Ke platinum hui i eliiaʻi: i ka loiloi 'ana o ka papa, ka waiwai a me ka noi

Platinum pūʻulu ke hooheheeia - He eono aliʻi maikai Nine Inch oihana mua a i juxtaposed i loko o ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papaʻaina. A pau i hoʻololi i eliiaʻi o nā pūʻulu 5-6, 8-10 manawa.

Platinum Group ke hooheheeia: List

Ka pūʻulu ninoieo o ke kēia 'eono Nine Inch hehee wale hoonohonoho ma ka mea o ka hoʻoulu'ātoma kaupaona:

• RU - ruthenium.
• RH - Rhodium.
• Pd - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• 'Ira lāua - iridium.
• Pt - platinum.

Platinum hui ke hooheheeia i ka silvery-keʻokeʻo hue, a me ke koe o ka osmium, i ke kala mea bluish-keʻokeʻo. Lākou Nine Inch paradoxical hana i loko o ia mau mea i aloha hoʻopale i ka hapanui reagents, akā, e hoʻohana i catalysts a accelerating hooholo koke ke kaōhiʻana i ka mämä holo o ka'okesaside, ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka hydrogenation reactions.

Ruthenium a me ka osmium e crystallized ma hexagonal kahi kokoke-piha nenoaiu, oiai kekahi poe i ka maka-e pili ana cubic 'ole. Kēia i ka lewa i loko o ka paakiki nui o ka ruthenium a me ka osmium.

Mōʻaukala o ka Kaka

ʻOiai ka artifacts platinum-gula i hana ia i ka 700 BC. Hawaii,, o ke alo o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia ia mea, aole i accidental ma mua o regularity. Na Jesuits i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, i olelo ia anuanu oho iliili pili me ka alluvial gula hoʻokomo kālā. Kēia mau pōhaku hiki ole e hoʻoheheʻeʻia, akā, e hana i ka oka a me ke gula, i ke bullion lilo brittle, a me ka mea, ua hiki ole i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana. Pohaku hoomaka Hea platina del Pinto - pellets o ke kala mea, mai ka Pinto River, he hookupu o ka muliwai o San Juan ma Colombia.

Malleable platinum, i hiki ke loaa ma hope o ka piha metala, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wale, i kaukahi, no na mai ma ka Farani physicist Shaba i ka 1789. Mai ka mea, Ua i ke kiaha, a hooku iho la ia Pope Pius VI. Ma ka puka o ka palladium i ka 1802, i mai la i ka English chemist William Wollaston, ka mea i kapaia o Nine Inch. platinum-hui metala hehee ai ma hope o ka asteroid. Wollaston a laila hai aku i ka loaʻa mai o kekahi waiwai i hiki mai ma ka platinum mea e hoohehee ai. Ua kapa iho la oia rhodium aie i ka waihoʻoluʻu a pink o ka metala paʻakai. I wehe 'iridium (kapaʻia ma hope o ke akua wahine o ke anuenue Iris no ka mea, o ka mea variegated kona paʻakai) a me ka osmium (mai ka Helene hua'ōlelo "ala" no ka mea, o ka mea chlorine ala o kona yiaeaiiacaaeneiie'okesaside) i i ma ka Beritania chemist Smithson Tennant i ka 1803. Palaniʻepekema Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, a me Nikolao ka-Lui Voklen hōʻike 'elua i eliiaʻi ka poʻe. Ruthenium, kaʻawale, a hōʻike 'ia ma ka hope hehee ai loaʻa kona inoa, mai ka inoa Lakina o ka Lūkini ka Lūkini chemist Karl Karlovich Klaus i ka makahiki 1844,.

Haʻalele ka hoopuni kaʻawale i loko o ka moku'āina kŘpa a maemae ma na mea ahi hoohehee maemae au ia konohiki e like me ke gula, i ke kala a me ke hooheheeia o ka platinum paeʻimi mai luna 'koʻana koko Nine Inch lapaau. i kēia mau kiʻina hana i loaʻa a hiki i ka hopena o 19th kenekulia, no laila, i ka 'ike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale o platinum pae lagged ma hope o ke kala a me ke gula no na tausani o ka makahiki. Eia hou, ka mea kiʻekiʻe mahele heheʻe i ka wahi o kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia i kaupalena 'kā lākou hana a noiʻi i loko o Beritania, Palani, Kelemania, a Rusia i ole' epekema ka 'platinum huli ana i loko o ka palapala kupono no ka aaioee. E like me ka mea maikai i eliiaʻi o ka platinum pae hoomaka e e hoʻohana 'ia ma Jewelry mai 1900. Oiai keia hoʻohana mea nō pili i keia la, he nui o kona hanalima no ka oi. Palladium Ua lilo i ka loa kaulana mea no ka hui 'ana i loko o ke kelepona mika nenoai, a me nā pūnaewele palapala, kaulike i ka lōʻihi hana ke ola a me ka kiʻekiʻe pono, a me ka platinum, no ka mea, o kona ia'ku e hunaahi ka'aʻaiawā, iloko o ka Apana o ke Kaua Honua hoomaka ae la e e hoʻohana' ia ma hunaahi kuʻina koʻo hakakā mokulele.

