Henry G. Yagoda, ke poo o ka NKVD: Kawaihae

Genrikh Yagoda i ka People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs o ka USSR i 1934-1936 GG. He lilo kekahi o ka "hoʻokumu kupuna" o Stalin ka gulag, a me ka hoʻokuhikuhi o ka nuipa repressions o ka wā. Iloko o ka makau nui, ka mea i waena o nā mōhai o ka NKVD. Berry i hoopiiia ke kiu ma a me ka hoʻohālua kekahi coup, a ho'ōla pana aku la ia.

i kakahiaka nui makahiki

Genrikh Yagoda hele mai Polish Iudaio. Kona maoli inoa - o Enoka Gershevich Yehuda. Hoʻokahuli aupuni i hanau November 19, 1891 ma Rybinsk - ke kūlanakauhale aia ma ka Yaroslavl mokuna. Pono i kekahi mau mahina ma hope o ka hanau ana o ke keiki hoʻoneʻe i ka 'ohana a hiki i Nizhny Novgorod.

Henry G. Berry i pili i kekahi luawai-ike Bolshevik - Yakov Sverdlov, ke hele mai i kona lua o ka hoahānau. Ko lākou poʻe mākua hana na nā mīkini paʻi, a me ka haku A hehi ihola au a me ka sila e revolutionaries i hoʻohana ma hoʻopunipuni. Heinrich, he elima mau kaikuahine, a me ka hoahanau elua. Kona ohana i noho ai ma kaʻilihune. Aka hoi, i ke keiki (ma hope o kekahi neʻe aku) puka 'o ia mai Simbirsk gymnasium.

Ke pai hua - Bolsheviks Sverdlov Ua loa okoa caliber. No ka laʻana, e kakau i ka Nikolay Semashko - Lenin ka wā e hiki mai ola Commissar. Nizhny Novgorod ua i ka aina hanau o Maksima Gorkogo (ka mea, i mau hoaaloha a me Henry ma ka Ewa o ke kipi).

"Owl"

Ke kī hanana, ma hope a radically hoʻololi i ke ola o ke keiki, ua i ka pepehi ana o kona kaikuaana Michael. Ma keia hoohalike, Henry G. Berry ua like ia Lenin. Michael hacked Cossacks ma ka 1905 kipi. Ke kaumaha hopena kali 'ē aʻe hoahanau, Leo. He loaa i ka hea i loko o ka poʻe kaua o Kolchak, a ma ka 1919 i i no e komo i loko o ka uprising i loko o kona regiment. Akā, ka mea, ua o ka make ana o Mikaela, hiki ia ia ma luna o nā barricades i o Henry hoʻokahuli aupuni.

Ka Uluwehi o mai, Berry like anarchist-communists lilo 'ole ma o ka' ino ai hoʻokahuli aupuni hana. Royal gendarmes kapa ia "Sychom" a me ka "Lonely" (me ka Haunted a me ka unsociableʻano o).

I ka 1911, hiki aku la i ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ma Moscow. Ma ke ao ana o na hoa ka mea, he e hookupaa i ka hui 'ana me ka kūloko e like hoonaaukiekie oe kanaka, a kōkua ma ka hoʻolālā o ka pali, ka powa. Inexperienced i loko o ke kipi, i ka wā e hiki mai People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs o ka USSR, haule i loko o ka lima o ka makai. Ma ka hoohalike, oia ua laki. I manao i ke kanaka opiopio loaʻa palapala hoopunipuni wale. E like me ka Iudaio,ʻo ia i loaʻa iā ia iho me ka ae o Moscow, wāwahi ihola i ke kānāwai o ke Pale o ka Mai Lepera. Berry Ua ho'āʻo a me ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi ai i nā makahiki o ke pio i loko o Simbirsk.

