Fission o ka uranium nuclei. Kaula naoh. Description o ke kaʻina

Mahele ana i ka 'ōlelo - he kaumaha'Ātoma splitting i loko o nā hakina o ka hola like ke kaupaonaʻana, ua hahai ma liberation o ka nui nui o ka ikaika.

I ka loaʻa o nukelea fission hoʻomaka 'ana o ke au hou - "'ātoma makahiki". mai kona hoʻohana 'ana i ka Loaʻaʻia o kona hiki hana a me ke koena o ke kamepiula, e pōmaikaʻi ai,ʻaʻole wale haawi ala i ka hailona o sociological, kālai'āina, waiwai a me ka akeakamai e piʻi like, akā, i ka nui pilikia. A hiki mai i ka hoʻokahi wale nō 'epekema wahi o Hawaii, ka nukelea fission kaʻina hana i ka nui helu o puzzles a me complications, a me ka pihaʻimi naʻauao wehewehe no ka mea, o ka mea o ka wā e hiki mai.

I kaʻana like '- pono

ka paa ikehu (no nucleon) oko i loko o kekahi nuclei. Kaumaha i ka haʻahaʻa paa ikehu ma mua i ke aupuni 'ia ma ka waena o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina.

Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea kaumaha nuclei ma i ka'ātoma helu nui ma mua o 100, advantageously puunaueia i loko o nā liʻiliʻi koena ai, ma laila ka hoʻokuʻu' ikehu i ua hoohuliia i loko o kinetic ikehu o ka hakina. Kēia kaʻina ua kapaia splitting 'ātoma nucleus.

I kulike ai me ke kumupaʻa hālawa, a hōʻike i ke kaukaʻi o ka helu ana o protons mai i ka pilina paʻa nuclides no neutron kaumaha nucleus makemake i ka nui helu o neutrons (like me ka helu ana o protons) ma mua o māmā. Ua paipai ia ma ka hou ana i ka splitting kaʻina hana e ke kinoea kekahi "iāʻoe" neutrons. Eia hou, ka mea, e kekahi lawe ma luna o kekahi o ka ikehu hookuu. Study fission o ka uranium nā'ātoma hōʻike i kēia paha ke he neutron 3-4: U → ^{238 145 90} La + br + 3n.

Ke'ātoma helu (a me ka'ātoma nuipa) o ka apana nahaha mea,ʻaʻole like ia me ka hapalua o ka'ātoma nuipa o ka makua. I ka likeʻole ma waena o nā nā paʻi hua o nā'ātoma i hanaʻia e like me ka hopena o ka cleavage mea IeAUPIIe, IAa IO kahi o 50. naʻe, i ke kumu no keia mea,ʻaʻole i loa kālaʻe.

Ka paʻa ikaika o ²³⁸ U, ¹⁴⁵ La br a me ⁹⁰ i 1803, 1198 a me 763 MeV pakahi. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ikehu ua hoʻokuʻu uranium fission like 1198 + 158 = 763-1803 MeV mai ana ka naoh.

noho'na makaainana i ulu fission

noho'na makaainana i ulu splitting keʻano o ka hanaʻana i ike i ke ano maoli, akā, e mau loa pohihihi keia. Ka awelika wa e ola ana o keia kaʻina mea ma kahi o 10 ^17, a, no ka mea hoike, i ka wa e ola ana awelika o Alpha-hoʻopöʻino 'ia o ka radionuclide mea e pili ana i 10 ^11.

Ke kumu no keia mea i ka mea, e hookaawale i loko o nā māhele, o ka Kora naʻEsau pono undergo mua deformation (eo) i loko o kekahi ellipsoidal palapala, a laila, ma mua o ke hope cleavage i loko o nā hakina i hana i ka "'ā'ī" i loko o ka waena.

Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai

Ma ka ino ana i ka 'ōlelo o nā koa. Kekahi o ia mau mea - i ka māhuahua 'ilikai ikehu (ili hoʻopilikia o ka wai a droplets wehewehe kona spherical shape), a me ka mea' ē aʻe - ka Coulomb repulsion ma waena o ka fission hakina. Together ka mea, paka i ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai.

Like i loko o ka hihia o ka Alpha palaho e ana noho'na makaainana i ulu fission o ka uranium'ātoma nuclei, na hakina pono maluna o keia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai ma ka mea o quantum tunneling. Ke'ākeʻakeʻa mea e pili ana 6 MeV, e like me ia ma ka hihia o Alpha-palaho, akā, i ka pahiki o tunneling o α-(particles) mea nunui oi aku ma mua o ka nui kaumaha huahana splitting'Ātoma.

puʻe wale akula kēlā hoʻololi iho

Nui hou aku paha uaʻonou fission o ka uranium nuclei. Ma keia hihia, ka makua nucleus ua irradiated me neutrons. Inā he makua ia absorbs, alaila, e paa aku nei ka mea, e hookuu i ka ikehu paa ana ma ka palapala o ka vibrational ikehu e hiki oi 6 MeV pono e lanakila i ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai.

Where hou neutron ikehu mea,ʻaʻole i lawa ke lanakila ma luna o ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa, pono i ka hana 'ia neutron ka palena iki kinetic ikehu i ka mea e e hiki ke induce i ka splitting o ka'Ātoma. Ma ka hihia o ²³⁸ U hou neutron ka paa ikehu ua nalowale ma kahi o 1 MeV. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka fission o ka uranium nuclei e poloʻai pule wale neutrons me ka kinetic ikehu oi aku 1 MeV. Ma ka kekahi lima, i ka ²³⁵ U kālaiōewe i kekahi unpaired neutron. I ka wā o ka nucleus absorbs hou, ia ano me ka mea i hoeeia e, a he hou paa ikehu o ka hopena o keia pairing. Kēia mea lawa paha kana e hookuu i ka nui o ka ikehu pono e lanakila i ka Loaʻaʻia ke'ākeʻakeʻa mai o ka nucleus, a me ka mahele ana o isotopes hanaia ma ka hookui ana me kekahi neutron.

