Ho okumu, Secondary ka hoʻonaʻauao a me nā kula
He aha e typical reactions no alkanes
Kēlā me kēia papa o Nine Inch i huiʻia ke ho'āʻo waiwai aie i kā lākou uila 'ole. No ka alkanes typical hakahaka naoh, cleavage a hakakino'okesaside. All Nine Inch keʻano o ka hanaʻana i kā lākou mau hana pele, a e e kūkā mai no hoi ia.
He aha ka alkanes
Ua paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbon i huiʻia, a uaʻikeʻia e like me paraffin. Mau nā lātoma he poe wale kalapona a me ka hydrogen nā'ātoma, he laina a manamana ai acyclic kaulahao ma a he mea wale he hookahi hui. Ua haawiia i ke ano o ka papa, e hiki ke ho omaulia mea i ka naoh ano o alkanes. Ka mea, e hoolohe mai oe i ka haʻilula no ka papa holoʻokoʻa: H 2n + 2 C n.
Nine Inch 'ole
Paraffin lātoma maupaʻa kalapona nā'ātoma hoike SP 3 hybridization. I mai la lakou a pau eha valence orbitals i ka like ana ke kinona, ikehu a me ka ao ao o ka lewa. I ka nui o ka huina ma waena o ka ikehu pae o ka 109 ° a me 28 '.
Ke alo aku o ka hookahi paa ana i loko o nā lātoma hoʻoholo ka reactions i ano o alkanes. Ka mea, aia no iloko olaila σ-hui. Palapala ma waena o ke kalapona o ka nonpolar a weakly polarizable, ia mea iki hou ma mua o C-H. Nō hoʻi, i ka huina'ine nuʻa o ka 'oni iki i kekahi o carbon'Ātoma o ka loa electronegative. Ke kūpono i huiia Ua wehewehe aku ma C-H haʻahaʻa polarity.
hakahaka naoh
Waiwai papa paraffins i ka haʻahaʻa Nine Inch hope. Ua hiki ke wehewehe ma ka ikaika o ka mea paa ma waena o C-C a me C-H, i mea paakiki e uhai no ka mea, o ka mea non-polarity. Ke kumu o ko lākou luku mea homolyticʻano papa hana, ai ka noa'ano'ē type 'ole. I mea no ke aha la alkanes i wehewehe aku ma ka hakahaka naoh. e hiki i ka pāʻani aku i ka wai nā lātoma a me Ion o ka uku ole nā moku halihali mokulele ia waiwai.
Ka mea, i kona külana noa'ano'ē hakahaka ma i ka hydrogen nā'ātoma i UAIAaIN e halogen oihana mua a me nā hana hui. Mau reactions nā keʻano o ka hanaʻana e pili ana i ka halogenation, sulfochlorination a me ka nitration. Mau alakai no ka makaukau o ka alkane nā mea loaʻa.
- Kaʻina hoʻomaka me ka nucleation hoʻomaka ai a lei, ma ka i noa radicals i hana. Nā catalysts nā kumu o ultraviolet malamalama a me ka paio hahana maoli nō.
- A laila, e hoʻomōhala ana i ke kaula gula i loko i ka mea i hahai ana ka mea mamuli o kekahi hana (particles) lawe AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me AEeOEXAaI nā lātoma. Ua ko lakou huli ana i loko o nā lātoma a me radicals, kekahi me kekahi.
- Ka hope loa anu u, e uhaʻi au i ka kaula. Aia recombination a nalowale o ka hana (particles). Pēlā 'ōlelo i ka hooulu ana o ke kaula naoh.
Ke kaʻina hana o ka halogenation
Ua Ua nānā i keʻano papa hana o'ano'ē type. Alkane halogenation naoh i wahi ma ka irradiation me ka ultraviolet ka malamalama, a me ka paio hahana maoli nō o ka läÿau, o halogens a me hydrocarbons.
A pau o ke kahua o ke kaʻina e malama i ka rula i maloko Markovnikov. Ua hākālia nō e undergoes hakahaka ma ka halogen, o ka oi aku hydrogen, a e pili ana i ka hydrogenated kalapona. Halogenation e wahi i loko o ka kēia ke kaʻina: mai ka iniiaiie i ka tertiary kalapona'Ātoma.
