Hi ohia - He aha ka keia? Hi ohia o kaʻaila kā,ʻaila kā nā huahana, alkanes. thermalʻuʻina

Ua mea i ike ole ia i ua hua mai kakolina mai ka aila. Eia naʻe, loa motorists mai i hiki kahaha pehea o kēia kaʻina hana o ka loli o kaʻaila i loko o wahie no kā lākou mau punahele kaa. Ua Ua kapaia ńlua, a me ke kōkua o nā refineries mea ole wale kakolina, akā, i nā pono i ke kālā no ke ola petrochemicals. Mea mōʻaukala o ke kumu o keia hana o ka aila hoohehee maemae au ia. Ke inventor o ke kaʻina hana, a me ka mea hoʻonoho ua manaoia e ia i Lūkini nä känaka 'epekema a me kanu iho i loko o kēia kaʻina ka loa na mea a loa moakaka ia mau mea,ʻaʻole i, haohao o loko o kanaka kemika.

He aha ka mea i Hi ohia

No ke aha la ka mea i kapaia he cracker? Kēia hua'ōlelo mai, mai ka 'ōlelo Pelekāniaʻuʻina, e hoike ana i cleavage. I mea, i kēia kaʻina kaʻaila kā hoohehee maemae au ia, e like me kona constituent hapa. Ua ua hua mai la i ka mea e loaa ia huahana, a i ka uuku hakakino kaumaha. Mau mea e hopohopo nei lubricating kaʻaila, Hawaii aila a me ka 'ē aʻe like. Eia hou, i ka hopena o kēia kaʻina hua huahana, i ka pono no ka mea Nine Inch a me ka petrochemical na hana.

alkanes Hi ohia nā mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, a me condensation a me ka polymerization konohiki. I ka hopena o kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana o ke kahua o kaʻaila kā Coke lilo, a me na hapa paila ma ke ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa, a kapa aku la ńlua koena. Ka baila aʻela i wahi o keia waiwai, ua oi aku mamua o 350 degere. It E e kaulana ia, heʻokoʻa kēia mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana, he mea'ē aʻe - cyclization, isomerization, hoʻololi kemikala.

Ka hana mea hou i hana muaʻole o Shukhov

Hi ohia o kaʻaila, kona mōʻaukala hoʻomaka i ka 1891. A laila, i ka lunaʻenehana VG Shukhov a me kona colleague Gavrilov SP invented hanalima mea kanu no ka mea ana thermalʻuʻina. Kēia i ka mua mea hoʻonoho o kona ano i loko o ke ao nei. Nā inventors, ma e like me nā kānāwai o ka Russian aupuni a pau Palapala Sila Nui ia i loko o ka hoomana kino o ka aina. O ka holo ana, keia ua i kekahi mana kŘkohu. Hope, ma hope o aneane he hapaha kenekulia, ka oaoieei-pāʻoihana Shukhov he i ke kumu o ka hanalima cracker i loko o ka United States. A i loko o ka Soviet Union i ka mua o ia mea hoʻonoho ma ka hanalima me ka unahiʻole, hoomaka ae la e paka, a hookuu i ka "Sovietʻuʻina" i ka makahiki 1934. Ua kanu ua ke aupuni 'o Baku.

Na Huaolelo English chemist Barton

I ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia, ke petrochemical hana ua i ka invaluable na makana no ka Pelekāne Barton, nana no ka aoao a me nā pāʻoihana no ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina mai maka aila. Ka mea, ua loaʻa he ala loa hemolele, i ka mea, i ka ńlua naoh, like me ka hopena o i ka auoiaea o ke kiʻekiʻe loa helu o Lightweight kakolina hapa. Prior i keia, i ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia chemist komo i loko o aaioee aila huahana, me wahie aila ua e extract kerosene. Ka hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia e paka kakolina hapa, Barton Palapala Sila Nui i kona ano o ka hana kakolina.

