Ke Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes. Ke 'ole, e hoʻomākaukau ai, noi

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - Ua aloha Nine Inch. A pau o ia i hana ai no ia Nine Inch hehee wale e like me ke kalapona a me ka hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - e Nine Inch i huiʻia, a e pili ana i ka hydrocarbon pae.

Ma kēia 'atikala e nānā mākou i alkynes.

He aha ka mea?

i kēia mau waiwai i kapaia acetylene hydrocarbons. Ka 'ole o ka alkyne hoʻolako ke alo i loko o kā lākou nā lātoma o ka hydrogen a me ka kalapona nā'ātoma. General haʻilula acetylenic hydrocarbons me neia: C _N H _2n-2. Ke simplest alkyne alodio - ethyne (acetylene). Ua iʻaneʻi i ka Nine Inch haʻilula - C ₂ H _2. Pili pū kēia i alkynes propyne o ka haʻilula C ₃ N _4. Eia kekahi, e acetylenic hydrocarbons hiki nā butyne (C ₄ H _6), pentin (C ₅ H ₈₎ hexyne (C ₆ H ₁₀₎ heptyn (C ₇ H _12), octyne (C ₈ H _14), nonyne ( C ₉ H ₁₆₎ decyne (C ₁₀ H _18), a no laila, ma luna o. d. nāʻano o nā alkynes ho'āʻo 'ano like' ano. E ka huli ia i loko o au mamuli.

Ke physical waiwai o alkynes

Ke kino ai 'ano o acetylene hydrocarbons paipai alkenes.

Ma lalo o maʻamau rula, alkynes, nā lātoma o ka i komo mai elua i eha kalapona nā'ātoma, i ka gaseous hoʻopiha moku'āina. ʻO nā lātoma o i mea elima i 16 kalapona nā'ātoma, ma lalo o maʻamau aku ana o ka wai. Ka poe ma na nā lātoma o ka i 17 a oi nā'ātoma o ka Nine Inch hehee ai, - puaʻa hiwa.

Alkynes heheʻe a paila ma ke ana wela ma luna ma mua o ka alkanes a me alkenes.

Solubility i loko o ka wai ka mailuilu haalele, akā, iki kiʻekiʻe ma luna o ia o alkenes a me alkanes.

Solubility i loko o ke aloha nā'uheheʻe mea kiʻekiʻe.

Ka loa kaiāulu hoʻohana alkyne - acetylene - loaʻa ia physical waiwai:

• Ua loaʻa i ke kala;
• odorless;
• ma lalo o maʻamau rula, ia mea i loko o ka gaseous noho o ka aggregation;
• Ua loaʻa he haʻahaʻa nuʻa ma mua o lewa;
• baila aʻela i wahi - hua 83,6 kekelē Kelekia ma;

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes

Ma kēia mau waiwai, i palapala hoopaa i ka nā'ātoma Triple hoopaa, a wehewehe i ko lakou mau kumu waiwai. Alkynes pane koke i kēiaʻano:

• hydrogenation;
• gidrogalogenirovanie;
• halogenation;
• hydration;
• e aa ana.

E ka lawe ia i ka mea.

hydrogenation

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes ae ia e komo i loko o kēia 'ano o ka naoh. Kēiaʻano o Nine Inch hana kūleʻa, ai ka waiwai lātoma attaches ia iho, i hou hydrogen nā'ātoma. Eia he laʻana o ia ka Nine Inch naoh i loko o ka hihia o ka propyne:

2H ₂ + C ₃ H ₄ = C ₃ H ₈

Kēia naoh ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. Ma ka mea mua propyne lātoma attaches mau nā'ātoma o ka hydrogen, a me ka lua - ka hookahi dala.

halogenation

'O kēia kekahi naoh, i ka hapa o ka Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes. Kona hopena acetylenic hydrocarbon lātoma attaches halogen nā'ātoma. Ka hope nā kumu e like me chloro, bromo, iodo, etc.

Eia he laʻana o ia ka naoh i loko o ka hihia o ka ethinyl:

C ₂ H ₂ + 2SІ ₂ = C ₂ H ₂ s² ₄

ʻO ia kaʻina mea i hiki i nā acetylenic hydrocarbons.

Gidrogalogenirovanie

Ua mea no hoi i kekahi o na kumu nui reactions, i ka hapa o ka Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes. , Ae waiho nei ma ka mea i ua reacted i ka waiwai me ka hui e like me NSІ, nu, HBr, a me kekahi poe e ae, kēia Nine Inch naoh ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. E ka nānā i ka naoh o kēia 'ano ma ka hoohalike ana o ethinyl:

C ₂ H ₂ + NSІ = C ₂ H ₃ s²

C ₂ H ₂ + s² NSІ = C ₂ H ₄ s² ₂

hydration

He He Nine Inch naoh i mea ma ka hui 'ana me ka wai. Ua i ia lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao. E ka nānā i ka mea ma luna o ke kumu hoohalike o ke ethinyl:

H ₂ O + C ₂ H ₂ = C ₂ H ₃ OH

A waiwai a ua hanaʻia ma hope o ka mua ke kahua naoh kapa vinyl ka waiʻona.

