Kawaihae no Archimedes. Poʻokela discoveries o Archimedes

Ke kahiko Greek nä känaka 'epekema Archimedes i ka inventor, mathematician, akamai, lunaʻenehana, physicist, astronomer a me ka mechanic. He hoʻokumu i ka olelo e like me ka makemakika physicist. No hoi, ua ulu noiʻi aoao o loaa ia i ka puke, surfaces, a mau mea o nā kino likeʻole a me ka huahelu, mua mai i ka integral calculus. He mea i ke kumu o na mea he nui hana. Me ka inoa o kekahi nä känaka 'epekema pili me ke ano o ka une lōhai kānāwai, i ka hoʻokomo' ia 'ana o ka makahiki "konu o ka umekaumaha" a me ka noiʻi i loko o ke kula o hydrostatic. A hiki i ka Roma pepehi Syracuse, malu 'enekinia, poʻe hana i loko o ke kūlanakauhale o Archimedes.

I ka manawa o ka 'ike loea kiʻekiʻe, a? Iie discoveries, mākou i maʻa i ka ike i ka piʻi like me ka mea maʻamau, hoʻomaopopoʻole i ka mea i ke kumu o nei ike i kau ia e kahiko haumana. Ka mea, he na paionia '. A me Archimedes o Syracuse ua ai ano akamai ma nā mea a pau. Ma hope o ka mea hoopaa i ka hapanui o ko lākou mau manaʻo i loko o ka hana pono. Ko kākou wā e hoʻohana ana i loko o ka hana, aole nae i hiki i ka mea nana i ko lakou haku. Kawaihae no Archimedes e ua ola wale mai kaao a me Memories. Mākou e kaumaha oe i familiarize me ia.

Wā kamaliʻi a me ka hoʻonaʻauao

Archimedes, he pōkole Kawaihae a e e hōʻike mai iā ia ma lalo, i hānauʻia ma ka Syracuse puni 287 BC. e ka. Kona wā kamaliʻi coincided me ke au ia King Pyrrhus kaua mai ai kaua me ka Carthaginians, a me ka Roma, ho'āʻo ana e hana i kekahi houʻano o Helene, moku'āina. No hoʻohanohanoʻia i loko o kēia kaua Hiero - he hoahanau o Archimedes, ka mea i lilo i ka luna o ka Syracuse. Phidias (ke keiki ka makua kāne) ua i ka He kokekau wale Hieron. Ua hoʻohana 'ia ia, e haawi aku ka hoʻonaʻauao i ka maikai no Archimedes. Akā, i ole i ke kanaka'ōpiopio lawa kaʻimi naʻauao ike, a hele aku la ia i Alexandria, a ua i ia manawa i ka 'epekema waena. Eia, i ka Ptolemies - na luna oʻAigupita - ua, ua ohi ka maikai loa Greek haumana a me thinkers o ka manawa. No hoi ma Alexandria i ka nui hale waihona puke i loko o ke ao nei, kahi Archimedes ua lōʻihi? Anoee makemakika a me ka hana o Eudoxus, Democritus, etc. Ma kēlā mau makahiki, i ka wā e hiki mai nā kānakaʻimi noiʻiʻimi hoaaloha i ka astronomer Conon, geographer a me ka mathematician Eratosthenes. Alaila alakai oia ia lakou me ka hapa o ka palapala.

mua hooiaio

Ma hope o këia Archimedes, he pōkole Kawaihae i uaʻike ai i nā kānakaʻepekema,ʻo ia hoʻi i ka Syracuse, a loaa mai ia lakou i ka oihana o Phidias - 'aha astronomer. Manawa Hiero hiki i peacetime. E kiʻi mai o komo i loko o ka First Punic War, oia ka uku i ka nui indemnity aku ai i Roma. Ma ka "General History" Polybius i ho'ākāka 'ia i kēia alanui ia: "Hiero hele mai i ka mana, a meʻaʻole hoʻi kona kaulana a me ka waiwai, aole hoi i kekahi makana o ka make. He i ole e hana ino, i ole e hoolei mai,ʻaʻole e pepehi, akā, na rula like ka nui me 54 makahiki ... "naʻe, Hieron, e like me kona mau hope, ia ia me ka noonoo ana i ka hoʻoikaika 'ana i o ke kulanakauhale ma ka hoomakaukau ana no ka hiki koa aumeume.

