Ke degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic: arsenic Nine waiwai

Ma mua o ka noonoo i ke degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic, e hōʻike kona kulana i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa a me ka mall hiʻona. Nō hoʻi, kāhea aku i ka hoʻokumu paʻa kino ai a me ka Nine Inch waiwai o ka Nine Inch hehee ai.

Ke kahua ma ka SS

Walaʻauʻana degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic, Nine Inch ka waiwai, noi - hiki ke loaʻa i keia ma ka nana ana i ka wahi o ka hehee ai i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika nenoaiu. Arsenic ua aia i loko o ka lima o ka pūʻulu, ka luna subgroup mea he 'eleleʻohana o ka naikokene. He mea i pili'ātoma nui o 74,9216. XIX. Arsenic'okesaside ka papahelu e pili ana me ka pae i loko i ka mea, ua waiho ia ma ka MS. Kēia hehee ai 33 mai ka pūkaʻina helu. I ka helu o ka ikehu pae e like me ka helu ana i ka wā i loko o i ka ukana o ka moana, ia mea eha.

E noonoo i ka hoʻoponoponoʻana o Kamehameha o electrons i loko o kēlā nukelea wahī. Ma ka mea mua ikehu pae ka pono mau hui kaulua electrons, he lua iwi (particles) nohoʻewalu: 2s a me 6p. Ma ke kolu o ka 'ilikai, i waena o lākou, ka mea, ua ke aupuni' umi n-electrons, i mea wale 18 (particles). Mawaho ikehu 'ilikai mea he 2s-huina'ine, a ekolu pa-unpaired huina'ine. Ia mea i ka helu o ka valence electrons e hoʻoholo i ka hiki degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic.

'aoʻao o ka moʻolelo

arsenic Ua pili ia i elima "alchemical" hehee wale,ʻikeʻia mai ka Middle Ages. An hana hoihoi 'wahi o ka mea i eha o ia mea i loko o ka lima o ka pūʻulu o ka SS. I ia mau lā i kekahi ke ho oholo i ka degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic, akā, me ka pilina i ana ia no ka hana o ka ai ', e pili ana nā waihoʻoluʻu.

Ma hope iho o ka loli ana o ka Pōhaku Age a hiki i ke keleawe Age, kanaka aʻoʻia e paka i kēia oka a me ka kūikawā ano. Ua huli mai i ka mea, oia no i ka 7 pakeneka o ka arsenic a me 3 pakeneka piuta. ʻepekema, i ka wā o ka mua smelting o ke keleawe kahi o ka malachite, he'ōmaʻomaʻo kala like 'ole, hewa i ka uliuli keleawe-arsenic sulfide nā minelala hao.

Ke kupaianaha hana o ka kūpono oka a i aku la ia ia hanohano i waena o nā haku kahiko. Ka mea, e hōʻike hewa huli ana i ke ano maoli nā minelala hao i loaʻa ka olelo mai ka waiwai.

Degere o arsenic i huiʻia i loko o ka'okesaside o ka maikaʻi type, pahuhopu nei me kona valency kiʻekiʻe. E kuhikuhi sulfides i loaʻa ka arsenic, mea pōhaku enaena. Keʻano o ka hana i ho'ākāka 'kālika ala ka hōʻoiaʻiʻo nō o ke alo i loko o ka arsenic hui. Ke kiʻekiʻe, mai ka smelting o ke keleawe Arsenous hoole. Mawaena o na kumu no ka hoopau ana i ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o kaʻepekema kapa aku i ka paʻa kaʻapu kōheoheo o ka haku ma ka hana.

maoli nā minelala hao

Ma ka palapala o ka mea pōhaku waiwai ma lalo o noonoo ka mea, ua ikeia mai ka wa kahiko. No ka laʻana, ka'okesaside helu ana o 3 i loko o ka huina lakou o ka arsenic ho'āʻoʻiaʻikeʻia i loko o Makamua China like "Stannaries lepo". Aristotle i hoakakaia sandarac mea pōhaku no ko ka arsenic sulfide. I unuhi 'ia mai ka' ōlelo Roma kona inoa kani e like "gula HW". He pili ia i loko o ia mau lā me he lenalena kalameaʻai.

