Heat-hoʻopale oka a pau. Special steels a me ka oka a pau. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka wela-hoʻopale oka a

Hoikehonua, ka hana hiki ole ke noonoo me kekahi mea e like me kila. Me ia, e 'alo mākou aneane kela huli. Ma ka hoike i loko o kona 'ole likeʻole Nine Inch hehee wale ke me ka nui loa hoʻoikaika' ana i ka me mechanical a me ka hana ana ka waiwai.

He aha ka kila

Steel kapa oka a pau i ka haku o ka kalapona a me ka hao. Nō hoʻi, e like me ka oka a (Hawaii photo hoolilo ma lalo nei) e i 'ē huikala Nine Inch hehee wale.

Kekahi mau okoa mall Hawaii. Inā ka kalapona maʻiʻo mea i loko o 0,025-0,8%, i nā ikepili kapa e kākoʻo ana-eutectoid kila, a i loko o kā lākou 'ole perlite a me ka ferrite. Inā hypereutectoid kila, e mea hiki ke malama i ka pearlite a me cementite pae. A hiʻona o ka ferrite 'ole ka nui ductility. Cementite no hoi i ka nui paakiki. Perlite hana nā o ka mua pae. Ua hiki i ka granular shape (ma ka hoʻi o ka mānoanoa o ka ferrite e hoonohonoho cementite a i ka hoʻopoepoe ÿano o) a me ka una honua (nā kūlana i ka palapala o ka papa). Inā ke kila ua enaena, ma luna o ke ana wela i a na polymorphs ana, laila, ke 'ole hoʻololi i austenite. Kēia pae i ke kiʻekiʻe ductility. Inā ka kalapona maʻiʻo aku i 2,14%, ua kapaia ia mea a me nā oka hao.

'ano o ke kila

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka haku mele 'ana o ke kila i e kalapona kila a me ka oka a pau. Kalapona maʻiʻo emi o 0,25% characterizes ka haʻahaʻa-kalapona kila. Inā ka huina hiki 0,55%, laila mākou i ke kamailio e pili ana i ka meakino-oka a pau. Steel, a i loko o kona haku mele 'oi ma mua o 0,6% kalapona, kapa kiʻekiʻe-kalapona. Inā i ua hua mai la i ke kuʻi nukeliu, i ka 'ike loea komo ai i ka hoʻokomo' ia 'ana o kekahi Nine Inch hehee wale, keia oka a kila kapa. I ka hoike o na eiiiiiaiou likeʻole ua me ka nui loa hoʻololi kona waiwai. Inā lākou huina i emi o 4%, o ka oka a haʻahaʻa-oka a pau. Srednelegirovannoj a kiʻekiʻe-oka a kila i niioaaonoaaiii ia 11%, a oi aku mamua o 12% impurities. Ke kaumaha ma muli kahi i loko o ka mahinaʻai o ke kila oka a pau i hoohana ia, ka mea, līkaia no ia mau hoailona ia mea: vocal, mall a me ka hana steels a me ka oka a pau.

manufacturing enehana

kila-ākea kaʻina Ua manawa ia e hoopau ana. Ua nā mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Mua o nā mea a pau, e pono ai, heʻiʻo maka mea - hao e hoohehee ai. Ka mua ke kahua maupaʻa hahana maoli nō kēia i ka kekahi ana wela. A pau keia ia lŘlŘ oxidative keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Ma ka lua o ka mua o ka mahana lilo nui kiʻekiʻe. Kalapona'okesaside keʻano o ka hanaʻana i oi, pili. Hiki hou i oxygen enrichment o ka oka a pau. Hua'ōlelo i makemake impurities i wehe 'ia ai i ka slag. I kekahi anu u ua kuhikuhi 'ana i ka wehe' ana o ka o oxygen mai ka kila, no ka mea, me ka nui loa ho'ēmi i kā ka me mechanical waiwai. Kēia maholahune hiki ke lawe mai a precipitating hana. Inā deoxidation kaʻina 'aʻole i hoʻomaka ai, ua kapaia ka kūpono kila baila aʻela i. Mālie oka a 'aʻole i hoʻokuʻu akula kinoea, oxygen ma ua wehe loa. I waena o nā kalaka nui-pepehi kila. ? Iecaianoaaiiuo o ka oka a pau o ka hao ia lŘlŘ i loko o ka ipu ahi, hoʻokomo umu, kumu o ka oxygen e'a'ā ana.