Ma hope o ke kaua i ka hakakino palena manawa huli ana epekema ma kaʻaila kā hoohehee maemae au ia ua hana i alahula mau koi no catalytic waiwai i uluhia e ke hooheheeia, mai ka platinum pae. Ma na 1970s, ua mahuahua hoi hou hokii, ka wā kaʻa hoʻomehana honua puke maʻamau, i loko o ka US a me na aina e ua alakai ai i ka hoʻohana ana i kēia mau Nine Inch i loko o ka catalytic huli ana o ke kinoea a no ka maluhiluhi.

na mea i eliia

Koe no ka uuku alluvial hoʻokomo kālā o ka platinum, palladium a me ka osmiridium (i oka a pau o ka iridium a me ka osmium),ʻaneʻane i na mea i eliia, a i Ua he nui ke keʻena Nine Inch hehee ai - he platinum pūʻulu mea hiki ke hooheheeia. Nā minelala hao i ana iloko o sulfide i eliia, pakahi aku la ia pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. Ka loa, he pono ole laurite RuS _2, irarsite, ('Ira lāua, RU, RH, Pt) hoki, osmiridium ('Ira lāua, Os), cooperite, (PtS) a me Bragg (Pt, Pd) S.

Ka honua ka nui loa e waiho ana o platinum pae i eliiaʻi - Bushveld eiiieaena ma South Africa. Nui laau o ka maka mea i kia ma ka hoʻokomo kālā o Sudbury ma Canada a me Norilsk-Talnakh ma Siberia. Ma ka US, me ka hoʻokomo kālā nui o ka platinum pae nā minelala hao i ke aupuni 'o Stillwater, Montana, akā, eia nō nui uuku ma mua i loko o South Africa a me Rusia ka mea. Ka honua ka nui loa platinum nā hoʻohua i South Africa, Rusia, Zimbabwe a me Canada.

Hoʻouku a hoohehee maemae au ia

Major SouthʻApelika Waena, a Junior koʻu hoʻohanaʻia hoʻi hoʻouku hana. ʻaneʻane a pau o ka platinum pae i eliiaʻi i loko mai o ke keleawe a me ka nikala sulfide nā minelala hao hoʻohana flotation kaawale ana. Ke Kēhaupaʻa kiaʻana i kāna produces i ka läÿau, a ua holoi mai o ke keleawe a me ka nikala sulphides i loko o ka autoclave. Leaching ka paa koena he mai ka 15 a hiki i 20% platinum pae ke hooheheeia.

I kekahi manawa, i ka flotation hoʻohana 'umekaumaha kaawale ana. I ka hopena o ke kiaʻana i kāna i loaʻa ka 50% o ka platinum metala, a eliminates ka nele o ka smelting.

mechanical e waiwai

Ke platinum pūʻulu ke hooheheeia i me ka nui loa okoa me mechanical waiwai. Platinum a me ka palladium mau loa palupalu a me ka loa malleable. Me kēia mau mea hiki ke hooheheeia a me kā lākou mau oka a hiki e holo nā wela a me ke anu. Rhodium ua mua ia me ka wela, a laila, ka mea hiki ke hana me ka anu 'ano pinepine annealing. Iridium a me ka ruthenium E mau eʻenaʻena ai, anu hana, aole lakou e e haawi i loko.

