Ka 'ole o ka'Ātoma. Ke quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma

ʻO kēia mau 'atikala iienuaaaony i ka' ole o ka'Ātoma, a pehea ia wehe me ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomohala i loko o ko lakou mau naau, a ma ka hoʻokō 'ia' ho okolohua ka noiʻi a me thinkers. Ke quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma like ka loa holomua ma kahi loihi ka loa oo wehewehe kona hana, a me na (particles) e e mai. About mea, a me kona hiʻona,ʻike ma lalo nei.

I ka manaʻo o ka'Ātoma

Chemically haahaa indivisible hapa o ka Nine Inch hehee ai me ka lākou o ka waiwai typical no ka mea, o ka'Ātoma. Ua nā electrons a me ka nucleus, a ma ka huli he he ikaika i hoopiiia protons a me neutrons i uncharged. Inā e loaʻa ka mea hookahi helu o protons a me electrons, ka'Ātoma iho ka uila'ākilikai. I ole ia, oia ka mea, he kauoha: maikaʻi 'ole io. A laila, ua kapaʻia ka'Ātoma he ion. Pela ko lakou Mea Maluna ua hana: Nine Inch hehee ai hoʻoholo ma ka helu ana o protons, a me kona kālaiōewe - neutrons. Pü me kekahi i kekahi, ma ke kumu o ka interatomic mea paa, nā'ātoma hana i ka lātoma.

A wahi moʻolelo

No ka mea manawa mua kamailio e pili ana i nā'ātoma kahiko Indian a me ka Greek poe akeakamai. A i ka la umikumamahiku a me kaʻumikumamāwalu kenekulia, ua hoopaa chemists ka manaʻo experimentally maopopo i kekahi waiwai he mea hiki ole ke uhai ia i loko o kā lākou mau constituent nā kumumea ma Nine Inch ho okolohua. Eia naʻe, mai ka weuweu umikumamaiwa a hiki i ke kakahiaka nui iwakalua kenekulia, physicists loaaʻi subatomic (particles), no laila, i ka mea i ike i ka'Ātoma ua ole indivisible. I ka 1860, chemists ua kālaiʻia manaÿo nā'ātoma a me nā lātoma, kahi o ka'Ātoma ua ka uuku huna o ka hehee ai i ua hapa o nā poe noonoo ole a me ka luna 'i huiʻia.

'ātoma 'ole kükohu

1. 'āpana o ka mea. Demokrit manaoio aku i ka waiwai o ka waiwai hiki e hooponoponoia ia mea, ke kaupaonaʻana, shape a me nā mea kiko'î mea i emi iho nā'ātoma. No ka laʻana, ke ahi, he mau pahi nā'ātoma, no ka mea, o ka mea i loaʻa i ka hiki e puhi; puaʻa hiwa pihaʻi me apuupuu (particles), ma laila e kū'ē i kekahi i kekahi, ka loa ikaika; i loko o ka wai, ka mea mau i laumania, pela no ka mea, ua 'ae' e kahe. E like me ia Democritus, a hiki i ke kanaka naau ua haku o nā'ātoma.
2. Thomson ka hoohalike. ʻepekema'Ātoma noʻonoʻo me ka ikaika i hoopiiia kino, ma loko a ma laila nō electrons. Mau ana hoʻohālike i hōʻole Rutherford pau keia la kona kaulana ka hoao ana.
3. I kakahiaka nui planetary Nagaoka kŘkohu. I ke kakahiaka nui iwakālua kenekulia Hantaro Nagaoka i manaoia he kumu hoʻohālike o ka'ātoma nucleus, e like me ka Honua Saturn. Ma ia a puni i ka uukuʻanoʻano,ʻaʻole, kauoha ikaika, electrons i hui ma ka spinning apo hookahi. Mau wale nō ka mea e like me ka mea mua poʻe, ka mea, ua hewa.
4. Planetary kumu hoʻohālike o Bohr-Rutherford. Ma hope o kekahi mau ho okolohua Ernest Rutherford ? Aaeaaaaony i ka'Ātoma mea i 'ano like me ka planetary nenoaiu. Ua electrons neʻe i orbits puni ka nucleus, a ua ikaika i hoopiiia, a waiho i loko o ka waena. Akā, ma ka mea ku i ka panina electrodynamics ia, no ka mea, i loko o ka mea, o ka huina'ine, neʻe, kī ana electromagnetic a nalu, a no ia mea, haalele i ka ikehu. Boron hoʻolauna kūikawā postulates ma a na electrons mai i pāhawewe hou ikehu, oiai i loko o kekahi mau hana i ho'ākāka 'ana. Ua huli mai i ka panina mechanics ua hikiʻole ke wehewehe mai i ke kumu hoʻohālike o'ātoma 'ole. He hou alakaʻi i ka muli o quantum mechanics e leie aku mākou, e wehewehe ana keia kŰia, a he nui na mea e ae.