I St. Petersburg

I ka 1913, Ua hai aku i ka palahalaha pili aupuni e pili ana i ka hanohano o ka 300th lā hoʻomanaʻo o ka Romanov aliʻi i loko o Rusia. Mahalo ia ia, he uuku mamua o Berry loaʻa iā ia iho ma ka noho kauwa ole ana. Link i Simbirsk i pau ai a me ka hoʻokahuli aupuni ua hoʻoneʻe 'aelike i St. Petersburg. No keia, mea, formally kipaku aku Iudaio, a hoohuliia mai i Orthodoxy (Pale o ka Mai Lepera hoʻohanaʻia hoʻi confessional makemake ma mua o ke aupuni kulanui i).

Henry G. Berry a me ka hoomana ana i kekahi mea e hana ai. Aka, e like me ke kānāwai a pau i kuleana i e ka atheist a wale no laila, hele akula i ka poli o ka Orthodox Church.

Ma St. Petersburg, Berry halawai Nikolai Podvoisky, ma hope o ka kipi, lilo commissar o ka puali koa o ka mua kanaka ka. Mahalo i kona hoʻokahuli aupuni kōkua hoomaka ae la e hana i loko o ka lapaʻau 'Oihana ma ka Putilov hola. Podvoisky i kekahi kaikuaana-KGB Arbuzov a me ka lāʻau kedera: ia i wehe i kona protégé, he okoa honua hou o nā papaha.

I ka 1915, Henry G. Berry Ua koho 'i loko o ka imperial kaua, a laila, hele aku la a hiki i ke alo o ka First World War. He kū aʻela i ke ano o ka corporal, akā, ua ku oia, a ua koke hookuu. I ka 1916, Henry hoi i Petrograd.

ʻOiʻenehana a me ka Cheka

Ma hope o ka FebruaryʻOiʻenehana Berry hana i loko o ka nūpepa "Ka Nupepa ilihune" a me ka "koa ka oiaio." I ke kauwela o 1917, oia hui ka Bolshevik Party. Ma hopeʻo ia e moe, i hui ia hoʻi i loko o 1907, akā, ua hōʻoleʻia kāna keia ma ka moʻolelo fiction haʻawina.

I ka manawa o ka Okatoba hanana Berry i loko o ka mānoanoa o ka mea i loko o Petrograd. I ka 1918, hoomaka ae la oia i kona 'oihana i loko o ka Cheka-OGPU. Mua, i ka mālama luna hana ana ma ka oihana koa nana. A laila, i ka pili Sverdlov a me Dzerzhinsky hoolilo ia ia i Moscow.

No laila, Henry G. Berry i loko o ka Special Section. He ua oi loa kokoke me Vyacheslav Menzhinsky. I ka wa i make ai, Dzerzhinsky, i ka la mahope poai puni i ka Cheka-OGPU, Yagoda, a lilo iho la kona hope. A, me ka hoouka kaua ana i ka maʻi 'lii laki climber ke hoomau aku i ka mea maoli hooponopono ana o ke kānāwai mākaʻi keʻena ma lalo nei.

questionable loaʻa kālā

ʻO loko o 1919-1920. Berry i hana i loko o ka Commissariat o na AinaʻIliahi He. Aia kona hoonoho ana i ka pono laulima me ka maluhia luna Aleksandrom Lure, a hoomaka ae la e ka loaʻa i ke aeia na na haole concessions. ʻO nā kānaka i nā mea a pau aku i ka ino i moe. Ka mea, ua i ka mea i ka People ka Commissariat o na AinaʻIliahi He mai kona hookumu ana ua pili loa aku i ka Cheka. lehulehu maluhia mana confiscated mau waiwai, a me ka oihana kuai Lurie ka ano wale aku no ka hana kālā.

Henry G. Yagoda, nona Kawaihae olelo o ka mea like me ka hohonu kuko a me ka'ālunu o ke kanaka, ma keia ano, ua markedly okoa mai ka loina hooponopono o Dzerzhinsky a me Menzhinsky. Ka palaho Chekist makemake Stalin. A hiki ma ka huli ana o ka 20-30-ies. kaua aku no ka manao wale mana, oia hoʻolālā i ke kākoʻo o nā hua. Aole hoi kekahi, aole hoi i kekahi o lakou i lilo. Berry kau aku ia ma luna o ke kanaka e ho'ōla i lilo i ka dictator, a me Stalin ike e pili ana i nā paena kaulana hua mea e hiki ke blackmail, ae kauoha mai aloha.