I ka 1916, ua hoʻohana 'Barton hana i loko o ka hanalima a puni, a me ka pono eha makahiki ma hope ma hope o oi ma mua o nā haneri keuʻewalu o kona huahelu mua i hana ia ma na nā hale hana.

Paila wela kaukaʻi mea pono ike waiwai o ka puʻe ma luna o laila. Ia mea, ina o ka puʻe ma luna o kekahi kinowai ka loa kiʻekiʻe, laila, me, e e kiʻekiʻe, a me ka mahana o ka baila aʻela i. Me ka hōʻemiʻana puʻe ma luna o ka waiwai, ka mea hiki, ua hoʻomaka e paila ma ka lalo ana wela. He kēia ike hoʻohana chemist Barton, ka hoʻokō 'ana i ka loa o ka pono mahana e ana ńlua naoh. Kēia wela papa koa, mai 425 a hiki i 475 degere. O ka holo ana, a me ka ke kiʻekiʻe wela ole ma luna o ka aila ka mea, e evaporate, a me ka hana mea paʻakikī me ka vaporous waiwai. No laila, i ka papa kuhikuhi hana o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia chemist ua Kāohiʻana o ka baila aʻela i a me ke omoāea o ka aila. Hoomaka ae la oia e pana aku au i ke kiʻekiʻe a paÿa i ka pau kaʻina.

Mea hoʻonoho no ka ńlua

Barton i hoʻomākaukauʻia oia no kekahi mau oihana mua, i waena o ka mea i ka ieoaeunoai, a hana ma lalo kiʻekiʻe puʻe. He Ua i o loa ai mānoanoa kila, ua waiho nei ma luna o ka umu ahi, i, ma ka huli, i lako pono me ka uwahi paipu. Ua Ua kuhikuhi mai i ka wai-cooler nui loa. A laila, i ka pau kahawai i kauoha ia i ka ipu manao no kaʻohiʻohi wai. Ma ka lalo o ka pahu neo? Aaiiai? Lala la Tube, kēlā Tube a i ka noho mana ana kiwikā.

Pehea o kaʻuʻina

Na ńlua kaʻina Ua like penei. Ua piha ke ieoaeunoai me kaʻaila kā huahana, e like me wahie aila. Ke kiʻekiʻe, ka aila ua enaena, ma ka lua ahi. A hiki i ka mahana i hoʻokahi haneri a me kanakolu degere, mai kahi mai o ka eioaeuiie i wehe 'ia (evaporated) i loaʻa ma loko o ka wai. Maalo ae la oia ma ka Tube, a ho'ēmi, keia wai, komo ka ohi pahu, a mailaila aku hou ma ka ohe hele i lalo. I ka Ia manawa i ke kaʻina hana mau i loko o ka ieoaeunoai, ma i wahie aila nalowale mai ka 'ē aʻe eiiiiiaiou - lewa a me nā kinoea. Lakou i ka ua ala like ana o ka wai, poʻomanaʻo, 'o ia ma ka pipeline.

Noho pakele o ka wai a me ke kinoea aila huahana ua makaukau no mahopeʻuʻina. Umu ikaika maule iho la, a mālie māhuahua i ka wela o ka ieoaeunoai a ka mea hiki i 345 degere. I keia manawa, i ka omoāea o Lightweight hydrocarbons. Maalo ae la oia ma ka Tube i ka coolant, aia ma kahi e noho i loko o ka moku'āina o ke kinoea, e like me ka wai ka ohu. Once i loko o kaʻohiʻana ipu, i kēia mau hydrocarbons ukali i loko o ka pipeline, e like me ka mākeke kiwikā paa hou mai la, aʻaʻole i hoʻokuʻu iā lākou i loko o ka lua. Ka mea, hoi aku la ma ka ohe hoʻi a hiki i ka pahu, a laila 'oe i ke ala a pau,ʻaʻohe ala mai.

