Kaua Lūkini aliʻi Polovtsy (XI-XIII CC.). Vladimir Monomakh, Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. I ka moolelo o Kievan Rus

Ma ka waena o ka XI kenekulia Kievan Rus Uaʻalo me ka hoʻoweliweli 'nui i loko o ka maka o Polovtsy. Mau nomads i hele mai, mai ka hawaiian steppes, a hoopio iho la i ka Black Sea māhele 'āina. Polovtsi (ole Cumans) akit ana mai o kēia mau wahi i ko lakou mau mua Pechenegs. New hehi, aole he wahi okoa mai i ka mea kahiko. Ka mea, i noho ai ka powa a me ka kaua o kokoke aina, i noho ma ka sedentary heluna.

hou hoʻoweliweli

Ka muli o nomadic coincided me ka hoʻomaka o ke kaʻina hana o ka pili aupuni disintegration o Rusia. East Slavic moku'āina i hui pu a ke XI kenekulia, ka wā kona mokuna i maheleia i loko o kekahi mau liʻiliʻi ko na'lii,. Kēlā me kēia no ia i ka pono a hiki i kū kaʻawale maoli o ka Rurik aliʻi. Kaua Lūkini aliʻi Polovtsy i huikau ma keia fragmentation.

Luna pinepine Nuku mai mawaena o lakou iho, a me ka hoʻonohonoho na kaua , a i ko lakou mau aina kūlana i ka hehi e noho ana. Eia hou kekahi, hoomaka ae la kekahi mau aliʻi, e hoohana aku nomads i ke kālā. Ke alo aku o ke kaua i loko o ko lākou mau wahi iā Goga lilo ka pomaikai nui ma ke kahua kaua. Pau kēia mau kumumea i alakai aku ai i ka huina i Rusia no aneane elua kenekulia ua ma a eia i kue i ka Polovtsy.

mua koko

No ka mea manawa mua na nomads ma Rusia i ka 1054. Lākou helehelena coincided me ka make ana o Yaroslava Mudrogo. I kēia lāʻo ia ua noʻonoʻo pono i ka hope alii o Kiev, ka mea i alii iho la oia i ka Rus holoʻokoʻa. Ma hope ona, i hooholoia i ka noho aliʻi i kana makahiapo-kane, Izyaslav. Naʻe, Yaroslav ua he mau keiki kakou nana. loaa kēlā me kēia no ia i hooilina (o ka mana), naʻe formally ka mea i hoʻouna 'ia Izyaslav. Ka lua o ke keiki Yaroslav, Sviatoslav, na rula ma Chernigov, a me ke kolu, Vsevolod Yaroslavich loaa Pereyaslavl. Kēia kūlanakauhale ua ke aupuni 'pono ka hikina o Kiev, a ua hea ka mea me ka hehi. Ia mea ke kumu o ka Polovtsy pinepine hooukaia mai Pereyaslavl na'lii a ma ka wahi mua.

I ka wā o nā nomads no ka manawa mua loa iʻikeʻia ma luna o Lūkini ka lepo, Vsevolod ua hiki ke negotiate me ia, hele aku la i ka olelo o ka uninvited hoa me ka makana. Ma waena o ka aoao, ka maluhia i manao ai. Eia naʻe,ʻo ia hiki ole e mau nō me hehi noho ma ka hao wale i ka hoalauna.

Iā Goga hou kaua akula Pereyaslavl na'lii i ka 1061. Keia manawa ia i looted, a luku iho la ia na mea he nui civilians nö hoʻi kauhale. Nomads i ole ua kali ana i loko o Rusia no ka lōʻihi manawa. Ko lakou mau lio, ua makau o ka hooilo, ma ka hou, nā holoholona, ua ia e haawi aku i ai. No laila, i i kaua i loko o ka luawai, a me ke kauwela. Ma hope o ka mokuāhana ma no ka Akuma ka a me ka hooilo o ka hema nā malihini e hele mai ana hoʻi.

make Yaroslavichy

Ka makaukau paio o ka Lūkini luna Polovtsy initially ua i kahua hoʻonohonohoʻana. hiki ole aumeume wale na luna o na alii a me ka nunui mau poʻe a pau. Keia kahua i ka nui maoli ma waena o nā Lūkini aliʻi. ua hiki e ae mawaena o lakou iho i nā keiki kāne a Yaroslava Mudrogo, no laila lākou au he mauʻaʻohe pilikia me ka ōhumu o ka hana.