alloying o ke kila

I mea e loaa i kekahi mau waiwai o ke kila, kona haku mele 'ana ua lawelawe kūikawā dopants. Ke kumu pono o ia ka oka a ua hou ia'ku i ka likeʻole deformations, ike loea eiiiiiaiou a me nā mall lala, piʻi pū me ka nui loa. Hoopio ai hoi i ho'ēmi i kā ka pakeneka o na mawae a me nā mā. Pinepine, e like me ka ano o ka saturation hoʻohana okoa hehee wale, e haawi ia'ku i Nine Inch ka popopo. Akā, loaʻa nō kekahi mau drawbacks. Ka mea, e noi mai ana i nā aaioee, he pahiki kiʻekiʻe o ka hanana o hairline mawae. Eia hou, ka mea maoli i ka lilo o ka mea. Ka loa, he pono ole alloying oihana mua - chromium, nikala, tungsten, molybdenum a me ka cobalt. Ko lakou kahua o ka palapala noi mea he kiʻekiʻe. Kēia 'enekinia, a me ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o lāliʻi o pipelines, mana mea kanu, a me ka mokulele nui.

I ka manaʻo o ka wela ia'ku a me ka wela e kū'ē'ē mai

Ke kau wela ia'ku ua manaoia i ka hiki ana o ka metala paha oka a pau, e malama i kona ano ka wā hoʻohana ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. Ma ia he 'ia ka mea, ua pinepine malama kinoea ka popopo. Nolaila, o ka lako e pono lilo ia'ku i kona hana, i mea e e wela-hoʻopale. Penei, e hoʻohana i nā 'ano o ka oka a me ka nui ana wela e komo i loko o nā ana o këia mau manaÿo. Wale ina ua steels i ke koi 'ia hana ola no ka māhele, na mea paahana, a me nā mall hehee wale.

Features wela-hoʻopale kila

Ma na wahi kiʻekiʻe cia ka wela kīnā, ka mea pono i ka hana o ka oka a pau i e ole'opi, a pale aku deformation. Ma keia hihia, he wela-hoʻopale oka a pau. Ka pae'ōnaehana mahana no ia mau mea - ma luna o 500 ° C. An nui wahi characterizing like kila mea he kiʻekiʻe ke ahonui kali, plasticity, a ua mālama 'ia no ka lōʻihi manawa e like me ka hoʻomaha ea. Aia nō i ka helu o nā eiiiiiaiou hiki no me ka nui loa hoʻonui i ka ia'ku i kiʻekiʻe Mahana O Ke Kai: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. A obligatory ke keʻena o chromium. He 'Aʻole i ka nui o lakou aloha ia i ka ikaika, ka mea maoli i ka ia'ku i Ua ho'ēmi'. Chrome kekahi 'ano ua ālai ka popopo keʻano o ka hanaʻana. ʻO kekahi mea nui ano o na oka a pau o kēia 'ano - he kali hoʻi koʻu kolo.

Mea Maluna wela hoʻopale steels o ka 'ole

Wela-hoʻopale a me ka wela-hoʻopale oka a i ferritic papa, martensitic, austenitic a me ka martensitic 'ole feritno. Ka mea mua i haku no ma kahi o 30% chromium. Ma hope o kūikawā lapaʻau i ke olonā i ka palaoa 'ole. Inā ka paio hahana maoli nō mahana aku i 850ºS, i ka palaoa, piʻi pū, a me ka wela-hoʻopale mea e brittle. Martensitic papa wehewehe aku ma ka chromium maʻiʻo o mai 4% i 12%. Nikala no hoi i e noho i loko o nīnūnē dala, tungsten a me nā kumu mua. O ia paka māhele o turbines, kiwikā i loko o ke kaa. Steels i loaʻa i loko o kona 'ole o ka martensite a me ka ferrite, pono no ka hana i mau kiʻekiʻe ana wela a me ka lōʻihi-makahiki hana. Ke chromium maʻiʻo ihoiho 14%. Austenite ua loaa ia ma ka i hoʻolaunaʻia ma ka wela hoʻopale nikala oka a pau. Steel me ka like 'ole i na lama.

