He aha ka ka aaiaoe kivila: na kumu o ke

Ma kekahi halepaahao, a pau nā hiʻona o ke kino anatomical, morphological a me ka ooieoeiiaeuiiai ano hoʻoholo ma ka 'ole o nā polokina, a i komo i loko o ia mau mea. Hereditary waiwai o ka meaola i ka hiki e synthesize kekahi nā polokina. Ka DNA lātoma o 'amino nāʻakika kuni ihola ia i loko o ka polypeptide kaulahao mai i hilinaʻi ma ka liluwelo ano.
Kēlā me kēia aeea ua wehewehe aku ma kona kaʻina o nā nucleotides i loko o ka polynucleotide kaulahao o DNA. 'O kēia ka aaiaoe kivila o DNA. Ma kona kākau 'ike e pili ana i ka hoʻololi kemikala o kekahi mau nā polokina. Ia mea i ka aaiaoe kivila o kona waiwai, a me ka aaiaoe ike uhi i loko o kēia 'atikala.

A wahi moʻolelo

I ka manaʻo i paha he mea ka aaiaoe kivila, ua ua ua kālaiʻia a me Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom ma ka waena o ka iwakalua kenekulia. Ka mea, e wehewehe ana i ke kaʻina o nā nucleotides i mea kuleana no ka hoʻololi kemikala o kekahi'amino nāʻakika, maupaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ekolu loulou. Hope ai pololei huina o ekolu nucleotides (he pa alima o ka aaiaoe kivila), a ua kapaia ka triplet a codon. I ka huina, ma laila nō he kanaono-eha nucleotides, no ka mea, na nā lātoma o nāʻakika, kahi o ka hoʻololi kemikala o ke kumuʻiʻo a RNA, ua haku o ka eha okoa nucleotide residues.

He aha ka ka aaiaoe kivila

Ano O'aminoʻakika kaʻina o ke kumuʻiʻo helu kuʻina kaʻina ma nucleotides a pau i nā mea a pau aeee e ola ana a me ka meaola. A i ka aaiaoe kivila.
Ma DNA, he mea eha nucleotides:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Ka mea i hoʻohikiʻia ma ko kapikala palapala ma Roma 'ole (ma ka Russian moʻokalaleo) Lūkini.
Ke RNA no hoi kekahi mau eha nucleotide, akā, i kekahi o ia mea okoa mai ka DNA:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

All nucleotides i hoonohonoho i loko o ke kaulahao, a ua loaa i loko o ka waʻa helix o ka DNA a me ka RNA - hoʻokahi.
Nā polokina i ka nānā 'ana ma luna o ka iwakalua'amino nāʻakika, kahi a lākou e hoonohonoho i loko o ka kekahi kaʻina nānā' ia e kona liluwelo waiwai.

Nā waiwai o ka aaiaoe kivila

Triplet. Ke pa alima o aaiaoe kivila ninoieo o ekolu palapala, ia mea he triplet. Kēia 'o ia hoʻi i ka kanawai he iwakalua-ekolu'amino nāʻakika encoded ma kekahi mau nucleotides, kapaʻia codons a trilpetami. Aia nō he kanaono-eha pu ana me ia i hiki ke hana mai i ka nucleotides eha. Keia huina Ua oi ma mua o lawa e encode i ka iwakalua'amino nāʻakika.
Degeneracy. Kēlā me kēia'aminoʻakika hoʻopili like i oi ma mua o kekahi codon, me ke koe o ka methionine a me ka tryptophan.
Ke kū hoʻokahi. Kekahi codon encodes he hookahi'aminoʻakika. No ka laʻana, i loko o ka'ōewe o ke ola i ke kanaka me ka 'ike e pili ana i ka pale umauma hoʻokahi hemoglobin Hoʻokolohua triplet GAG a me GAA encodes glutamicʻakika. A pau ka poe i maʻi me ka pahi-ke kelepona hele anaemia, hoʻokahi nucleotide ua auou caiaiai.
Collinearity. Ke'aminoʻakika kaʻina mau hoʻopili like i ka nucleotide kaʻina a iloko ona i kakauia he'ōewe.
Ke aaiaoe kivila mea ana a me ka olelo hoopomaikai, a 'o ia hoʻi i ka mea hana ole "punctuation". Oia hoi, e hoʻomaka ana i ka ua codon mea he ana readout. No ka laʻana, e heluhelu AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG like: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Akā,ʻaʻoleʻAu., UGG, a no laila, ma luna paha e ae ole ia.
Versatility. He mea hoʻokahi loa no a pau ano honua kahi meaola, mai kānaka i ka iʻa, a me nā fungi koʻohune.