I ka 1068 i ka hui paukū Yaroslavichy halawai mai me ka hehi koa, i alakaiia e Polovtsian Khan Sharukan. Site o ke kaua i na kapa o ka Alta River kokoke Pereyaslavl. Nā aliʻi i wāwahiʻia, ka mea, i ka wikiwiki e holo mai ke kahua kaua. Ma hope o ke kaua, a me Vsevolod Izyaslav hoi aku la i Kiev. Ka mea, aole no ka ikaika, aole hoi i ka mea e hoonohonoho i ka hou hele ana ma luna o Polovtsy. Listlessness luna alakai i ka uprising o ka heluna kanaka, maluhiluhi o ka ikaika ino o ka hehi, a ua ike i ka holo pono o ko lākou mau luna i kekahi mea, e kū'ē i kēia hoʻoweliweli 'weliweli. Kiyani kapaia he Popular Ahaolelo. Kupa koi na Aupuni e Kuhina maʻamau kanaka. A pau ka ultimatum i AOON, i hauʻoli he paki ka hale i nā luna. Prince Izyaslav i e hūnā mai ke Polish ke alii.

Manawa Polovtsian kaua ma luna o Rusia, noho no lakou. I ka hele ana o kona kaikaina Izyaslav Svyatoslav ma ka ia 1068 hehi luku ma ke kaua o Snov muliwai. Sharukan Ua pio. Kēia mua lanakila ae no ka manawa e lolo i ka nomads.

Cumans i loko o ka hana o na luna

ʻOiai ka Polovtsian e poipu oki ae la, hehi hoʻomau i ikeia ma Lūkini lepo. Ke kumu no keia i ka mea i hoomaka nomads e hoolimalima Lūkini aliʻi i kaua kekahi i kekahi ma ka internecine pāonioni paʻa. Ka mua ia hanana i wahi i ka 1076. Keiki Vsevolod Yaroslavovych Vladimir Monomah Polovtsy me ka devastated aina o Polotsk Prince Vseslav.

I ka hookahi makahiki Svyatoslav mua ku Kiev, make iho la. Kona make Izyaslav 'ae' ia hoʻi i ka kapikala kekahi manawa hou lilo i luna. Chernihiv (hereditary hooilina Svyatoslav) ua mumulu mai Vsevolod. Penei, na hoahanau haʻalele lākou mau moʻopuna kāne, a Oleg Roman, me ka aina, a lakou i loaaʻi mai kona makua kāne. Svyatoslav keiki i kā lākou mau kauna. Akā, me ia i hele aku i ke kaua Polovtsy. Nomads pinepine hele aku i ke kaua i ka leo kahea o ka luna, e like me ka noi ana i ka uku, e like me ka uku e loaa i ka powa ka hui maluhia 'kauhale a me nā kauhale.

Naʻe, i kēia kuikahi ua pilikia loa. 'Oiai, i ka 1078 Izyaslav Svyatoslavichy luku ma ke kaua o Nezhatina Field (Kiev kia'āina pepehi ma ka hana), koke Prince Roman ua iho pepehi Polovtsy, a kapa aku la ia ma hope ona.

Slashing ma Stugna

I ka pau ana o XI - hoʻomaka o ka XII kenekulia. i ka papa kuhikuhiE kinai me ka hehi hoʻoweliweli ua Vladimir Monomakh. Polovtsi Hoʻoholo ihola e reassert iho i ka 1092, ka wā seriously ino Vsevolod, i laila a pau ma Kiev. Nomads pinepine pepehi Rusia, ka wā i hoomakaukau i ka aina me ka ole mana paha ia i ua hoʻonāwaliwaliʻia. Kēia manawa polovtsy hoʻoholo i Vsevolod maʻi e ole e na kanaka o Kiev, e hōʻiliʻili i ka ikaika a me ka repel ka hoouka.

Ke kaua mua koe hoʻopaʻiʻia. Kumano, unopposed, malie hoi aku la i ka wahi o ko lākou ka hooilo nomads. A laila, alakaʻi Hikes Tugorkan Khan a me Khan Bonyak. Ikaika hae hehi ma hope o ka lōʻihi wanaao ae ia i hiki ma hope o ka makahiki kakaikahi wale no i ka hele liʻiliʻi mau poʻe a pau coalesced puni na luna elua.

A pau nui ia Polovtsy. I ka 1093 Vsevolod Yaroslavich make. Ma Kiev hoomaka ae la e alii ai maluna o inexperienced keiki o ka mea i make, Sviatopolk Yaroslavovich. Tugorkan me kona Goga hoʻopilikia Torchesk - he kulanakauhale nui ma Poros ma ka hema palena o Rusia. Soon e paku ana i ka loheʻana o ka hookokoke ana aku o ke ola. Lūkini luna i ka manawa poina e pili ana i ka manao lokahi kuleana e ku e kekahi i kekahi, a hui pūʻia kā lākou mau paukū no ka holo ana i ka wao nahele. Ma keia poe koa he shelves Svyatopolka Izyaslavovicha, Vladimir Monomakh a me kona kaikaina Rostislav Vsevolodovich.