Luna Nui a me Commissar

I loko nō o ka hoʻokô 'i subordinate Soviet alakaʻi, hiki apuepue ke kapa maikaʻi lākou pili. Ma ka hopena o 1920s, Stalin ua nui nō anu i Berry, e like me ka hoakaka patronage i Yakov Sverdlov, a ma waena o Sverdlov a me Stalin a hiki i kanaka, mai ka manawa o ka maopopo kahi turukhanskoy i manao ai i kekahi 'hoʻopilikia. Pepa i ke Alii e malu ai luna koho 'me ka mālama nui, ina e makau.

A mea pilikia no ka paha hua ma hope o ka hoʻokumu o ka Stalinist dictatorship ua i kona kahiko aloha me Bukharin. He oiaio, i olelo ia i ke poo o ka GPU me he hookahi maluhia luna, e hiki ke helu i loko o ka paio ku e Stalin. I ka Ia manawa irresistibly Berry makamake nui i loko o ka hooko ana i na kauoha, ikaika, a me ka hana i kona makemake ana e hana i kekahi hewa Ilamuku. Stalin loaʻa 'ē aʻe like mikiʻala a me ka hooko ke kanaka i loko o NKVD wale nō he mau makahiki. Ua huli mai i Nikolai Yezhov. Akā, i loko o ke kakahiaka nui kanakolu Stalin pono i ae Berry, a kūkulu hana me ia.

People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs

Berry nele erudition Menzhinsky a me fanaticism Dzerzhinsky. He kekahi manawa, nonoi hōʻike iā ia iho me "he watchdog ma luna o ke kaula." Ma ka lehulehu o nā hoa i kaumaha mōhai inu, ua aloha ineptly haiia ae la maluna poem, akāʻo ia i nele i ka makakū tālena. A pilikino palapala hua iʻona nō expressionless a me ka dryness. I ke poʻo,ʻo ia ua awkward a me ka manawa a ua inaina mai moku'āina aoao alakaʻi i loko o ka oi anaiia a me ka nanea wale. Akā, ia mea kaʻoi loa ia i ke kanaka no ka manawa Stalin i ke hoʻoponopono i mālama 'ia hoʻi luna ma ka aina.

I ka makahiki 1934, i loaa i ka hou People ka Commissariat o ka NKVD, a me ka People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs o ka USSR Berry i hanaia hooponopono o ka papa kuhikuhiE State maluhia. He alakaʻi oi ulu repressive moku'āina mīkini i Stalin i hoomakaukau i ka hou kai eʻe ma luna o ia nei hoa paio o kona? Eia.

I kona hou nona iho Berry hana i loko o ka mea i hanaia a me ka hui ana o ka hana o ka Gulag. Ka Soviet Union no ka pōkole wā uhi i ka mea ulana pukapuka, a mau wahi i hoomoanaʻi, a ua lilo he nui loa o ka Stalinist oicyenoaaiiie nenoaiu a me kekahi o na kiko'ī o hōʻeleu i industrialization. Ma lalo o ka pololei alakaʻi o ka People ka Commissar lawelawe 'ia kekahi kumu nui Gulag hale o ia manawa - i ka hana o ka White Sea-Baltic Canal. E paʻipaʻi i ideological nānaina o Aey? Acaeoey Berry i hoʻonohonoho 'ia i ka hele ana a hiki i Maksima Gorkogo. Ma ke ala, i ka People ka Commissar o ka mea kākau ka pilina a hiki i ka hoi ana a hiki i ka Soviet Union (ma mua o kona noho ma ka Italia mokupuni o Capri no kekahi mau makahiki).