Alaila, lilo iho la lakou nui a me ka oi ma manawa. Ka hopena ua he e ulu ana i loko o ka puʻuwai o ka'ōnaehana. Ka wā o kēia manaʻo koikoi ua hiki i ka elima me ka lewa, ua, ua hikiʻole i ka evaporate mai ka ieoaeunoai malamalama hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons, hooho ae, i malamaia i kaʻaʻahu puʻe i loko o ka ieoaeunoai kahawai ana i hanaʻi, a me ka o kaʻohiʻana ipu Pahu Hau. Ka poʻe ia ka hoʻomaka 'no ka mea, o ka mea kiʻekiʻe mahana splitting kaumaha hydrocarbons. E like me ka hopena, huli ka mea, i loko o kakolina,ʻo ia hoʻi, i loko o ka malamalama hydrocarbon. Kona ho okumu ua hoomaka ana i ke ana ma kahi o 250 degere, o ka malamalama hydrocarbons ma cleavage evaporated, ka condensate i hanaʻia i loko o ke keʻena anuanu, ohi i loko o kaʻohiʻana i ke pahu. Next, ma ka paipu kakolina kahe makaukau i loko o ka ipu i loko i ka'aloʻahiʻa i hoemiia. Kēia manaʻo koikoi ka pilina i ka wehe 'ana o gaseous hehee wale. Me Ua wehe ia kinoea ma manawa, a me ka pau kakolina ninini i loko o nā ipu'ākau paha poʻina nalu.

Ka oi malamalama hydrocarbons evaporated, ka oi resilient a me ka hoʻopale ke ana wela i ka aila. No laila, ma hope o ka huli ana o ka hapalua o ka ieoaeunoai ka maʻiʻo ma ke kakolina i ke wehe 'ia hou hana. Kōkua loko o hoʻouka kekahi ma ka mea hoʻonoho o ke mika ma ka hoomaopopo ana i ka helu o ke kūpono kakolina. Umu pio pipeline 'ano. Holo pololei paipu e hoʻohuiʻia ka mea'opihia, ma ka mea ku ole, wehe, ke mau neʻe i loko o kēia mea'opihia, ke manaʻo koikoi maloko ua emi. Ma ia laua me kēia overlapped paipu e alakai ana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina, e uhaʻiʻoe i kona pili ana me ka mea hoʻonoho. Ia kekahi hana hou i loko o anticipation o ka huʻihuʻiʻana o ka ieoaeunoai, ninini mai o ia waiwai. No ka hope ana laila mākou e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka ieoaeunoai, mai ka taint o Coke, a ia ua hiki ke lawe mai i ka hou ńlua kaʻina.

Kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao o ka hoohehee maemae au ia a me ka mea hoʻonoho Barton

It E e hoʻomaopopo i ka manawa kūpono o splitting i kaʻaila, oa kaʻuʻina o alkanes, ua lōʻihi ua ike ia e kānakaʻepekema. Naʻe, ka mea, i ole, ua hoʻohana iʻike mau distillation, e like me ka mea ua splitting i loko o ia ke kulana ua undesirable. No keia hopena, i 'ole ka superheated mahu ma ke kaʻina. Me ke kōkua o kaʻaila ka i hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo akā, evaporate.

Ma kona ola ana, ka aila hoohehee maemae au ia hana ua hele ma kekahi mau kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. No laila, mai ka sixties o ka XIX kenekulia i ka hoʻomaka o ka hope ke kenekulia, me ka aila ua hoʻokō 'ia paka wale kerosene. He ua laila he mea waiwai, a me i kanaka loaaʻaoʻao pale i loko o ka pouli. He noteworthy ia ma ka manawa o ia aaioee, loko mai kaʻaila kā hapa Lightweight, noʻonoʻo neoneo. Ka mea, ninini ihola i loko o ka lua, a luku iho la ia ma ka incineration 'ole kekahi' ano.

A hāpai ńlua Burton, a me kana mau hana i mālama ai me ke kumu mua i loko o ka holoʻokoʻa aila hoohehee maemae au ia kaiaulu. He keia aoao o ka 'ōlelo Pelekānia chemist hiki ke hoʻokō i ka maikaʻi hopena o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o ke kakolina. Hua o ka maemaeʻaila kā huahana like hoʻi me nā aromatics i māhuahua ai kekahi mau manawa.