United paukū Ua hee i loko o ka kaua o ka River Stugna, e paa ana ia May 26, 1093. Ka puupuu mua i hele mai i loko o ka Polovtsian kanaka o Kiev, i Kāpekepeke a holo mai ke kahua kaua. Ma hope o lākou i uhaʻiʻia Chernigov. Hao wale i pinned ilalo i ka muliwai. Koa i hele mai i loko o ka wikiwiki i kela kapa o ka muliwai pono i loko o ke kapa kila. He nui o ia mea wale make, a me Rostislav Gromov. Vladimir Monomakh ho'āʻo e hoola ia i kona kaikaina, akā, ua i hiki ke kōkua kiʻi iā ia mai loko mai o ka ua pohā kahawai Stugna. Ma hope o lanakila hoi i Torchesk ka Cumans, a mahope i ke kulanakauhale. Nā defenders o ka pā kaua hookuu mai ai ia. Ka mea, lawe aku la ia ia, a me ke kulanakauhale ua ma luna o ke ahi. I ka moolelo o Kievan Rus iʻino ihola nō ia e kekahi o ka pahu kapu weliweli a me ka palaoa make ai.

Backstab

I loko nō kaumaha ka pōʻino, i ka paio ana o ka Lūkini aliʻi Polovtsy Hoomau iho la lakou. I ka 1094, ua mau i ke kaua aku i kona makuakane i ka hoʻoilina Oleg Svyatoslavovych kaua Monomakh ma Chernigov no. Vladimir II haʻalele i ke kūlanakauhale, ma hope i kona i haawiia mai ai i nomads ma ka looting. Ma hope o concessions Chernigov kue me Oleg i paupauaho. Eia naʻe, koke hoʻopilikia Pereyaslavl Polovtsy, a ikea mai ma lalo o nā paia o Kiev. Hehi i ka lanakila o ka wa e kaawale aku ma ka hema o eiiaiaeu ikaika, ka poe i hele i ke kūkulu'ākau, e komo 'ana i loko o kekahi feud ma luna o ka'āina Rostov. I mea kaua pepehi keiki Vladimir Monomakh, Murom Prince Izyaslav. Manawa Tugorkan ua manawa kokoke i ka mea i lawe Pereyaslavl starve.

Ma ka hope koke o ka hoʻopakeleʻana paukū hele i ke kulanakauhale, hoi mai, mai ke kūkulu'ākau mai. Ua alakai Vladimir Monomakh a me Svyatopolk Izyaslavovich. Ke kuleana kaua i wahi ma luna o ka muliwai Trubezh July 19, 1096. Lūkini aliʻi hope uhai Polovtsy. Ka mea, ua ka mea mua nui pomaikai o ka Slavic mea i loko o ka confrontation me ka hehi noho ma luna o ka 30 makahiki i hala iho nei. Ma lalo o ka ikaika loa polovtsy puehu wale aku no. Ma keia alualu i kana keiki make Tugorkan. ʻO kēia ka makahiki, ma hope o lanakila hoakoakoa ae la ka Trubezh Lūkini aliʻi ma ka Ahaolelo Lahui kaulana i loko o Liubech. Ma keia halawai ana, Rurik noho i ka waiwai ana. Hereditary'āina hoʻoili o ka weuweu Sviatoslav eia hoi aku la i kona mau keiki. Ano, i nā aliʻi ke hele mai i grips me ka pilikia Polovtsian, like iā Sviatopolk Izyaslavovich, a formally hoʻomau ia e noʻonoʻo i ka papa kiʻekiʻe.

Makaha ka hehi

Ma mua, i ka paioʻana o nā Lūkini luna Polovtsy e hele ma kela aoao o Rusia. Kauna, hoakoakoa ae la wale ina na nomads hooweliweli Slavic kūlanakauhale a me nā kauhale. Kēia tactic Ua pio ka polokalamu ineffective. O ina i luku i ka Cumans, hoi ae la lakou i ko lakou iho hehi, hookahi manawa hou e ho onui ana ka ikaika, a ma hope o kekahi manawa hou ma ka mokuna.