Ke kaʻina hana i wahi maikaʻi i loko o alkane nā lātoma me ka lōʻihi ka papa kuhikuhiE hydrocarbon kaula. Keia mea aie a hiki i ka emi ana o ka ionizing ikehu i loko o keia olelo, o ka waiwai a hiki'ē, hoopili huina'ine.
Lakou i mea hoike o ka chlorination o methane nā lātoma. I ka hana o ka ultraviolet pāhawewe ke kumu no ka splitting chlorine'ano'ē? Ueo e lawe mai i ka hoouka i ke alkane. Kaawale ia lŘlŘ a me ke kahua o ka'ātoma hydrogen H 3 C · a me ka meto'ano'ē. Oia ka huna, ma ka huli, hoouka mai i ka hakakino chlorine, e alakai ana i ka make ana o kona 'ole a me ka ho okumu ana o ka hou Nine Inch.
Ma kēlā me ke kahua o ka hakahaka kaʻina ua lawe mai wale kekahi hydrogen'Ātoma. Ke halogenation naoh o alkanes hiki aku ai a hiki i ka holo kahua o ka hlormetanovoy, dichloromethane, a me ka trihlormetanovoy tetrahlormetanovoy lātoma.
Schematically, ke kaʻina Ua like penei:
H 4 C + Cl: Cl → H 3 CCl + HCl,
H 3 CCl + Cl: Cl → H 2 CCl 2 + HCl,
H 2 CCl 2 + Cl: Cl → HCCl 3 + HCl,
HCCl 3 + Cl: Cl → CCl 4 + HCl.
Akä naÿe i ka chlorination o methane nā lātoma e lawe ana ia i kekahi kaʻina hana me nā alkanes wehewehe aku loaa waiwai me hydrogen hakahaka mea,ʻaʻole kekahi kalapona'Ātoma, a ma ka poe uuku. Lākou laupaʻi lākiō me ka wela nā hoailona pili. Ma anu rula, he emi ma ka uku o ke kahua o nā mea loaʻa me ka tertiary, kiʻekiʻe, a iniiaiie 'ole.
Me ka hoʻoulu wela pale umauma hoʻokahi ka mämä holo o ka ho okumu ana o ia mau hui ua hoohaahaaia iho. Ma ka halogenation kaʻina hana, aia o ka aoao o ka mea kūpaʻa ololi i Hōʻike he okoa pahiki o ka hookui ana o ka'ano'ē me ka o carbon'Ātoma.
Kaʻina halogenation me ka iodine 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai ma lalo o maʻamau ana. He mea pono e ho okumu ana i kuikawa ana. I ka paku ole ia i methane ia lŘlŘ, e like me halogen hanana hydrogen iodide. Ua loaʻa he kanawai ma meto iodide like me ka hopena e ku mai ka loiloi mua reactants methane a me ka iodine. Oia ka naoh ua manaoia e e reversible.
Wurtz naoh o alkanes
He He papa hana no ka loaa ana hydrocarbons me ka paʻa kūhohonu loa symmetrical 'ole. E like me na reactants i hoʻohana paʻakai mea hiki ke hooheheeia, alakaila bromides a alakaila chlorides. Me kā lākou AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN hoomakaukauia paʻakai halide, a mahuahua hydrocarbon kaulahao a mea o ka huina o ka hydrocarbon radicals elua. Schematically, ka hoʻololi kemikala Ua like penei: R-Cl + Cl-R + 2Na → R-R + 2NaCl.
Wurtz naoh o alkanes mea hiki wale ina na halogens i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma e ma ka iniiaiie kalapona'Ātoma. E laʻa me, Ch 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 br.
Inā hula o ka galogenuglevodorododnaya läÿau, he elua i huiʻia, ma ka condensation o ekolu kekahi mau kaulahao i hana huahana ma. An kumu o keia naoh ke malama i paʻakai alkane AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me chloromethanes a me ka hloretanom. Na ia auoiaea mea i ka läÿau, ec butane, propane a me ka ethane.
Ma waho paʻakai, hiki ke hoʻohana 'ē aʻe mekala' åkilikai ke hooheheeia, i nā likiuma paha potasiuma.
kaʻina sulfochlorination
Ua ua i kapaʻia ka Reed naoh. Ua holo ma luna o ka loina hooponopono o noa hope. Kēiaʻano o ka naoh mea typical o alkanes i ka hana ana i ka läÿau, o ka sulfur dioxide i, a hakakino chlorine ma ke alo o ultraviolet pāhawewe.