I ka pono no ka noi o kaʻuʻina

I ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia, ke kakolina ua, oe ke olelo aku, wao huahana o ka aila hoohehee maemae au ia. Kaa e holo mai ana ma luna o kēia wahie, oiai, he loa uuku, no laila, i ka wahie i ole, ua koi. Akā, me ka hooholo o ka manawa i ka'auwaʻa'āina i ulu steadily, niioaaonoaaiii, koi 'ia a me ka kakolina. Wale no ka mea he umi a umikumamalua makahiki mua o ka iwakalua kenekulia, o ka pono no ka kakolina hoomahuahua ae la lakou ma ka 115 manawa!

Loaa mai ma ka poe noonoo ole distillation o ke kakolina, a, oi kaʻoi loa, kona leo 'aʻole e halawai me ka consumer, a na nā hoʻohua lakou iho. Ua Ua nolaila, hooholoia e hoʻohana i kaʻuʻina. Ua 'ae' e hoʻonui i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie kōmi. Ua 'ae' e hoʻonui i ke dala o ke kakolina no na pono o States.

A iki ma hope, ka mea i loaʻa i kaʻuʻina o kaʻaila kā huahana ke e lawe mai,ʻaʻole wale nō ma ka wahie ka aila a me ka kakolina diesel wahie. E like me ka maka mea no keia luawai ua pololei ia a me ka maka aila. Nō hoʻi, a me nā Manufacturers hoʻomalu ma keia kahua i ua manao ia o ka kakolina loaa ńlua kaʻina ua o maikaʻi e like ai. Ma kekahi, i ka wa a hoʻohana 'ia i loko o na kaa ka mea, hana hou mau, a no ka hou ma mua mau. Kēia i aie i ka mea i kakolina i loaa mai ma ka Hi ohia, hoopaa mai la kekahi hydrocarbons, puhi iʻike mau distillation. Mau waiwai, i ka huli, ka wā hoʻohana ma na'ā kiko'ī i ka waiwai e ignite, a kuni i ka mea hou smoothly, like me ka hopena o ka engine mea i wahie Naita me ia.

catalyticʻuʻina

Hi ohia - he kaʻina hana i hiki ke maheleia i mau ano. Ua Ua hoʻohana 'ia paha i ka wahie, e like me kakolina. Ma kekahi mau hihia, ka mea hiki e lawe mai ma ka mea wela lapaʻau o kaʻaila kā huahana - thermalʻuʻina. Ma nā hihia ia mea e hiki manaʻo o kēia kaʻina ole wale ma kiʻekiʻe wela akā, no hoi me ka hou ana o catalysts. Oia kekahi kaʻina ua kapaia he catalytic.

E ho ohana i ka la mahope, i ka ano o ka aaioee, Manufacturers loaʻa kiʻekiʻe-octane kakolina.

Ua Ua manaoio ia keia laha 'o ka mea nui kaʻina e hoʻolako i ka loa a me ka walaau ole qualitative hoohehee maemae au ia. Catalytic Hi ohia hoʻolauna i loko o ka hana i loko o ka ke kanakolu o ka hope ke kenekulia, ka mea, ua 'ae nā hoʻohua e kiʻi i kekahi mau pono no ke kaʻina holoʻokoʻa. O nā kohoʻia, i pili ana me ka nanea o ka hoʻopololei a me ka mea'ē aʻe keʻano o ka hanaʻana (deasphalting, hydrotreating, alkirovanie a me ka 'ole. D.). He keia versatility hiki e wahi ana i ka nui ke ano o ka pono o ka catalytic ńlua pa alima i loko o ka holoʻokoʻa buke o ka aila hoohehee maemae au ia.

maka mea

Ka maka mea hoʻohana ma o ka catalyticʻuʻina o ka holo kinoea aila a mea he hapa ka ka baila aʻela i huahelu mai ka 350 a hiki i 500 degere. Ma keia hihia i ka hope loa baila aʻela i wahi ua waiho okoa, a hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia maʻiʻo. Eia hou, keia anakahi e loli ai i ka coking feedstock. Ua hiki ole e oi aku mamua o ekolu tenths o ka pakeneka.

