He aha mea he holo moku? Holo-kuka. Mnogopalubnoe nui holo moku

No koke i na kanaka a kū aʻela ma luna o ka iliwai o ka pohaku, laau, a hoomaka ae la e makaikai i ke ao nei a puni mākou, ua maopopo ia koke i ka manaʻolana 'ia manaolana nei no hoi i ka moana? Ooia memo. Ae, a hiki i ka muliwai, i nā wai o ka i hiki e koke, a kŘpa a paa hoʻoneʻe, pâʻani 'o ia i ke kūlana Kiure i loko o ke ana o kēia noho maikai ana.

Ke kumukuai no ka mea e holo ana

Mākou e i ike a ka hapanui paha e loa e ikeia ana, a ma kahi iʻike i ka mea mua e holo moku. Akā, hoʻokahi wale nō mea i kekahi - i ke kanaka, nana i invented mea, i loko o kona aoao ma ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka noho like me ka inventor o ka huila. I ka la mahope, ma ke ala, hoi, aole o makou i ike, aka, i ka hoomanao ana o ia mea mau loa aku. Holo moku, ma ke ala, ka mea, ua kapaia ka moku, i puhiia e ka ikaika o ka makani.

sailboats ka mea, i mea e hiki ai i ka hooulu ana o ka noho maikai ana. I ka mua o na moku kahiko, ka poe hemolele E ke Kumu i ke akamai o ka "ʻApo i ka makani" hoomaka ae la i Helene, a hiki i ka Sumerians. A laila, i ka lāʻau i ka Phoenicians a me ka Vikings, ka mea, e like me he noiʻi, e hele mai i ke kai ma luna o lākou Drakkar a hiki i ka mokuna o ka North America lōʻihi ma mua Columbus. No laila, i ka holo moku - i keʻano o ka amo ana i ke kanaka mua i kela kapa o ka 'Akelanika, a me ka moana Pakifika, ka mea, o ka mea mua manawa ua moku Magellan e circumnavigate "kaapuni kana."

Ka mua "sailboats"

Ka moku mua hiki ke holo, ua ao ao e galleys. Ua pau ka hoʻomaka 'ana me ka poe noonoo ole ka hoe waapa o kahikoʻAigupita, a pau ... ka mea, ua manaoio aku la ia i na moku hope o kēia' ano i hoʻohana 'ia, a ma hope o ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o ka mahu engine, no laila, ua mālama nō lākou i kanaka no ka lōʻihi manawa.

Galleys i moku ke hoʻololi i ka hana wale nō i loko o nā kūlana o ka Hawaiian koholā nō ia, a me ka Aigupita, a me ka mea a pau, he pinepine palahalaha-waʻa hohonu. O ka holo ana, i ole i poʻokela seaworthiness mau moku. Holo ka mea, i ka loa primitive, pololei, e hele aku i loko o ka makani wale ia i ka la mahope i hele. No laila mea i ho'ākāka 'ia ma lalo nei mākou i nāʻano o ka holo moku na galleys mai i hoʻolako. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, noonoo ia i piha-fledged moku ole e holo.

Mea Maluna o ka holo moku

Hope shipbuilders E ke Kumu i ka honua hou, a oi luna 'ike loea, hiki ia lakou, e kūkulu mau moku me increasingly maikaʻi seaworthiness. Mea e alakai ai i ka 'aoʻao o kēia' atikala, he mea Mea Maluna o ka moku, e hoʻomau i ka pale hilahila:

• Ka moku (ol '). Ae, hiki ke kapaʻia ai i kela mea holo moku. No laila, i kapaʻia wale ua mau moku i he ekolu mau kia. Ka Moku - wale kauoha, akā, ma luna o ka mizzen, eia hoi, ua hoi "hou" pono, e leie aku oe e hele tacks. I Ua nō holo-manao?
• Burke i kapa i ka moku a me ekolu mau kia, akā, i ka mua elua i ka waleʻahā like holo hou aku i, a me ka mea kolu - wale nō kēlā.
• Kialua - kokoke i ka like me ia o ka ol ', e holo kialua. Ma ka mizzen peʻa i mai ka kēlā, akā, i ke koena o ka Moʻolako - e pololei.
• Moku kuna, kapa aku la i kekahi kaa me ka helu o ka auamo o ka elua. Akā,ʻaʻole e emi malalo o elua o ia i, e lawe kēlā aliʻi no ka holo.
• Polutoramachtovye Aha. Ka mea, pea nui a me ka mizzen, e like me ka mea i "fused" i loko o ka hoʻokahi 'ole.
• Single-kia lua moku. E like me 'oe ke koho, ke kia ka mea, hoʻokahi wale nō ia. E like me ka rula, i nā aliʻi no ka holo i ka loa noonoo ole, pololei.