Ke kaʻina hoʻomaka me ka hoʻomaka ai o ke kaulaʻano papa hana, ai ka chlorine loaa mai na radicals elua. Kekahi hoouka alkane e haawi ala i ka alakaila (particles) a me nā lātoma o ka hydrogen koloriside. By hydrocarbon'ano'ē pili e lilo sulfur dioxide i luna '(particles). E stabilize ka hopu ia lŘlŘ kekahi chlorine'Ātoma mai kekahi lātoma. Ka hope loa mea mea he alkane sulfonyl koloriside, ka mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ka' ilikai-hana i huiʻia.
Schematically, ke kaʻina nana me keia:
CLCL → hv ∙ Cl + ∙ Cl,
HR + ∙ Cl → R ∙ + HCl,
R ∙ + OSO → ∙ RSO 2,
∙ RSO 2 + ClCl → RSO 2 Cl + ∙ Cl.
ʻO keʻano o ka hanaʻana pili me ka nitration
Alkanes pane koke me ka nitricʻakika i loko o ka pāʻoihana 10%, a me ka tetravalent naikokene'okesaside i loko o ka gaseous moku'āina. Nā kūlana o ka hanana mea kiʻekiʻe aiee o ka mahana (ma kahi o 140 ° C) a me ka haahaa puʻe nā loina. Ma ka auoiaea hua nitroalkanes.
Ke kaʻina hana o ka noa-'ano'ē type kapaʻia ma hope o ke nä känaka 'epekema Konovalov, wehe nitration hoʻololi kemikala: Ch 4 + HNO 3 → Ch 3 NO 2 + H 2 O.
Keʻano papa hana o ka cleavage
No ka typical alkane dehydrogenation a me kaʻuʻina. Methane lātoma undergoes he piha thermal decomposition.
Ka walaʻauʻanaʻano papa hana o ka luna reactions o ka cleavage o nā'ātoma mai alkanes.
dehydrogenation kaʻina
I ka hookaawale ana i ka hydrogen nā'ātoma ma ka kalapona iwi o paraffins, koe wale methane i loaa unsaturated i huiʻia. Oia Nine Inch reactions o alkanes hoao ma kiʻekiʻe wela (400 a hiki i 600 ° C), a ma lalo o ka hana accelerators like platinum, nikala, chromium oxides a me Aluminum.
Inā 'oe e komo i loko o ka naoh o ethane a propane nā lātoma, laila kona huahana e ethene a propene me kekahi mau mea paa.
Ke dehydrogenation o ka eha a elima-kalapona iwi loaa diene hui. Mai hana butane-1,3 butadiene a 1,2-butadiene.
Inā e noho i loko o ka naoh waiwai me ka 6 a oi kalapona nā'ātoma, ka benzene ua hana. Ua loaʻa he onaona ke komo lima me ekolu kaulua paa.
Ke kaʻina hana pili i decomposition
Ma lalo kiʻekiʻe wela naoh o alkanes hiki ke hele me ka nahā i kalapona makaukau na kaula paa a me ka ho okumu ana i hana? Ueo o'ano'ē type. i haawiia ia keʻano o ka hanaʻana i likeʻuʻina paha pyrolysis.
Hahana maoli nō kēia i nā reactants i ka mahana o ka oi aku 500 ° C, i nā hualoaʻa ma ka decomposition o na nā lātoma ma i i hana luna 'nā mea huihuina o alakaila-type radicals.
Lawe ana mai ma lalo o ikaika hahana maoli nō kēia o ka pyrolysis o alkanes me ka kalapona kaulahao lōʻihi ka manawa e loaa paʻa kūhohonu loa a me ka unsaturated i huiʻia. Ua Ua kapaia thermalʻuʻina. Kēia kaʻina ua hoʻohana 'ia a hiki i ka hapalua like-20th kenekulia.
i ke drawback e loaa hydrocarbons me ka haʻahaʻa octane helu (emi o 65), no laila ia i auou caiaiai ńlua hōʻeleu. Ke kaʻina hana i wahi ma mahana i ka mea ma lalo 440 ° C, a me ka puʻuwai o ka emi o 15 me ka lewa, ma ke alo o ka aluminosilicate accelerator hoʻokuʻu alkanes me he lala la 'ole. Lakou i mea hoike o ka pyrolysis o methane: 2CH 4 → Halau ° C 2 H 2 + 3H 2. I ka hana a me ka acetylene hakakino hydrogen i ka naoh.