Nikala-ka nānā 'oka a

Nikala i ka helu o ka maikaʻi kēia waiwai. He mea he maikaʻi ia ma luna o ka machinability o ke kila (nā wela a me ke anu). Inā ka'ikamu a hoʻopololei ke hoʻololi i ka hana i loko o kalakala hana kūpono, ke doping o keia hehee ai me ka nui loa maoli ia'ku i ka popopo. Heat-hoʻopale nikala-kumu lako e hookaawale i loko o ka pūʻulu kēia: wela-hoʻopale a me ka wela hoʻopale iho. I ka la mahope E hoi i ka palena iki wela-hoʻopale ano. Ke hoʻohana mahana hiki 1200 ° C. Eia kekahi lawelawe chromium paha titanium. Characteristically, kila oka a me ka nikala, i he uuku nui o impurities e like me barium, makanekiuma, boron, nolaila, i ka ikaika hou palaoa palena. i loaʻa Superalloys o kēia 'ano i loko o ka palapala o ka forged,ʻolokaʻa. Ua mea no hoi e hiki hānupanupa lāliʻi. I ka papa kuhikuhiE 'āpana o ke noi - manufacturing oihana mua o ke kinoea turbines. Heat-hoʻopale nikala-kumu oka a pau i ka haku mele 'ana, a i ka 30% chromium. Ka mea, i ke 'ano pono i ka hahiʻana, kuʻihao. Eia hou, i ka Ua ho'ēmi 'ia'ku mea kiʻekiʻe. Kēia i mea e hiki ai e hana iā lākou i loko o ke kinoea pipeline nenoaiu.

Heat ka pale kila, titanium oka a

Titanium ua hoʻolauna i loko o ka uuku dala (0.3%). Ma keia hihia ka mea maoli i ka oka a ikaika. Inā kona maʻiʻo mea nunui kiekie ae, kekahi deteriorate ÿano waiwai (paakiki, ikaika). Akā, i ka plasticity o ka hooulu. Kēia kōkua ai i nā ka aaioee o ke kila. I ka lawelawe titanium pu me nā eiiiiiaiou hiki me ka nui loa hoʻoikaika 'ana kiʻekiʻe-ana wela ano. Inā he mea i ka pono, e hana i loko o kaʻenemi a puni, (oi loa i loko o ka hihia i ka wa a ka hana kŰia kuʻihao), ka alloying hehee ai chemicallyʻikepili ua palapala hopu.

cobalt oka a

A nui ka nui o ka cobalt (i i ka 80%) ua hoʻohana 'ia e paka i na mea i superalloys a me ka wela hoʻopale oka a pau, no ka mea, ua kākaʻikahi hoʻohana' ia i loko o kona maemae ano. Kona mau hoʻoponopono iaono? Ienoai ductility like hoʻi me ia'ku ma lalo kiʻekiʻe mahana. A me na mea kiekie oia ka mea mea, ke kiekie o ka nui o ka cobalt hoohui i loko o ka oka a pau. Ma kekahi, hehi iho kona maʻiʻo ihoiho 30%. Kekahi ano hiʻona o kēia mau steels - hana oʻume mākenēki waiwai. Eia naʻe, ma muli o ia ka mea kiʻekiʻe lilo o ka cobalt, kona hoʻohana mea, aole i kaupalena.

Ke ole o ka molybdenum ma superalloys

ʻeleu Nine Inch hehee ai me ka nui loa e loli ai i ka ikaika o ka mea ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. No ka hoʻokō o kona hoʻohana pū me nā kumu mua. Ua me ka nui loa maoli ka paakiki o ke kila (ano, ma ka maʻiʻo o 0,3%). Tensile ikaika no hoi maoli. Kekahi maikaʻi hiʻona i i superalloys doped molybdenum - he nui degere o ka ia'ku i ka oxidative keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Molybdenum ka poʻea pau i kaʻai ano hoohanohano a. Ke keakea o ka pilikia o ke kuʻihao.