Hoʻokolohua ka palaho

I loko nō o ka mea i ka fission naoh i kinoea e ekolu eha paha neutrons, ke koena ai no ke komo hou neutrons ma mua o kā lākou mau hale lio isobars. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka cleavage hakina i nui ka poe i pili ana i ka Hoʻokolohua ka palaho.

No ka laʻana, ka wā he mea kekahi mahele o ka nucleus o ka uranium ²³⁸ U, eii? Isobars me A = 145 ¹⁴⁵ mea neodymium Makalu, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka apana nahaha lanthanum La ¹⁴⁵ mahaeʻana i loko o ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao, kēlā manawa ma ka houʻia huina'ine a me ka neutrino a hiki i ka hale hānai nuclide ua hana. Ka pilina paʻa isobars me A = 90 ⁹⁰ ka zirconium Zr, no laila, cleavage apana nahaha bromo br ⁹⁰ mahaeʻana i loko o elima kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao kaula β-ka palaho.

Mau kaula β-palaho hoʻokuʻu akula keu ikehu a ua lawe pio aku ai aneane a pau o ka huina'ine a me ka neutrino.

Nukelea reactions: fission o ka uranium

Direct nuclide mai neutron pāhawewe me ka oi nui helu ana ia lakou, e hoʻopaʻa i ke kumupaʻa o ka nucleus mea olelo lealea. Eia ka wahi o ia mea, aohe Coulomb repulsion, a no laila, i kaʻilikai ikehu, kūnihi, e hoopaa i ka neutron aie i ka makua. Aka hoi, ka mea i kekahi manawa hana. No ka laʻana, fission apana nahaha br ⁹⁰ i loko o ka mua Hoʻokolohua-palaho produces he krypton-90, a hiki e ke aupuni 'o ka pīhoihoi moku'āina me ka lawa ikehu e lanakila ma luna o kaʻilikai i ka ikehu. Ma keia hihia i ka neutron pāhawewe e hana pololei i ka hana i ka krypton-89. Keia isobars mea no ka poe me ka mahalo i ka Hoʻokolohua-ka palaho i ole nae e hele i loko o ka hale lio yttrium-89, no laila, i ka krypton-89 Ua maheleia i ekolu kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.

Uranium fission: kaulahao reactions

Neutrons kinoea i loko o ka cleavage naoh hiki ke kemu ma ka kekahi makua-nucleus, a laila, undergoes pakiko-ʻonou fission. Ma ka hihia o ka uranium-238ʻekolu neutrons, i ala mai mai me ka ikaika a emi aku 1 MeV (ka ikehu kuu i loko o ka fission o ka uranium kāna mau 'ōlelo - 158 MeV - ka hapanui hoohuliia i loko o kinetic ikehu cleavage koena ai), no laila, ka mea hiki ole i kekahi hou mahele o keia nuclide. Eia naʻe, ina he nui lehulehu o ka pohihihi keia kālaiōewe U ²³⁵ mau noa neutrons hiki ke lawe pio ai ma ka nuclei o ²³⁵ U, e hiki nae i cleavage, mai ma keia hihia, aole he ikehu paepae ma lalo i ka mahele ua ole e poloʻai pule.

'O kēia ka loina hooponopono kaula naoh.

Kind o nukelea Reactions

E K - helu o neutrons hua mai la i loko o ka hāpana o ka fissile nā i ka anu u N o ke kaula, i puunaueia ma ka helu ana o neutrons hua mai i loko o ke kahua N - 1. kēia helu, e hilinaʻi ma ka helu ana o neutrons hua mai la i ka anu u N - 1, e ke kemu ma ka Kora naʻEsau, a hiki undergoʻonou fission.

• Inā ke k <1 ma, ke kaula naoh mea wale mai o ka mahu, a me nā kaʻina hana, e pau ana loa koke mai. 'O kēia ka hana i loko o ka maoli uranium mea e hoohehee ai, ma a ka lehulehu ^{o ka 235} U mea uuku ia i ka pahiki o ke omo o ka neutron keia kālaiōewe ka'āina negligible.

• Inā K> 1, ke kaula naoh e hoʻomau i ka ulu like loa me nā mea a pau o ka fissile mea e ole e hoʻohana ' (ka'ātoma pōkā pahū). Kēia Ua loaʻa ma ka waiwai maoli i eliia, e loaa i kekahi i lawa ke kiekie lehulehu o ka uranium-235. No ka spherical Laʻana cia ke k, piʻi pū me ka pahiki o neutron omo, i mea e kaukaʻi ma ka ke kahahńnai o ka poepoe. No ia mea, U ke kaupaona pono oi aku i kekahi pilikia nui, e fission o ka uranium (kaula naoh) ke kānāwai.

• Inā K = 1, alaila, he mea he lāʻau NaI. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nukelea reactors. Ke kaʻina Ua uumi hoi o ka makana i waena o uranium koʻokoʻo o ka cadmium a boron, i ka hoʻokemu loa o na neutrons (mau kumu i hiki ke hoʻopio aku i neutrons). Mahele ana uranium Kora naʻEsau ka mea, ua 'akomi e hoʻomalu aku ma ka neʻe maila i ke koʻokoʻo no laila, e koe like me kekahi o ka ke k cia.