Monomakh ike i ku ei na nomads pono i ka fundamentally hou kou akamai. I ka 1103 halawai Rurik ma ka aʻe Ahaolelo Lahui ma ke kahakai o Lake Dolobskogo. Ma ka halawai, ka mea i hana i kekahi mau olelo hooholo, e hele me ka poe koa i loko o ka hehi, i loko o ka lair o kaʻenemi. Pela i hoomaka ai ka oihana koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe o Lūkini aliʻi i loko o nā wahi Polovtsian nomads. Ke kai eʻe i hele e Svyatopolk Kiev, Davyd Svyatoslavovych Chernigov, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd Vseslavovich Polotsk a me ka hooilina Monomakh Jaropolk Vladimirovich. Ma hope o kekahi mau 'ohi' ia ma Pereslavl hele Lūkini koa i loko o ka hehi i loko o kakahiaka pūnāwai 1103. Aliʻi wikiwiki, me ka manao e like me ka hikiwawe e loaa ana, e loaa i ka enemi. Polovtsian lio pono i ka lōʻihi koena ma hope o ka mua paipai aʻo kai eʻe. Ma March, ka mea, ua paa nae kaʻiliahi, e pono i ua ma ka lima Slavic paukū.

I ka moolelo o Kievan Rus i i ike ia he koa kai eʻe. I ka hema ua i wale i ka lio, akā, i ka nui pūʻali koa hele wāwae. Luna helu ma luna ona ina o ka lio mea, ua maluhiluhi ma hope o ka huakaʻi lōʻihi. Cumans, ke aʻo 'ana e pili ana i ka unexpected hoʻokokoke o kaʻenemi, i koke ohi i ka poe koa hui. Ua ku iho la ma ke poo o Khan Urusoba. Kona poʻe hao wale i kekahi 20 hehi warlords. Ke kuleana kaua i wahi April 4, 1103 ma na kapa o ka muliwai Suteni. Cumans i luku. He nui o ko lākou mau aliʻi i ua pepehi paha pio. Pepehi a me Urusoba. Ke lanakila ae Sviatopolk kukulu hou i ke kulanakauhale o St. George ma ka muliwai Ros, ka mea i puhi hoʻi i ka 1095, a no na makahiki ua kaawale me ka poʻe e noho ana.

Ma ke kupulau o 1097 hou aku la ka mua Cumans ma ke kūpono '. Han alakaʻi i ka pua ana o ke kulanakauhale Bonyak Lubena no i Pereyaslavl na'lii. Svyatopolk a Monomakh pu he paki kona poe koa, me ia ma luna o ka muliwai Sula. Holo aku la Bonyak. Aka hoi, ka maluhia ua fragile. I ka wā e hiki mai, i hai i ke koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe o ka Lūkini aliʻi (ekolu manawa i ka 1109 -. 1111 GG). A pau o ia i Ua holomua. Polovtsy i e neʻe i aku, mai ka Lūkini palena. Kekahi o ia mau mea a hiki hoʻoneʻe i ka North Caucasus. No nā makahiki, Rusia ua poina e pili ana i ka make māinoino Polovtsian. Interestingly, i ka 1111, Vladimir Monomakh i ke kai eʻe i like i ka crusade o Kakolika ma Palesetina. I ka paio ana o ka hikina mai Slavs a me Polovtsian i kekahi haipule. Nomads he pegana ( "haumia" i loko o kaʻoihana i kapa ia). Ma ka la 1111 Lūkini koa hiki i ka Don. O ka muliwai i kona hope laina. Ka mea, ua pio lakou, a looted ke kulanakauhale Polovtsian NPGs a me Sharukan kahi nomads mau ka hooilo.

lōʻihi kaiāulu

I ka 1113, Vladimir Monomakh lilo i ka Haku o Kiev. Me ia a me kana keiki Mstislav (i ka 1132), Rusia i ka hope manawa ua he hookahi a me ka hui moku'āina. Polovtsi i bothered aole Kiev aole Pereyaslavl, aole hoi i kekahi'ē aʻe East kulanakauhale. Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka make ana o Mstislav Vladimirovich ma waena lehulehu Lūkini aliʻi hoomaka hoopaapaa a ma luna o nā pono kīvila i ka noho aliʻi. Kekahi makemake e kiʻi Kiev, kekahi ia e kaua ana no ka kuokoa i loko o nā'āina. Ma ke kaua ma waena o ia hou ka hoʻomaka 'Rurik ma waena Polovtsian.