I ka umikumamakahi o kenekulia alchemists e hōʻike anaʻekoluʻano o ka waiwai. Ke degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic i loko o ka huina lakou poe ma kēia mau laha 'hoʻopili like i ka pae helu. E kāhea aku iā ia keʻokeʻo arsenic hexavalent'okesaside, sulfide kapaia he lenalena a me kaʻulaʻula - As4S4 (pararealgar).

Whiteʻano impurities i loaa mai ma ka sublimation i loko o ke kī pūʻana kaʻina hana o ke keleawe i eliia, ma a ka haku mele 'ana o ka arsenic komo pū. E like me ka condensation mai ka gaseous moku'āina ia lŘlŘ palapala moʻopane o arsenic'okesaside me he keʻokeʻo plaque. He i mai ka wā kahiko, ua hoʻohana me ke kumu o ka pest ana.

Ma kaʻumikumamākolu kenekulia, Albert ka Nui i loaa metalloobraznoe waiwai. He enaena, me ke kopa a me ka melemele arsenic. Ka waiwai i loaa mai ma ka AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN i ike "pohihihi kamaʻilio" ehiku kŘhele me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Paha keia mea aie a hiki i kaʻokoʻa hōʻikeʻia e nā alchemists kahiko arsenic noʻonoʻo "illegitimate" hehee ai. Ua ua i loko o ia mau lā ka mea i hōʻike i ka hiki e hooili keleawe keʻokeʻo, no laila, ikea ae la ia e like me keʻano o ka "whitening Venusa."

E like me he kanaka waiwai i ka Nine Inch hehee ai i ua hōʻike 'wale ma ka waena o ka makahiki kenekulia. German pharmacist Johann Schroeder pomaikai ae la lakou i kaʻawale ia, me ka Nine Inch ka ho'ēmiʻana o ke kalapona oxides. Ma hope o kekahi manawa, e pomaikai ae la lakou i ka kaʻawale Nikole Lemeri metala paio hahana maoli nō potash soaps, arsenic'okesaside. Ma ka 18th kenekulia, keia mea hiki ke hooheheeia ua, ua hoikeia mai me he "kalaka nui" hana.

Ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia Kuekene chemist K. V. Sheele i loaa arsenicʻakika, i hoike mai ai ia i ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic +5. Ma ka umikumamaiwa kenekulia ke aloha 'ona i pihaʻi me arsenic i ho'ākāka' ia.

I ma ke ano maoli

Higher a malalo degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic ana i loko o kona kino i huiʻia. Ma ka pńpa pakeneka lehulehu o ka haawi mai hehee ai, aole ia i oi aku 5 nā huna no ke tona. Ma na mea he nui nā minelala hao, inā loaʻa pu me nikala, cobalt, keleawe, hao.

Currently, ma laila nō ma kahi o elua haneri okoa maoli nā minelala hao, a loaʻa ka Nine Inch hehee ai noʻonoʻo e mākou. Ua haawiia i ka mea, hoike mai ai ia i ka lani kiekie loa, a hiki ilalo lilo i ka papahelu o'okesaside o arsenic, ka mea iʻokoʻa palapala noi. No ka laʻana, ma ka huipūʻana me ka antimony arsenic hōʻike i ka io'okesaside moku'āina. E noonoo pono i ka mea i kēia mea hiki ke hooheheeia mea haʻahaʻa electronegativity, he haʻahaʻa degere o ka'okesaside o ka arsenic mea -3. Kēia huahelu mea typical no arsenides, e like me ka mea pōhaku allemontita.

Loa i huiʻia me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia arsenic, haawiia i ke specificity o ka haku mele 'ana, mea he intermetallic hui, wehewehe aku e loli iki ana i ka haku mele' ana o ka Nine Inch hehee ai.

ano arsenide

No ka arsenide wehewehe aku ma ka maʻiʻo o kekahi mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia ka like 'ole o ke anianiʻolu. Mau nā minelala hao i wehewehe aku e kekahi mea hao alohilohi, e opaque, i ka haʻahaʻa paakiki.