Paha hua ma luna o kēia pilina me ka mea kākau o ka Workshop welau. E like me ke poo o na makai pili aupuni,ʻo iaʻiʻo hahai i ka lokomaikai o ka makakū ka pilina i ka mana. Eia hou, o kana wahine ua Ida Berry L. Auerbach. Kona kaikunane Leopold i kekahi o ka loa e hoʻolaha i ka manaʻo kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā kākau o kona manawa. At Ida a me Henry i kekahi keiki - i Henry (a Garik, e like me ka mea i kapaʻia i loko o kaʻohana). Ke keiki i hanau i ka 1929. People ka Commissar aloha i ka poe o ka mea kākau, hoʻokani pila a me ka Artists. Ka mea, inu na uhane maikai, a kamailio me ka maikaʻi o nā wāhine, a laila, he ke ala o ke ola, e pili ana i ana i moe ai no ka maluhia makai.

Aia he ma paha hua a me ka 'oihana hoʻolako' ole. No ka laʻana, ka mea, ua iho la ka poe i ae i ka mua poo o ka tsarist makai Lopuchin, e hele aku i Farani. He lilo i defector. I 20-30th stably ulu helu o defectors. Stalinʻaneʻane ua infuriating na hihia. He papa hua ka palaleha, a ina i ole e komo i kekahi 'ike i ke kanaka mahuka, a ua ka maʻamau' imi naʻauao.

i ke kokoke loa i kahi o ka pilikia

I ka makahiki 1935, Berry loaa i ka hou inoa, i mua 'Aʻohe i appropriated. ¶ Uaʻikeʻiaʻo ia e like me ka "General Komisina o Public e malu ai." Oia ua i ka mikanele pono o ka kūikawā hōʻailona o Stalin ka lokomaikaʻi.

Soviet alakaʻi e like me ka wa pau ole e pono ai ka lawelawe ana o ka devotee poʻo o ka NKVD. I ka 1936 Moscow ua hana hoʻokipa i ke kaʻina hana mua. Ma kēia hōʻike hookolokolo Lunakanawai Stalin ka kahiko hoa ma ka aoao Bolshevik o Zinoviev a me Kamenev.

Ma lalo o ke kaomi ana o repression LIKE a me nā revolutionaries, ka mea i kekahi manawa hana 'ana me Lenin, a i ole hai aku i kā lākou mau hoʻomaʻau mai iaʻu, e like me ka indisputable mana. I kekahi o kēia mau kanaka ua Mikhail Tomsky. He i ole kali no ka pā hale, a ua hana i he pepehi anaʻia iā iho. Ka memo i kauoha ia Stalin, oia haawiia keia i Berry ma ka hoohalike ana ia no ka aina no hoi i ke kue aoao, ma a manawa a me ka moe kolohe. People ka Commissar ua ma puʻumake.

hopu

Ma ka haule ana o ka 1936, Berry loaa i ka hou paha, a lilo ae la ke poo o ke kanaka ka Commissariat o Hoʻokaʻa '. Ka hope loa ma luna o ka mea iʻula a. Opal Ua lilo i ka lōʻihi agonizing hoohalua. ʻOiai nae ko waho wehe 'ana, mai ka lāʻau kū o People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs, a hoonoho i kekahi wahi nana e like a me ka Episode o ka holomua' oihana, ia mea aneane Berry hiki ole maopopo mea i hiki mai. Aka hoi, ia iʻaʻa hoole, aʻae Stalin i ka hou 'oihana.

The People ka Commissariat o Hoʻokaʻa 'hoohilahila ana KGB luna noho i ka pihoihoi. I ka hoʻomaka o ka 1937 ka mea, ua nalowale a me keia wahi. A, i ka hapless Commissar hookaawale ia, mai ko lākou mau poʻe kaua o ka CPSU (b). Ma ka Feberuari Plenum o ka Central Komite, oia i na'lii nema aku no ka holo pono o kana oihana.