Ke lātoma i ke koiia mai e methane huli ana. A hiki i keia naoh pono i ka wai, a me ka nikala hōʻeleu. Na ia auoiaea mea i ka läÿau, o ke kalapona monoxide a me ka hydrogen.
'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana
Ka Nine Inch reactions i mea typical alkane pili me ka huina'ine hopena.
Aia He ola auto-'okesaside o paraffins. Ua komo ai i ka noa'ano'ēʻano papa hana o ka'okesaside o paʻa kūhohonu loa hydrocarbons. Iloko o ka naoh, wai a pae alkane hydroperoxide loaa. Initially paraffin lātoma reacts me ka o oxygen i loko o ka anao? Aou hana radicals. Next, alakaila huna pāʻani aku kekahi lātoma O 2, loaa ∙ ROO. Mai ka peroxy'ano'ē o ka momomaʻakika ua ua hoʻomaopopo alkane lātoma, a laila, kuu hydroperoxide. Lakou i mea hoike o ka autooxidation o ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → ∙ C 2 H 5 + HOO ∙,
∙ C 5 H 2 + O 2 → ∙ OOC 2 H 5,
∙ OOC 2 H 5 + C 2 H 6 → HOOC 2 H 5 + ∙ C 2 H 5.
No ka alkane wehewehe aku ma ka naoh o ka'ā i nāʻano nui Nine Inch waiwai, ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka haku mele 'ana o ka wahie. Ka mea, e oxidative ma ka ano a me ka ea puka o ka wela: 2c 2 H 6 + 7O 2 → 4CO 2 + 6H 2 O.
Inā ke kaʻina ua malama ia ma ka liʻiliʻi nui o ka oxygen, ka hopena huahana hiki e ka divalent kalapona a kalapona monoxide, a ua nānā 'ia e ka lehulehu o ka O 2.
Ma ka'okesaside o alkanes ma lalo o ka aoao o catalytic waiwai a me ka wela i ka 200 ° C i loaa ka waiʻona lātoma, aldehyde a carboxylicʻakika.
Laʻana ethane:
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → C 2 H 5 OH (ethanol),
C 2 H 6 + O 2 → Ch 3 ma + H 2 O (ethanal a me ka wai)
2c 2 H 6 + 3O 2 → 2CH 3 COOH + 2H 2 O (ethanoicʻakika a me ka wai).
Alkanes hiki e oxidized ma lalo o ka hana ana o cyclic peroxides trinomial. Mau nā dimethyl dioxirane. Ka hopena o ka'okesaside o paraffins ka waiʻona lātoma.
Ka Poeikohoia paraffins mai i pane i KMnO 4 a potasiuma permanganate, e like me bromine wai.
isomerization
Ma alkanes wehewehe aku hakahaka type naoh me ka electrophilicʻano papa hana. Keia ua haawiia isomerization o ke kalapona kaula. Catalyzes kēia kaʻina hana o ka Aluminum koloriside, i ua reacted me ka paʻa kūhohonu loa paraffin. Lakou i mea hoike o ka isomerization o butane lātoma, i mea 2-methylpropane: C 4 H 10 → C 3 H 7 Ch 3.
kaʻina flavoring
Paʻa kūhohonu loa 'ona i loko o i ka papa kuhikuhiE kalapona kaulahao he eono a oi kalapona nā'ātoma, hiki ke mālama nei dehydrocyclization. No ka mea pōkole nā lātoma i ole ano o keia naoh. Ka hopena He mau he eono-Aupuni Lālā a ke komo lima me cyclohexane a me nā mea loaʻa a pau.
Ma ke alo o ka naoh accelerators, a hele i ka hou dehydrogenation o ka huli ana i loko o ka oi paa benzene apo hookahi. Ua lŘlŘ hoʻololi 'acyclic hydrocarbons i aromatics paha Arena. Lakou i mea hoike o ka dehydrocyclization o hexane:
H 3 C-Ch 2 - Ch 2 - Ch 2 - Ch 2 -CH 3 → C 6 H 12 (cyclohexane)
C 6 H 12 → C 6 H 6 + 3H 2 (benzene).
Similar articles
Trending Now