E like me examples o maoli arsenide ke noonoo i ka kēia hui:

• loellingite like i ka pyrite;
• nickeline kapa ula nikala pyrite;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

O ka holo ana, i kēia mea,ʻaʻole he exhaustive papa inoa o ia nā minelala hao - a ianoiyuaa a hoʻokuʻu akula ma kahi o iwakalua-kumamalima o kēia mau hui. Mawaena o ka loa, he pono ole i ke ano maoli i ke'ōleloʻia arsenopyrite kapa arsenical pyrites. He He huahana loaa e hookomoia i ka sulfur'Ātoma i loko o pyrite arsenic. I huiʻia o ia i ka manao, i ua ole hōʻike i loko o ka lani kiekie loa degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic ua kapaia sulphosalts.

Lākou mau counterparts manaʻo cobalt alohi gersdorffite, enargite a me Proust. Ka hope mea he nui ke kala mea e hoohehee ai, aia i loko o ke keena, ahu iho o ka mea maikai i noho. Ke 'ole sulfosalts ke komo i maikai, i eliiaʻi no ka platinum pae. Iwaena o lakou hoihoi irarsite a me ka orsit. Lākou haku mele 'mea pohihihi i eliiaʻi hoʻohana like catalysts maikaʻi i loko o ke aloha a me ka'okanikaʻole syntheses.

ʻO kā mākou degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic ua hoike mai i loko o kona maoli sulphides. No ka laʻana, ka alani-yellow dimorph ho i ka arsenic sulfide (5). Ma ke kanakolu o ka hope ke kenekulia, ma kona ano maoli hoʻokomo kālā o ka orpiment, a me loko o kona wale nô sulfide, trivalent arsenic, ma kaʻaoʻao hema o ka Verkhoyansk laulā i loaʻa. I ka nui o ka 'akomi i nā pōaka ua ka hola 60 kenimika ma ka lōʻihi, a me ke kaupaona oaeuiinoe ma 30 kg.

ano arsenates

Hiki degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic paʻakai hiki ke noʻonoʻo no ka laʻana. Penei, arsenicʻakika hui haawiia arsenate hōʻike nō ia o ka i kā mākou ana no ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia: 5. E like me examples o ia mau hui i hiki mai erythrite me he ao alohilohi i a pink waihoʻoluʻu. Ka paʻakai haawiia cobalt kala like 'ole, ka mea, i ka haʻilula Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. He i hiki e hoailona oukou Gasparo eleele-ula hue like (ce, La, Makalu) ArO _4.

Ma ke kikowaena o Kuekene loaʻa langbanovskie ferromanganese kūlana hana, kahi ia i loaʻa, a wehewehe aku ma kahi o kanalima okoa arsenates. Mau hui i hoohuiia e reacting arsenousʻakika me ka manganese hydroxide, (2) ma haʻahaʻa mahana.

He aha ikea e arsenate degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic? Ano o kēia mau paʻakai hōʻoia ana i ke alo o ka luaipele i loko o ia mau mea. I loko nō o ka nele o ka hanalima noi, kā lākou aesthetic helehelena hana ia e pono no e pili ana mineralogical hoiliili ole.

An hoʻonaneaʻana mai kupfernikel mea 'ākau o ka mea pōhaku Nichelino. Medieval Kelemānia miners nikala i kapaia o ka mauna o ka uhane ino, a me ka "hoʻopuni keleawe ulaula" i kapaia "kupfernikelem". Masters Ua hōʻike ano keleawe-ulaula nā pōaka o ka mea pōhaku keleawe i eliia. Hoʻohana 'ia ma ka aniani, e haawi aku i kekahi huahana ua loaa omaomao. Wale nō i loko o ka hapalua like-umikumamawalu kenekulia mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt pomaikai ae la lakou i kaʻawale mai o ka mea pōhaku nikala.

Waiwai i loko o ke ano maoli

Arsenic mea nui inert, no laila ka mea, hiki ke loaʻa i loko o ka oiwi moku'āina. Oia metala ke kuleana o ka mai mau a hiki i umikumamaono pakeneka o impurities,ʻano nui ka mea, i ke kala, ka hao, cobalt, nikala. I ko kakou aupuni ka mea i loaa ia e kanaka hulihonua maoli arsenic i loko o ka Amur'āina, Transbaikalia.