Ua pono ai ka hana ana o ka loa e like me ka 'ano i loko o ke ao nei ka malina mōʻaukala Ua lilo i ka holo kialua. Mau moku he nui maʻalahi ol 'a me ka moku kuna, ma lalo o kūkuluʻia, a me ka holomua hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha maʻi ka mea, i maikaʻi ka hoʻoneʻe a me ka holo ano.

Galleons a he kipi ma ka hoʻokele

Ka mea mua e holo moku, 'ia manaʻoi no ka lōʻihi moana: kau akamai - keia mea i ka galleon. Ua Ua manaoio aku i ua ka Karakka Mary Rose 1512 kūkuluʻia, iā lākou ma ka Pelekania ka mua moku o kēia papa. Naʻe, na Pukiki Ua ikaika i ka mea, o ka mea, i ka hanohano o ka pili ana galleons, mahope mai o ka mea i kukulu mua i ka caravels.

Akā, he mau mea i kēia mau moku mamao mai o ka wahi, e like me ka manawa kūpono o ke kukuluia'na Ikea wale i ka wa a ka shipbuilding hana i ke kemu i ka hailona o oaoieei-e piʻi like me discoveries o ia mau makahiki. No ka laʻana, he galleon - keia mea i ka mua mnogopalubnoe holo moku. I ka nui 'ole i loa o ka lāʻau a me ka palena iki ana o ka hiki ole no ia hao, wale i ole e hina, he shipbuilders e i ke kiʻekiʻe loa degere o ka' oihana akamai.

Ua Hopu i loko o ka hana o ka hauna o

Ua Ua manaoio aku i ka panina noaia no ka hana o ka moku, i ka wa a ka hale noho ua i mua, a laila ka mea, ua unuhi, i invented ma ka Byzantines puni o ka pau ana o ka mea mua Ka Wā Kaukani AD. Prior i ka mea, i ka moku poe paahana ohi, initially ana ia i ke kino, a laila, i loko o kona mea i manao ai "ua hoʻokō" wahi ponoi. Ma keia hihia ka mea, ua paakiki e hoʻokō kiʻekiʻe pololei, a no ia mea, moku me kiʻekiʻe seaworthy loaa infrequently.

Ke kali o ka manao maikai, i loko o kēlā mau makahiki - he uuku elua-kia lua holo moku ma luna o ka mea ka mea, ua hiki no e ololi-manao holo ana, akā, no kāna hana kūikawā - cabotage.

Ke koho wikiwiki loa ala i ka Byzantine noaia 'oni iki a hiki i ka aoao hema o Europa, ma ia mau moku i kūkuluʻia mai ka XIV kenekulia, hoomaka ae la ka Beritania e hana ia hanohano i ka 1500, a ma Hawaii Europe moku me ka simplest clinker naʻau i loko o kekahi mau wahi i kūkulu i loko o ka 16th kenekulia. Initially, ka inoa o ka moku, i ma Byzantine i kūpono, mau iloko ona i kakauia i ka mole o ka "Carvel" i ke ano o ka hana ana o ka wahi ponoi, a me kona hope "malimali" aaho iho. Nolaila - ka caravel, he kŘpa a uuku holo moku, he maikai loa seaworthiness.

I ka pono o ka mea hou iaoiaeii

Ua loaa Shipbuilders i ka hailona o ka pono ia ia hoʻoneʻe eia ka mea hope ana i na ipu kupapau i ua ahakanaka la. Ka mea nui wale nō - ka haka ai, mai ka lā mua o ke kūkulu e leie aku a hiki i ke kiÿeleo i ke kinona o ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka moku, kona contours a me ka pohupani hale koke hōʻikeʻia manao flaws. Eia hou kekahi, ua 'ae i ka weliweli mahuahua ma ka nui o ka moku ma ka pono o kaʻaʻahu, a "springy" wahi ponoi, a ua hoohaahaaia iho a hiki loa kaumaha wahie, hou' enehana ka.

Eia hou, i kaʻili ke hoʻomaka ka emi ākea papa, hiki dramatically emi i ka lilo o ke kūkulu, a, e hooki aku i ka akua aku la o ke kenekulia-kahiko lāʻauʻoka. No ka laʻana, he uuku elua-kia lua holo moku i kāpiliʻia ma luna o ia i ka hana hiki e "oki" mai kŘpa a nike tidara, a birch, a me kona seaworthiness ua ole deteriorated.

Ma ke aʻo o ka poe hana

Eia hoi, ka mea, ua hiki ke hoohana nunui i emi mākaukau poe hana: la mahope o ka manao me wale i kekahi mau kanaka, a me na kamana i hoʻoili wale uhi. Iloko o ka hana o ka moku i kakahiaka nui hoailona ia mea, kela mea keia mea o ia mea pono i Ua aneane he virtuoso o kona maalea. Hoala mai ai? Ieoaeunoaa processability i ae e hana nui oi nunui moku kai.