papaʻaina

Ka papaʻaina Aʻole i hele kino aku i ka'amino nāʻakika. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, a me kekahi 'ē aʻe i loaʻa, no ka mea, i loko mai o nā'amino nāʻakika encoded e mRNA a kūpono kumuʻiʻo ma hope o nā loli i ka hopena o ka unuhi.
No ka mea, o ka aaiaoe kivila ua maopopo loa ka waiwai i mea hiki ia o kekahi codon hoʻopā'ālua kekahi'aminoʻakika. Ke koe o ka hou mana a me ka hoʻopā'ālua valine a me methionine, ka aaiaoe kivila. MRNA, oiai ma ka hoʻomaka o ka codon, pili ana i ka tRNA i hāpai formylmethionyl-. Ma ka pau 'ana o ka hoʻololi kemikala, a me ka mea, ua pipili iho ka hopuʻia no ka formyl'ano'ē, lilo iho la methionine koena. Penei, ka luna codons i initiators hoʻololi kemikala pae polypeptides. Inā ka mea, i ole i ke kumu, e mea i okoa mai 'ē aʻe.

aaiaoe 'ike

Ma lalo o kēia manaʻo hoʻohuʻu ka polokalamu ka waiwai, i ua i hiki mai nā kūpuna. , Ae waiho nei i loko o nā kūpuna mai me ka aaiaoe kuhi.
Hoʻokō i kumuʻiʻo hoʻololi kemikala aaiaoe kivila RNAs (ribonucleic nāʻakika) :

• Ike a me ka RNA;
• amo tRNA;
• pa-ribosomal RNA.

Information Ua ho'īli feedforward (DNA-RNA-kumuʻiʻo) a ke hoʻololi (ka meakino-kumuʻiʻo-DNA).
Meaola ke loaa, hale kūʻai, hoolilo, a me ka hana ia i ka ia manawa loa ka pono.
Ua hoololiia ma ka'āina hoʻoili, i ka 'ike e hoʻoholo i ka ulu ana o ka meaola. Akā, no ka mea, o ka mea AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka papa o ka mea hope naoh ua nānaina, a pela ka evolution a me ka ulu ana. Pela ke kino ua waiho ia ma ka hou ike.

I ka ho omaulia ana o na kanawai o hakakino kālaimeaola a me ka loaʻa o ka aaiaoe kivila i ia manaʻo i ia mea pono e hoʻohui aaiaoe? Me Darwin ka pähola 'ma ke kumu i loaʻa i kekahi kemikala pähola' o ka evolution - ole-panina kālaimeaola.
Nā kūpuna mai, a me ka mea oko a ma kona ano maoli koho Darwin complemented genetically hoʻoholo ma ke koho. Evolution ua hoʻokō i ka aaiaoe kiʻekiʻe ma kaulele mutation a me ka'āina hoʻoili, i ka loa waiwai kailaʻae mea i loa hakuloli i ke kaiapuni.

Ho omńkalakala i kekahi kanaka kuhi

Ma ka nineties, a hemo ka papahana hōʻike 'Genome, kūpono i ka mau-tausani ua loaa hakina o ke genome, he 99,99% o kanaka nā'ōewe. Nohoʻikeʻole hakina i mai i komo i loko o ka hoʻololi kemikala o nā polokina, a i ole encoded. Ko lākou kūlana koe IKE OLE IA.

Nā discoveries i ka 2006 Chromosome 1 o ka loihi ma ka genome. More o ekolu haneri a me kanalima maʻi, me ka maʻi 'aʻai, i ke kumu ma kāna hana, a mutations i loko o laila.

Ke kūlana o ia mau haʻawina hiki ole ke overestimated. I ka mea wehe, i mea ka aaiaoe kivila, ia la ia mea i ka rula ka mea, o ka ulu, i hanaʻia me ka morphological 'ole, mentality, predisposition i kekahi mau maʻi, pūnao a me mā o kanaka.