Ua hiki ke loaʻa ma ka pōhaku a me nā minelala hao, a me ka mea kanu, no laila ka mea, ua pono pinepine haawiia i like me ka ubiquitous hehee ai.

He aha ka ka i kā mākou, a me ka palena iki degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic? Ka mea kiekie loa waiwai hoʻopili like i ka hui helu, ai kaʻeleu hehee ai ua noho ai, a me ka mea +5. He ano no ka mea i huiʻia ma i mea hōʻike hoemi waiwai. E heluhelu hou i huiʻia o kēia hanana metala, e noʻonoʻo hope.

Ka poepoe honua arsenic puunaue loa unevenly. Ke kumu o ke kahua o ka lithosphere, a ma ka sorption a me ka desorption keʻano o ka hanaʻana 'ia i loko o sediments a me soils.

Aie i ka solubility maikaʻi o ka metala i loko o ka wai ka mea, hooholo koke E neʻe i. No ka laʻana, ma humid aniau i loko nō ia ia lŘlŘ leaching mai ka lepo, i ukali ia e neʻe pū me groundwater, muliwai.

physiological ai

Ke paa dala o ka arsenic na i ka mea pōhaku wai. Aia nō kekahi rula ma luna o ka maʻiʻo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia. I ka nui loa o ka ana nā loina aia mea he nui hoʻoweliweli 'o ka' ino i ke kanaka kino. Iloko o Nine Inch noiʻi, ka mea i loaʻa i loko o ka wai maoli arsenic i e noho i loko o nā 'ano apau loa. He aha e ia i ke degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic? Nā waiwai o ka hui i loaʻa i loko o ka wai, e hoʻokūpaʻa i ke alo o ka metala i loko o ka palapala o ka arsenousʻakika pāʻoihana.

Arsenic i ola palapala kekahi mua ma kahi o 6 mg no 1 kg. Part o ka līoho ke loaa i ka waiwai i oleloia no na mea he nui i ka mea hiki e weliweli no ke kanaka kino. Kekahi o na? Ueo i loaʻa i loko o hawaiian aina, e hiki ia proliferate ma ka maemaeʻakika pāʻoihana. Ka mea, i hoʻohana 'ia me ke kumu o ke ana iole. I kanaka lolo'aʻaʻa, a me ka lawa nui o ka metala i loko o kona nāʻiʻo. Eia hou kekahi, ia mea i loaʻa i loko o ke kui papa ua loaa i loko o ka lauoho.

physical hoakaka

I loko nō o ka mea i arsenic kohu i ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia, ka mea no hoi i ke pili-mea hao hoailona. No ka laʻana, ka mea, 'aʻole hiki ke ho okumu i paʻakai me ka sulfuricʻakika ka manehu acidifying hehee ai. Arsenic hiki nei i loko o nā allotropic ka hoʻololi 'ana ka hoʻomanaʻoʻana phosphorus. Ke loa i ka pilina paʻa ka oho arsenic, a sublimes ka wā enaena like me iodine.

Ma keia hooponopono hou ana o uila conductivity emi iki mahope o ke keleawe akā, ma luna ma mua o Hereme. Ma ka anuanu arsenic ohu ke kiʻi pahee aniani moakaka yellow kala waiwai like i ka hulu phosphorus. Ma hahana maoli nō kēia, ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i loko o ka okoa allotropic hooponopono hou ana o ka Nine Inch hehee ai.

I ka arsenic mahu palapala moʻopane ma aniani hiki ke malama i ka meaʻikeʻia o ke aniani ho film.

arsenic hui

Ke degere o ka'okesaside o arsenic i loko o ka luna'okesaside ka 5, i ka pahuhopu a me kona valence kiʻekiʻe. Akā, sublimation o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ohu ma humid lewa i hanaʻeleʻele Auana arsenic kona anhydride As2O _3. Ua mea i loko o ia i ka palapala i koe holo nōhie a me'okesaside o ka hehee ai. Kēia'okesaside hōʻike amphoteric Nine Inch waiwai.