Other kūikawā steels a me ka oka a

E hana i kekahi mau hana e noi mai ana i nā mea i loaʻa i kekahi mau waiwai. Pela, ua hiki ke kamailio e pili ana i ka hoʻohana 'ana o kūikawā oka a pau, a hiki e na oka a pau a me ka kalapona. Ka i hope loa o koi 'ia' ano ua hiki aku kona aie i ka mea i ka hana o ka oka a me kā lākou aaioee mea o ka 'enehana kūikawā. Kekahi kūikawā oka a pau a me nā steels e māheleʻia i loko o mall a me ka vocal. Mawaena o ka papa kuhikuhiE pilikia no kēia 'ano o nā mea i na kēia: ia'ku i ka popopo, a komo keʻano o ka hanaʻana, hiki ke hana i loko o kaʻenemi a puni,, māhuahua me mechanical ano. Ma keia waeʻano i wela-hoʻopale kila a me ka oka a me ke kiʻekiʻe hana mahana a me ka cryogenic kila i hiki ke ku imua o mai e -296ºS.

mea paahana kila

No ka hana ana o na mea paahana i hoʻohana ma o ka hana o ka kūikawā hoʻopololei kila. Aie i ka mea i nā kūlana hana ana o kekahi mea i kekahi wae pākahi. No na mea iʻano kiʻekiʻe e pono ai, a me na ano o na oka a pau no lākou? Iecaianoaaiiuo like kūpono: mea, pono e noa mai mawaho impurities, ua pono i lawe mai inclusions o deoxidation kaʻina, a me ka homogeneous 'ole. No ke ana ana i na mea mea mea nui ia i ka pilina paʻa hana a me ke pale Wear. Olelo ana mai oʻoki mea paahana, i mea hana ma ke kiekie Mahana O Ke Kai (lihi paio hahana maoli nō ia lŘlŘ), ikaika kū'ē a me ka deformation. No laila, no ka mea, ia ia mea nui, e malama i ka iniiaiie paakiki ka wā enaena. Kekahiʻano o ka mea paahana kila - kiʻekiʻe māmā. Holo nōhie, ka mea, ua oka a me ka tungsten. Paakiki ua mālama 'ia ma ke ana wela o kahi o 600 ° C. Aia mau no hoi e make steels. Ka mea, i papahana no nā wela a me ke anu deformation.

Laulā keia oka a

O na hana i hana oka a me ka kūikawā ano hoʻonoho. No ka mea, o kona kūlana quality, ka mea, ua paʻa mau i loko o ka 'enekinia, e kukulu,ʻaila kā hana. e hoʻohana wela-hoʻopale a me ka wela-hoʻopale oka a pau i loko o ka hana o ka eiiiiiaiou o turbines, wahi no hi. Steels a i ke kiʻekiʻe anticorrosive hiʻona, e paʻa mau no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o nāʻohe, carburetors paipu, nā pā, likeʻole oihana mua o ka Nine Inch hana. Nā mawah no ka Railroad, pākeke, he enuhe amo - i ke kumu no nā mea a pau i kēia mea Wear-hoʻopale steels. I ka nuipa a? Iecaianoaaiiie o hoʻopaʻa i, nā kui nao a me nā 'ano like' ikamu i hoʻohana automaton oka a pau. ʻO wai pono auanei ko lakou laholio a me kaʻaʻahu. Nolaila, i ka pono hana a no ia mea pūnāwai kila. I mea e hoʻoikaika 'keia mea e like ai ka mea, ua hoi oka a me ka chromium, molybdenum. All kūikawā oka a pau a me nā steels me ka lākou o ka ho'ākāka 'ia' ano hiki ke emi i ka lilo o ka māhele ma mua hoʻohana 'ole-ferrous ke hooheheeia.