka Ikepili pauku a me ka microscopy.

kino 'ole

Kumu ua inaina i ka mycelium (mycelium) - i kēia mau mea i ka papa kuhikuhiE mall māhele o ia laʻelaʻe 'ia. Ka 'ole o ka fruiting kino o ka fungus mea okoa. Kaupalena naʻe, ka mea, oko ma ka nui a me ka kala like 'ole, e like me kekahi mau hiʻona o ka chap. Loko i ka uha mua i ua inaina i ka - he anuanu'ōwili pūʻia o fungal hyphae i loko o nā ana.

Penei,ʻo kona kumu, he haneri o na tausani o ka thinnest o lopi, i ulana pili loa i loko o ka nohona ma 'ole. Ma ka lalo o ka mea smoothly i loko o ka mycelium, hūnāʻia ma lalo o ka honua. Inā e kua i ka Fish loa me ke akahele, e hiki ke ike i ka lahilahi keʻokeʻoʻulaʻula-e like appendages e ana mai o ka honua a me ka ulu i loko o ka laau kumu.

Ma ka luna, e like ma lalo o ka chap, ua uhi stipe me ka i koe iho o kona a me ka ho'ēmiʻana i loko o kekahi? Ueo. Kēia hiʻona i ka mea hiki ke maopopo ma waena o edible a me ka make? Ueony, like hoʻi me hoonohonoho a classify ia.

I ka luna o ka ōhāhā Pelekane chap. Ma ka mea moe i ka hiʻona. Ka 'ole o ka amanita e hoomaopopo edible, mai make' ano apau loa. Penei, ka chap mea a mau hoailona ia mea:

• Ua laminekaʻia - ia ho i kaʻaoʻao ma loko o ka liʻiliʻi papa ma i i hoonohonoho a oʻo spores. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike o ka meaola volnushki, Russula, Fish.
• Tube - i hana paipu, hiki i ka maka kapa ole. ʻIkepili hale i hoʻomōhala spores e paʻi. Ano he kumu hoʻohālike: bata Fish, keʻokeʻo Fish, Aspen (CO), chanterelles.

Oia ka 'ole o ka chap, a sporangia kapa Hymenophore. uhi ma waho chap me ka lahilahi, a palupalu, ahu iho o ka ili, i loko o ko ka i ka hyphae. He pono i He okoa waihoʻoluʻu a pau, ma ka mea e hiki ke hoopai aku me he Fish.

Ka 'ole o ka mycelium

Mycelium - He mea nui loa, a ua hanaʻia ma fungi. kino 'ole ka hyphae, e like me mākou i oleloia mamua. Akā, mycelium - ka mea, ua elongated multinucleated keena devoid o kekahi pigments.

Ua mycelium komo symbiosis me ka aa o ua laau, a paʻa ma luna i ka laau mitseliynym outgrowths nā minelala hao a me ka wai. I hoʻi, ka fungus loaʻa mai i ka mea kanu ke aloha ia mea, aʻo ka mea heterotrophs ma ke ano o ka lako.

'Ole blewits hoʻohuʻu multiplication o spores. Naʻe, i ka mycelium ma ka hui 'ana me ka maʻamau kumu (maikai humidity, wela) hiki ia haawi ala i ka hou hua kino. No laila, mycelium wiwo kapa hui, o vegetative propagation.

hoopaapaa

Kēia mau moku nā hale i mea i loko o kaʻaha nui o ka lepo o okoa'ōniʻoniʻo mea he iniiaiie kumu o nā'ōlelo o ka fungi. Pele o ka sporangia ma ka chap, ka mea, ua lalau aku la ia e ka makani, a hohola iho la maluna nui mamao. He nui nā holoholona i ai fungi, hiki ole hōʻuluʻulu i ko lakou hoopaapaa, no laila, ke auoiaea me ka lepo i loko o ke kaiapuni. Here wā e hiki mai shlyapochnyeʻAno kiʻi i ka manawa e noho i loko o ka hihia o ke kukuluia'na a me ka germination o spores. Ke kinona, ka nui a me ka ano o kela mau keena hōʻike 'loa Fish? Ueony, correlating ia me ka pau papa.

Ma ka hopena, au makemake e olelo aku i ka elele o ke aupuni o ke fungi - ia mea mea nui meaola, me ka hoohuoi ana holoʻokoʻa nā kaiaola i e i ka ai lei, ma o na la irreparable ka poino i ola kanaka, akā, i haawi mai ia makou i ka antidote i na mea he nui illnesses.