Ma ka'okesaside kaʻina hana ka mea, ua hoohuliia mai i ka'okesaside ma luna, a hoike i ka nui o ka arsenic'okesaside moku'āina +5.

Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia maemae ua oxidized me ka dilute nitricʻakika e ortomyshyakovistoyʻakika H ₃ AsO _3, ai ka mea i he valence o 3. I lākou Nine Inch hiʻona ka mea, ua manaoia he meakino ikaikaʻakika analogously boricʻakika. Paʻakai noonoo arsenite hoike olinolino restorative waiwai.

Ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia koloriside i ka'okesaside moku'āina +3, e hana me ka typical metala hehee ai. Saltlike arsenides, i hanaʻia ma ka naoh me ka hana i eliiaʻi undergo koʻana koko hydrolysis. No ka laʻana, arsine (lehu ₃₎ Heʻawahia colorless kinoea, devoid o ka hohono.

organometallic hui

Arsenic mea hiki ke ho okumu i likeʻole organometallic i huiʻia. No ka laʻana, ma ka hopena o 18th kenekulia distillative'okesaside o arsenic (3) potasiuma'ākeka, Ua loaa fuming wai a me kaʻawaʻawa loa ala. Ua kūpono huahana i ka inoa o alarsinom. Mahope haʻawina hoikeia mai ia i loko o kona hapa o ka arsenic mea i loaʻa.

Ma ka hopena o ke kenekulia umikumamaiwa, onaona arsines i synthesized. Naoh Ua lawe mai ma lalo o ka hana ana o ka hui ana o arsenic trichloride a me ka aryl halide me ka mea hao paʻakai. Kekahi o kēia mau huahana i kakaʻikahi antimicrobial waiwai. I ka lā, i ka hoʻololi kemikala o na umi o na tausani o arsenic ke aloha 'ona.

Ka hoʻohana o arsenic

More ma mua o ka hapalua o ka hua metala ua hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka palapala o ia wahi i huiʻia. Ma kona maemae palapala, ka mea, ua aneane loa i hoʻohana. Ma uuku mea ka mea, ua wahahee i loko o ka hanau ana oka a pau. Ia mea hoʻonui i ka maikaʻi hopena ma luna o ka paakiki o ka hoʻopau 'ana i huina hoonui, no laila, pono ka mea, i loko o ka hana o ka pou uwea a me iuo aaoa?.

Ka palena iki mahele lāʻau o ka arsenic he hoʻonui i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i ka popopo ia'ku, ka hoʻoikaika' ana i ka thermal nā hoailona, keleawe a me ke keleawe ulaula. Inā keia hehee ai, aole ia i apo ia nā impurities, ma i ina ka mea, ua koi ia ma ka hana o ka mea uholo uila manao ona. E hana ia, arsenic ua oka a me ka germanium paha silikone.

Eia hou, oia mea he maikaʻi dopant e ho okumu ana i kila. E like me nā mea kōkua arsenic e pono ai a me ka 'ole-ferrous metallurgy. E like me kona haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo ma ke oka a hiki nui hoʻoikaika i ka ikaika o ka mea ua hanaʻia nā huahana. Arsenic maoli ka fluidity i ka hoike ana o ke keleawe, e ka mea maʻalahi e loaaʻi i ka uea.

Aia mea no hoi i kekahi hopena maikaʻi 'ole o kēia hoʻololi metala? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Kona alo i loko o ka mea e hoohehee ai kaʻina huli i loko o ka hoʻopōʻino hana.

I waena o nā arsenic i huiʻia o ka hoihoi o kona trivalent'okesaside. He ua i hoʻohana 'ia a ianoiyuaa a loko o ke aniani oihana puolo. Paʻakai me ka PAaIEN koi 5 like antiseptics. Kēia hoʻololi hehee ai i kekahi o ka loa hanohano i loko o nā laekahi 'Nine Inch hana, no ka ho'āʻoʻia pālua waiwai ke kaumaha ma muli o ka kaʻina kahe ana o ka meakino.