Kēlā me kēia no kēia mau nui mnogopalubnoe holo moku i loko o kona hakakā mana i oi ma mua o ke kakini i kakahiaka nui clumsy moku, a, ma ka a me ka nui, ua maikai wale no Hawaiian hoʻokele.

Pauka mea kaua a me ka sailboats

Ua i loko o ka 14-15 kenekulia i loko o ka malina pāʻoihana hoʻomaka e 'Imi e halii mai i ka pauka mea kaua, akā, ka mea i lōʻihi waiho wale nō i loko o ka palapala koho, iluna no i i mua manao no ka poʻe pana pua. Ua alakai aku i ka ikaika "decentralization", i ka moku loa ka poe, a hiki i kŘpa a haʻahaʻa manaʻo pīhoihoi.

Soon pū hoomaka e e waiho ma ka lonikū (axis) o ka mea paahana, akā nō ma luna o ka luna, iluna no. Eia naʻe, e mālama i nā pū pahuna ke ahi i ka Ia manawa ka mea, ua nui loa paʻakikī no ka mea, no keia mea, e hoʻohana i ka poepoe pukaʻokiʻia ma loko o kaʻaoʻao. Ma peacetime, plugged ka mea, me ka lāʻau pani'ōmole.

Mau awa no nā pū, he wale o ka hoʻomaka o ka 16th kenekulia. Kēia HOU i ala e hiki ai i ka haku o ka nui a me ka maikaʻi-kaua battleships. Oia he nui e holo moku mnogopalubnoe pono aia no nāʻoihana moku kaua, e like me ka pono me ka? Anoe? I loko o ka'āina o ka wā e hiki mai ana o LakinaʻAmelika.

Giants o ka Middle Ages

Akā, i ka mua hoohiki o ka Classic galleon loaʻa i loko o nā palapala mōʻaukala ka launa pū hoʻi i ka 1535 makahiki. Kona pono i koke mahalo Paniolo a me ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia. Haʻalele nā moku o kēlā mau makahiki, keia ua me ka nui loa ma lalo me ka "pololei" hauna laina, a hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka palena iki kahe ia'ku ma ka hele. Kia holo moku o kēia 'ano lawe i kekahi poʻe'ē he holo rig, a, me ka ke akamai a me ka hui luna koa e hele tacking i loko o ka makani a kokoke i ka ee.

Lākou pohupani hale, a hiki ma ka i keia la o ka lā ua kohu kūpono - mai ka 2000 tona! Pela no ka lilo ana o galleons, a hiki i lalo, a ma muli o ia i ka hoʻohana 'ana i ho'ēmi papa o ka laau. Ka pilikia i lawe ole kia holo moku, a koi wale i ka maikai loa tidara.

Design hiʻona

Kia i no hoi i mai tidara laau, ma o ka mana oihana mua o ka hale ae lāʻauʻoka. Haʻalele Karakka, kakaka superstructure ole e kau mua. Kua ai ua kiʻekiʻe a me ka ololi superstructure, a mea he maikaʻi ia i ke kumupaʻa o ka moku i ka unrest. Conventionally okoa waiwai galleons wili nā mea hoʻonani, a me nā kinolau o ka hale noho.

Ka nui loa holo moku o kēia 'ano, he ehiku (!)ʻoneki. Iloko o ka hana o kēia mau kānaka nunui mai ia i ua hoʻomano koi mathematicians hana (e hoomanao i ka olelo Nui o Peter Holland). Ka mea,ʻai lākou berena mea,ʻaʻole i loko o make hewa: ka hoʻomaulia kokua mai, e hana i kekahi nui loa moku, akā, mau nō, a ua hiki hoi, e pale aku i ka ino, a kau i luna o, i ukali ia e hookui hookahe koko ana o na moku ma.

Ano holo likini

Ka helu o nā kia ma luna o nā galleons kaulua mai ka ekolu a elima, i ke alo laweʻahā like holo hou aku i, a me ka hope - sideways. Ka nui loa Spanish galleons hiki i pono mau mizzen, nā mea hoʻomākaukau i maikai māmā hana a hiki i headwinds a me ka e hoʻoneʻe i ka tack e pono ai. Pehea haʻahaʻa-mākaukau nā kamanā hiki i komo i loko o ka hana o kēia mau moku, e like me ka pono i ka keʻepekema ko lākou poʻe kānaka, e like me ka mea, i ke Makuakane me kekahi mau haneri kilomika o ka likini.

Ma ke alanui, he kŘpa a uuku loa o na galleons mua i ia i kekahi ano o ka "ohana" gale, a mākou i kamaʻilio ana i loko o ka hoʻomaka o keia Haawina. Inā ka moku loaʻa i loko o ka piha malie wahi,ʻo ia ua hiki ke neʻe ma ka hoe papa. O ka hana ana, ma ka makani ino, e hoʻohana i kēia koho hahau ua he pepehi anaʻia iā iho.