ʻepekema hana

Position astronomer ua kaumaha, a me Archimedes ua noa e komo i loko o nā hana. I kaʻimi naʻauao hua'ōlelo o kona mau haʻawina i multifaceted. Nā hana mua a Archimedes i hoolilo i na mechanics. He hilinaʻi ma luna o laila, a ma kekahi makemakika pepa. No ka laʻana, ka noiʻi hoʻohana i ka une lōhai rula e hoʻoponopono i kekahi geometric pilikia. He i makemakika hopena a ua hōʻolokeʻaʻia i loko o ka hana "Ma ka equilibrium o pelane huahelu." Kēia hana o ka nä känaka 'epekema ua lilo i ke kihi "parabola squaring" (integral calculus), a e wehe i ka 2000 makahiki. A i loko o ka puke "Ma ke ana ana kaiapili" noiʻi pōpilikia lākiō o ke anawaena o ka poai nei i kona lōʻihi, a ma na olelo e ae, o ka helu pi (3.14). Eia hou kekahi, no nā mea a pau me ka hoʻohana 'kona invented nenoaiu inoa integers.

ʻepekema e piʻi like

Kawaihae Archimedes wehewehe elua o kona loa nui akeakamai e piʻi like: ke ao ana o ke kikowaena o ka umekaumaha a me ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka loina o ka une lōhai. He i waiho i nā kumu o nā hydrostatics. Wale i ka hopena o 16th, a i kakahiaka nui 17th kenekulia, i ulu mau manaʻo Pascal, Galileo, Stevin a me nā kānakaʻepekema mea hoʻohana i ka Archimedes 'rula, ʻo ia i ho'ākāka' ia i loko o kona hana "Ma lana kino". Kēia hana i ka ho'āʻo mua e hoao ai i ka hana pono i ke kumu kahua o nā mea mahuʻi e pili ana i ka 'ole o ka mea ma ka pili ana i ka hoohalike. Archimedes hoao ole wale kekahi mau nui ai o ke kino ai 'ano o nā nā'ātoma i loko o ka wai, akā, i hookupaa iho la ia i ka helu o atomistic manaʻo o Democritus. Ma keia hana, me ka maikai ikaika he scientific ano akamai noiʻi hoike aku. Kona hualoaʻa ke hooiaio wale nō i loko o ka 19th kenekulia.

nā haʻawina

E like me ka mea Kawaihae o Archimedes, koe wale mechanics, ke kālaikūlohea a me ka makemakika,ʻo ia i komo i loko o meteorological a me ka geometric optics. Nō hoʻi, ke nä känaka 'epekema paa i ka moʻo o ka ho okolohua ma ka refraction o ka malamalama. Aia ka ample hōʻike i Archimedes kakau iho i ka nui (essay) - "Catoptrics", akā, Eia naʻe, ka mea, ua i ua la i ka malamaia. Ma ke kumu o ia mea o nā alanui i koe i ke ea i ka noiʻi ike mea hō'ā ahi hopena o ka concave maka aniani ma refraction o ka ho okolohua mālama 'ia ka malamalama i ka lewa a me ka wai hana kūpono, a hoi i ka manao e pili ana i ka waiwai o nā kiʻi i loko o ka concave, convex a me ka palahalaha aniani keleawe. Ma waho kuhikuhina ola hoʻokahi wale theorem ka hooiaio ana i ka noʻonoʻo malamalama mea nana i ulana, mai ke aniani lākou, i ka huina o ka mea hiki wale mai i ka huina o ka noʻonoʻo.