March 28, i hopu ia e kona mau nā subordinates Yagoda. Hoouka i ke aupuni inehinei hoonele ia ano lani alakai New People ka Commissar o ka NKVD Nikolay Ezhov. Kēia mau, ma muli naʻe o kona mau antagonism, hoomaka ae la ka mōʻaukala o kekahi o ka helu o nā huahelu. I Yezhov a me Yagoda he ka maoli perpetrators o nui-me ka unahiʻole Stalinist repression o na 1930s.

Ma ka huli 'o ka hoʻokuʻu Commissar pilina loaʻa i papaia Trotskyist moʻokalaleo. Koke ukali ma ka hoopii o ka waʻa, e hoʻohālua ka kīmopō o Stalin ka hoʻolala i kekahi coup. I ka hoʻokolokolo 'ana i ua hoʻopili Berry me Trotsky, Bukharin a me Rykov - poe kanaka ia lakou iho, ka mea ana i ka hoʻouluhua' nei 'Imi hoʻolaha. Ke kuka, ua ho'ākāka 'ia me ka "Trotskyist-fascist'. Ma ka 'āhewa' ana i hui e perennial nā hoapili paha hua - .. Iakoba Agranov Semyon Firin, Leonid Zakovsky Stanislav Redens Fedor Eyhmans, etc. a pau o ia i wehewehe aku e ka i hoopiiia e like me he kanaka pono, a kaupalena, kū'ē mea hoʻonaʻauao a me ka loina hooponopono Menzhinsky.

Wahine paha hua i loaa ia repression. Ka mua ka mea ia i hoʻokuʻu mai ka hana i loko o ka Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi ka oihana, a laila, hopu i ka enemi o na kanaka o ka 'ohana. Auerbach hele a me kāna keiki, a me kona makuwahine i a hoʻokuewa wale 'Orenburg i. Koke ka wahine i pana aku la ia.

Eia hou, Ua kauoha Berry me ka pepehi kanaka o Maksima Peshkova - kana keiki Maksima Gorkogo (ma ka oiaio o kona make ana o ka pneumonia). Oleloia luku mai ana ma muli o ke kino kumu. Berry ua maoli i loko o ke aloha me ka Hope Peshkov - wahine kāne make o Maxim. Ke pepehi no hoi lakou i hoopii ai i ka luna kakauolelo o ka Soviet kākau moʻolelo Petra Kryuchkova.

pana

Hua hana ua hapa o kekahi mau kaʻina hana o ke kolu Moscow (kauoha aku ka mea, ua kapaia ka kaʻina hana o Anati-Soviet "bloc o Rights a Trotskyites"). Public e hookolokolo i paʻa i loko o ka pūnāwai o 1938. Ua Ua ukali pūʻia me ka nui o ke aupuni propaganda kai eʻe i loko o ka Media. Nā nūpepa i paʻi hamama palapala i keʻano o ka lehulehu a me ka ano o kanaka, i ka i ka mea i kuni poe kipi ma ka mohai no ka pana "e like hehena ilio" a no laila, ma luna o. D.

Berry noi no ka (a me ke noi ua aeia) i ka ninau o kona pili me Nadezhda Peshkova a me ka pepehi kanaka o Maksima Peshkova noʻonoʻo i loko o ka kaʻawale hana ma ka ponoi halawai. Key Episode o ka espionage, a kipi ana ma ke akea. Berry ninau i ka Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi, a me ka Ka Loio Hoʻopiʻi Andrei Vyshinsky - ka protagonist o ka Moscow e hookolokolo ai.

March 13, 1938 i ka hoopii i loaʻa hewa a ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi aku la ia ia i ka make. Ae hoopaa ana i ke ola, Berry i kākau i ka palapala hoopii no ka lokomaikai,. Ua Ua hooleia. March 15 ka mua People ka Commissar o Kūloko Affairs o ka pana. Like ka mea'ē aʻe hoopii ia ma ke kaʻina hana, Berry i ole, ua rehabilitated.