Ka mua hydrotreating koi 'ia, a hua mai la i ka hapa i ua wehe' like me ka hopena o kekahi mau luaipele i huiʻia. hydrotreating kekahi ho'ēmi i kā coking.

Kekahi luawai-ike, he mea mau keʻano o ka hanaʻana i hana ia e ia, i loko o a he mea kaʻuʻina o kaumaha hapa iki i loko o ka refinery market poʻe. Mau nā coking mai i eono i ewalu pakeneka o ka aila. Eia hou, i ka maka nā paha e ka hydrocracking koena. Loa paha pohihihi, ka mea hiki ke olelo mai ua noonoo mea lahaʻole maka puupaa aila. A like pa alima ( 'enehana milliseconds) mea i loaʻa i loko o ke Aupuni Lepupalika o Belarus ma ka Mozyr refinery.

I kela a nei, ka wā hoʻohana catalyticʻuʻina o kaʻaila kā, hoʻohana poepoe amorphous hōʻeleu. Ua ua he ekolu i elima millimeter lei. Ano, no keia mea catalysts i hoʻohana ńlua ana i oi aku mamua o 60-80 microns (zeolite microspheroidal hōʻeleu). Ka mea, iloko o ka zeolite lālā ua manaʻo ma luna o ka Aluminum silicate'ōpū mai.

Ka thermal hana

Like mau, thermalʻuʻina ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka aaioee o kaʻaila kā, ina e pono ai komo i loko o ka hopena huahana me ka uuku hakakino kaumaha. No ka laʻana, ua i komo unsaturated hydrocarbons, ʻaila kā Coke, malamalama Hawaii mōʻalihaku.

I ka olelo o keiaʻaila kā aaioee iaoiaeii mea e kaukaʻi ma ka hakakino kaumaha a me ka ano o ka feedstock, like me 'ana ma luna o ka olelo ma i ka ńlua wale. Kēia i hoopaa e chemists no manawa. Kekahi o ka papa kūlana e ho ololi i ka māmā a me ka ao ao o ka pele o ka thermalʻuʻina i manaoia e ka mahana, ka puʻuwai a me ka aaioee manawa. Hope i ke launa i ka hiki pae i nā kānakaʻekolu haneri, iʻekolu haneri a me kanalima degere. Wā hoʻohana kinetic helu kaulike o ka mua o ka papaʻuʻina hōʻike no kēia kaʻina. Ma ka hopena o ka ńlua, a nui kaʻoi loa, ma luna o kona haku mele 'ana me nā huahana e loli ai i ka manaʻo koikoi loli. Ke kumu o ka loli ana o ka mämä a me ka ano o ka kiʻekiʻe reactions, a loaʻa, i hōʻike muaʻia aʻe, ka polymerization a me ka condensation i ua pu ma ka ńlua. Naoh helu kaulike thermal kaʻina mea like penei: S20N42 S10N20 + = C10 H22. Ho ololi i ka neʻeʻana, a me ka? Acoeueoao mea no ka buke o reagents.

It E e hoʻomaopopo i kaʻuʻina o kaʻaila, lawe mai ma kēia mau kiʻina hana, mea i ka mea wale nō kekahi. Ke? Iecaianoaaiiie aayoaeuiinoe refineries hana, a he nui nāʻano o ka nohoʻana kaʻina. Pela, ma kekahi mau manawa o ka ai-kapaia oxidativeʻuʻina, lawe mai hoʻohana 'ka oxygen. Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka? Iecaianoaaiiuo a me ka pila nuiʻuʻina. Me keia hana, Manufacturers acetylene hoomakaukau e hele uila ma ka methane.