Osmium - i ka puaʻa hiwa paʻa, a me ka pūʻulu i ka mea kiekie loa mahele heheʻe i ka mahana, akā, kona ka welelau o ka'okesaside auhau ia lakou i kona mau hoʻokau '. Iridium mea loa ka popopo-hoʻopale o ka platinum ke hooheheeia, rhodium a mahalo no ka malama ana o ko lakou mau waiwai ma kiʻekiʻe mahana.

mall noi

Like maemae annealed platinum ka loa palupalu, ia mea susceptible i scratches a me ka poho. E hoomahuahua i ua fused kona paakiki me ka ai iiiaanoaa o nā kumu mua. Platinum Jewelry ka loa mahalo ma Japan, ma ka mea, ua kapaia "Hackin" a me ka "keʻokeʻo gula". Oka a no ka Jewelry i loaʻa 90% Pt a me 10% Pd, i mea oluolu e lawelawe a me ka soldering. Hou o ka ruthenium hoonui ae i ka paakiki o ka oka a pau, oiai e malama ana i ka'okesaside e kū'ē'ē mai. Na oka a pau o ka platinum, palladium a me ke keleawe e ia i loko o ka forged huina hoonui, no ka mea, i ka paʻakikī i platinum-palladium a emi ke kumu.

He ipu hoʻoheheʻe hoʻohana no ka hana hookahi nā pōaka i loko o ka mea uholo uila hana, e noi mai ana ka popopo ia'ku a me ka kumupaʻa ma kiʻekiʻe mahana. No keia palapala noi, ia mea maikaʻi hoʻomākaukau platinum, platinum-rhodium, a me ka iridium. Platinum-rhodium oka a hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o thermocouples i i hoʻohana no ka ana kiʻekiʻe mahana i ka 1800 ° C. Palladium ua hoʻohana 'ia kekahi i loko o ke gula a me ka poʻe'ē he palapala ma ka pou manaʻo (50% hokii), i kahua niho oka a (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium a me ka osmium e kākaʻikahi ia i loko o kona maemae ano - ka mea, e malama aku i dopant i ka mea'ē aʻe platinum pae ke hooheheeia.

catalysts

About 42% o ka platinum hua mai la i loko o ka West, ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka hōʻeleu. O kēia mau mea, ua hoʻohana 'ia 90% ma ka ulia kaʻa a no ka maluhiluhi nenoai, ai ka refractory pellets a me kauwahi waihona meli kapa komo iā ia me ka platinum (a me ka palladium, a me ka rhodium) paipai i ka huli ana o unburned hydrocarbons, kalapona monoxide a me ka naikokene oxides i loko o ka wai, carbon dioxide i a me ka naikokene.

An oka a pau o ka platinum a me ka 10% rhodium i loko o ka palapala o ka ulaula-wela metala maka aha lawelawe 'ana me ka hōʻeleu i loko o ka naoh ma waena o ammonia a me ka lewa no ka paka naikokene oxides a me nitricʻakika. I ka hanai ana o ka ammonia me ka methane läÿau, hiki e hoomakaukau hydrocyanicʻakika. I ka hoohehee maemae au ia platinum ma luna o ka ili o ka alumina granules i loko o ka mīkini'ātoma mea he hōʻeleu no ka huli ana o ka lōʻihi kaula manamana ai nā lātoma o kaʻaila i loko o isoparaffins mea i makemake i loko o ka läÿau, he kiʻekiʻe-octane kakolina.

Electroplating

All platinum pūʻulu ke hooheheeia hiki ke hoopili galvanically. No ka mea, o ka paakiki a me ka gloss o ka ka penaʻana ua loa pinepine pili rhodium. ʻOiai kona waiwai io i like thicknesses kiʻekiʻe ma luna o platinum haʻahaʻa nuʻa e leie aku ka hoʻohana 'ana o ka emi ke kaumaha o ka mea.

Palladium - platinum hui'ōlinolino, i ka hiki pono o ka hana no ka ka penaʻana. Aie i ka ikaika o ka mea, piʻi pū nunui. Ruthenium Ua loaʻa palapala noi i ka mea i manao ia no ka iapaau ana o ke kū'ē ma haʻahaʻa puʻe.

Nine Inch hui

Ke aloha pono a pau o ka platinum pae ke hooheheeia e like me alkilplatiny eiiieaenu hoʻohana like catalysts i loko o ka polymerization o olefins, ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o polypropylene a me ka polyethylene, e like me ka'okesaside o'etolina i ka acetaldehyde.

platinum paʻakai i increasingly hoʻohana i ka maʻi 'aʻai chemotherapy. No ka laʻana, ka mea, e like me "Carboplatin" a me ka "Cisplatin" hapa o ka lāʻau. Ruthenium'okesaside kapa komo iā ia nā uila aʻa lolo i hoʻohana ma o ka? Iecaianoaaiiie o chlorine a me ka paʻakai chlorate. Rhodium sulufahate a me ka rhodium posapahate hoʻohana i ka electroplating bato ke komo iloko.