hoomalu ana Syracuse

I wehe 'Archimedes ma ka hana' enekinia, alakai aku la ia i ka hapanui kaulana, i kela aoao o ka mokuna i wale'āina, akā, i nā kenekulia. Vividly kona 'enekinia, ano akamai hoike aku ia ia iho i loko o 214 BC. e ka. i ka pua ana o kona poe kanaka maoli Syracuse. Archimedes i loko o kona hiku o ka makahiki. Ua i kekahi o nā kaua lanakila nui loa i loko o ke ola ana o ke nä känaka 'epekema. Here ia i ike okoa ia ia iho,ʻaʻole wale me he inventor, akā, no hoi me ka poʻokela hana, ai kukulu. Ka mea ike i ka hale a kahiko komo a paa pā. Archimedes iluna ma ko lakou mau loopholes a me loopholes papahana no ka waena, a malalo bout. He hana ma ka peacetime, hakakā kaa ae, e hoomalu aku i Syracuse, mai ka Roma, e hoouka aku i ka makahiki ekolu.

nā makahiki

E like me 'oe ke ike, i ka' epekema ola o Archimedes ua olinolino, a paʻa kūhohonu loa. Ma nā makahiki,ʻo ia i komo i loko o ka computationally-Astronomical hana. Tit Livy (Roma kākau moʻolelo) kapa ia "kekahi o kekahi kiloʻano o na hoku, a me ka lani." A nō naʻe mākou i ole ma kekahi Ho okahi Astronomical palapala o Archimedes, ua hiki ole kanalua i ka authenticity o keia ano. About papa i kēiaʻano o ka ha awina ua hoʻopaʻa ma ka moʻolelo o ka lani poepoe hanaia e ia ia, a me ka (essay) "Ka Sand Reckoner", kahiʻepekema e imi i ka helu i ka helu o ka mānoanoa o ka one ma ka ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

I kana hana i ke kanaka noiʻi mea he manawa e hiki e wahi ana i ka "loaʻa Archimedes 'waeʻano o. Ka mua nä känaka 'epekema ma ka mōʻaukala o ka' epekema hoʻohālikelike na nenoai elua o ke ao nei - ka heliocentric a me ka geocentric. Archimedes kākau ihola: "Most astronomers manaʻo i ke ao nei - he poepoe kakau inoa ma waena o ka Honua a me ka waena konu o ka la." Pela, uaʻike nō o nā Ana o ke ao nei, a ike ia ia mea finite. Ua 'ae' o ka noiʻi, e lawe mai i ko lakou helu ana i ka hopena.

ka hopena

Kēia welau a ka Kawaihae o Archimedes. Heʻikeʻia ma mua o kākou e like me ka lunaʻenehana, noiʻi, theorist a me popularizer o ka 'epekema. Ka hui malu pu ana o ka mea hiki noʻonoʻo me ka makemakika tālena a me kaʻaha hui mākau ma ia manawa ua he rarity. Ma ka moʻolelo o ka 'epekema Archimedes i hele mai e like me ka aa laʻana o kekahi kanaka noiʻi o ka mea i hiki ke harmoniously hui pu iho pähola me ka hana. Sure, oia ua he maikaʻi loa nä känaka 'epekema, a me ka mea ia e pono ke lawe i kumu hoohalike no nā hanauna o ka noiʻi. Ka mea i manaoia Archimedes makemakika ke kālaikūlohea i ole seriously ike, aole hoi kana poe mamo,ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā kānakaʻepekema o ka Middle Ages. I ka manao e pili ana i ka noiʻi, mamua o ka manawa, ua Archimedes ua mawaena o lakou i ka mooolelo. Wale nō i loko o ka 16-17 kenekulia, ua hiki ke hoʻomaopopo i ka nui, a me ka manaʻo nui o kona poe akeakamai nā haʻawinaʻEulopa mathematicians. Mai laila, i ka Helene haumāna he nui wale na ukali a me enthusiasts, e aa ana me ka makemake, e ho'āʻo lākou kumumanaʻo iho o ka pōhaku puna i waiwai ai. A me ka manawa, i ka hoomanao ana o nā kānakaʻepekema ano akamai nana i ka loaʻa, haʻi akulaʻo ia kona uwēʻana i Archimedes: "Eureka! Aʻu i loaʻa. "