Ke quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma

Kēia kükohu mea he evolution o ka mua kekahi. Ke quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma paipai i ka mea, i ole i loaa i ka oihana o ka neutrons a me ka ikaika kauoha protons ma ka'ātoma nucleus. Ua Ua hoʻopuniʻia negatively kauoha electrons. Akā, ma ka quantum mechanics, electrons hiki ole hoʻoneʻe i loko o ka kekahi hoʻoholo ma mua traektoriyam.Tak, i ka makahiki 1927, V. Kupanaha Heisenberg maopopo rula, ma i pololei ka manao mea hiki ole wahi o ka huna a me kona māmā holo a momentum.

Ke Nine Inch ka waiwai ka manao ana o ko lakou huina'ine iwi. Ma ka hoonohonoho papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika papa nā'ātoma e like me ka pou 'āhewa' ana o nā nuclei (Ua haawiia i ke dala o protons), neutrons pela mai i pili i ka Nine Inch waiwai. Ke quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka'Ātoma hoao iho la i kona papa kuhikuhiE kaumaha e kau mai maluna o ka nucleus a me electrons kaʻana like 'ana, akā naʻe, noho haʻahaʻa. Ua Ua ana i loko o'ātoma nui huahelu, i mea like me 1/12 o ka nui o ka'Ātoma o ke kalapona kālaiōewe C12.

Wave ho'āʻo a me ka orbital

E like me ka loina hooponopono V. Geyzentberga, ua hiki ole me ka loa oiaio, i ka huina'ine, i ka mea i kekahi wikiwiki, o Nyos i loko o ka ua wahi i loko o ka lewa e olelo aku nei. I mea e wehewehe i ka waiwai o ka huina'ine, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka nalu kuleana pili i psi.

Ka pahiki o loaa ia i kekahi huna i ka haawiia manawa mea pololei hapaʻauhau a hiki i ka hale o kona loa, alaila, i he pōpilikia no i kekahi manawa. Psi kihikihiʻo kapaia pahiki paʻapū i characterizes na electrons puni ka nucleus ma ke ano o ka huina'ine ao. Ma mua o ka mea, e ia oi, ka pahiki e e oi aku ma mua o ka huina'ine i loko o ka kekahi makahiki o ka'Ātoma.

No ka hoomaopopo maikaʻi, e hiki ke waiho i kiʻi superimposed ma luna o kekahi i kekahi, ma ka huina'ine ka kulana i kākau i kekahi mau manawa. Ma ka wahi ma laila e e hou heluʻai a me ke ao, e ia i ka loa anuanu, a me ka mea kiekie loa pahiki o loaa ka huina'ine.

Pōpilikia no ka laʻana, i ka quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o ka hydrogen'Ātoma ka loaʻa o ka mea kiʻekiʻe loa nuʻa o ka huina'ine ao i ka mamao o 0.053 HI, mai ka nucleus.

ʻO ka Astronomical o panina mechanics auou caiaiai i quantum huina'ine ao. Huina'ine nalu papa psi ua kapaia orbital, a ua wehewehe aku ma ke kinona a me ka ikehu o ka huina'ine ao i loko o ka lewa. Me ka pili ana i ka'Ātoma pili ia i ka wa a puni ka nucleus ma i ka huina'ine mea loa paha i loaʻa.

Ka hiki ole - hiki?

Like a pau kumumanaʻo, quantum-me mechanical kumu hoʻohālike o'ātoma 'ole ua io i ke kipi i loko o ka' epekema honua, a ma waena o ka poʻe e noho ana. Ua, a hiki i kēia lā ia mea paakiki i ka manao wale ana i ka ia huna i ka mea ia manawa ke e ka poʻe i loko o kekahi, a me kekahi mau wahi! E hoʻopale ai i ka luawai-kukuluia aoao o ke ola e'ōlelo aku i loko o ke anakahi iki hanana i hoʻomaka ai i ka mea hiki ole a me ka mea i ka poʻe i loko o ka macrocosm. Akā, ka mea maoli? A kanaka mea e makau, e ae aku i ka manawa kūpono i "ke kulu mea me ka moana a me ka moana - kulu"?