No ka laʻana, ka Yury Dolgoruky, ka mea i aliʻi ai ma Rostov, elima manawa me nomads kaua "ka makuahine o Lūkini kulanakauhale." Polovtsi 'Imi' ole i loko o ka kivila kaua i loko o ka Galicia-Volyn na'lii. I ka 1203 ka mea, e noho ana ma lalo o ka noho luna ana o Rurik Rostislavovich pio a laulau moni a pau Kiev. A laila, ma ke kapikala kahiko o Roma alii ai maluna o Mstislavovich Prince Galitsky.

hoomalu ana o ke kuai

I ka XI-XII CC. polovtsy ole mau ma Rusia i ka leo kahea o kekahi o na luna. I ka manawa i ka wa aole iʻaʻohe'ē aʻe ala i ka powa, a pepehi i ka nomads ka naau, i hao i ka Slavic kauhale, a me na kulanakauhale. Ma ka Kiev Prince Mstislav Izyaslavoviche (alii iho la oia 1167-1169 GG.) No ka manawa mua i loko o ka lōʻihi manawa i ua hoʻonohonoho a paʻa i ka hele i loko o ka hehi. Kauna, Ua hoʻounaʻia ma nomadic wahi,ʻaʻole wale nō ma ka mea e hoʻopale kea-palena hooponopono, akā, no hoi e hoola i ka Dnieper kalepa. Poe kalepa ma na kenekulia a puni pepehi i ke ala, mai ka Vikings a hiki i na Helene, i ka i ka waiwai i haawiia Byzantine. Eia hou kekahi, Lūkini poe kuai i kuai akau o ka waiwai i loko o Constantinople, i lawe hou e pono ai i nā aliʻi. Mau poʻe a pau o nā powa, he he ikaika aku hoʻoweliweli 'ana i kēia nui e loaa hou mai o ka waiwai. Nolaila, ua kena ae la e kekahi, a me ka yeiiiie? Pono o na luna o Kiev hapa o ka Lūkini-Polovtsian ke kaua.

I ka 1185, Aliʻi o Novgorod-Severskogo Igor Svyatoslavovich ia kekahi hele i ka wao nahele. Ma ka Eve ua he poe Pu, i wā manaʻo like me ka ino hōʻailona. I loko nō o kēia, i ka paukū nō hele aku la i loko o ka lair o ka Polovtsy. Kēia poe koa i luku, a me ka luna i pio. Events kai eʻe i hana i ke kumu o ka "Lay". Kēia kikokikona ua manawa noʻonoʻo i ka nui loa kia o ka Old Lūkini moʻokalaleo.

Ke muli o ka Mongols

Pilina Slavs a Polovtsian no aneane mau kenekulia i waiho ia ma ka papa alternation o ke kaua a me ka maluhia. Naʻe, i loko o ka XIII kenekulia, me ka hookupaa mea haihai. I ka 1222, ma ka hikina Europe, ka Mongols mua ikea. Mau poʻe a pau o ka hae nomads i mua lanakila China, a e hoʻoneʻe i ke komohana.

Hike 1222-1223 GG. Ua ua i ka hookolokolo ana a me ka mea nae akamai. Akā, i laila, a me ka Cumans, a me Russian ma kona palupalu iho ma mua o ka hou enemi. Mau kanaka elua, pakahi aku la ia mau ma ke kaua ana me kekahi i kekahi, akā, i kēia manawa nō, e hana pu e ku e ka unexpected hoa paio. Ma ke kaua ma luna o ka Kalka-Polovtsian Lūkini koa i ae mai i ka palaoa pio. Pepehi na tausani o nā koa. Eia naʻe, anapu koke huli ma hope o ka lanakila ana o ka Mongols hoʻi, a hele aku la i ko lakou mau wahi.

Ua manao i kaʻino i hala. hoomaka ae la a pau e noho ai e like ma mua: i nā luna a pau a me kekahi i kekahi ma ke kaua, Cumans lawe pio aʻela i ka mau kihi noho. Ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka manaʻo hoʻomaha Polovtsian a me Russian i hoopaiia. I ka 1236, ka Mongols alakai e Genghis Khan ka moʻopuna Batu, hoomaka ae la ko lakou nui trek komohana. Kēia manawa ka mea, hele aku la i mamao aina, e lanakila ia. First Polovtsi Ua wāwahiʻia mai, a laila, laulau moni a pau Mongolian Russ. Iā Goga i ka Balkans, a malaila ua wale huli hoʻi. New nomads Noho ana ma mua o ka Polovtsian hehi. Ua, Ua assimilated mau kanaka. Eia naʻe, me he kuokoa ikaika polovtsy mea nalowale i loko o 1230-1240 ka. Ano, Rusia i ua e hana me ka hiki houʻenemi weliweli.