Aie i ka mea e like me ka rula hiki ole Eltekova OH ooieoeiiaeuiiai hui e pili ana i ka waʻa hoopaa, rearrangement o nā'ātoma, like me ka hopena o i ka vinyl ka waiʻona ua hana acetaldehyde.

Ke kaʻina hana o ka hydration naoh i kapaia alkyne Kucherova.

aa ana

Kēia AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN kaʻina o nā alkynes me ka o oxygen ma kiʻekiʻe ana wela. E hoomanao i ke ahi me ka acetylene no ka laʻana waiwai o keia pae:

2c ₂ H ₂ + 2O ₂ = 2H ₂ O + CO ₂ + 3C

Ka wā i koe o ka oxygen, acetylene, a me nā alkynes puhi me ke kahua o ka kalapona. Pela anao? Aou wale kalapona monoxide a me ka wai. Eia ka helu kaulike o keia naoh me no kekahi laʻana propyne:

4O ₂ + C ₃ H ₄ = 2H ₂ O + 3SO ₂

Umu ahi'ē aʻe acetylenic hydrocarbons no hoi ia lŘlŘ like me. E like me ka hopena, wai ua hoʻokuʻuʻia a me ka o carbon dioxide.

nā reactions

No hoi acetylenes i hiki o reacting me ka paʻakai o ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia e like me ke kala, keleawe a me ka kalipuna. Pela ka mea, he hakahaka o ka hydrogen metala nā'ātoma. E hoomanao i keia hana ma ka nānaina o ka naoh me ka acetylene a me ke kala nitrate:

C ₂ H ₂ + 2AgNO3 = AG ₂ C ₂ + 2NH ₄ NO ₃ + 2H ₂ O

Kekahi hana hoihoi aʻee komo nei alkynes - Zelinsky naoh. Kēia kahua o ka benzene mai acetylene ia ia mea wela i ka 600 kekelē Kelekia ma ke alo o ka ho'ā 'kalapona. hiki e kāheaʻia ka helu kaulike no keia naoh like penei:

3C ₂ H ₂ = C ₆ H ₆

polymerization o alkynes i hiki - i ke kaʻina hana o ka hui ana o kekahi mau nā lātoma o ka waiwai i loko o ka pīlali.

? eaia

Alkyne naoh i mākou ana no luna, e hoomakaukau ai i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua i loko o kekahi mau aoao.

Ka mua - He dehydrohalogenation. Ua nana naoh helu kaulike, penei:

C ₂ H ₄ br ₂ + 2KOH = C ₂ H ₂ + 2H ₂ O + 2KBr

No ka lawe ana mai i kēia kaʻina mea e hoʻa'ā i ka reactants, a hui ethanol like hōʻeleu.

Nō hoʻi ka mea, i ka manawa kūpono o ka alkynes mai'okanikaʻole i huiʻia. Eia he laʻana:

CaC ₂ + H ₂ O = C ₂ H ₂ + 2CA (OH) ₂

ʻO kekahi hana o ka hana alkyne - dehydrogenation. Eia he laʻana o ia he naoh:

= 3H 2 Ch ₄ + ₂ C ₂ H ₂

Me kēiaʻano o ka naoh hiki ke loaa ole wale ethyne, akā, 'ē aʻe acetylenic hydrocarbons.

Ka hoʻohana o alkyne

Ka loa hoʻomano hoʻohana ma o ka hana i ka simplest alkyne - ethyne. Ua Ua hoʻomano hoʻohana 'ia i loko o ka Nine Inch oihana puolo.

• Pono acetylene 'ole' ē aʻe alkynes no ka hana i kekahi'ē aʻe ke aloha i huiʻia e like me ketones, aldehydes, a me nā nā'uheheʻe.
• No hoi mai alkynes hiki ke loaa waiwai i i hoʻohana ma o ka hana o rubbers, Tewetewe koloriside a me na mea e ae.
• Mai propyne hiki ke loaa me ka hualoaʻa acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
• Eia hoʻi, ua hoʻohana 'ia acetylene i ka makaukau ana o Nine Inch e like me aceticʻakika, onaona hydrocarbons, 'eto ka waiʻona.
• More acetylene ua hoʻohana 'ia e like me ka wahie me ka wela kiʻekiʻe loa o ka'ā.
• I ethynyl'ā naoh ua hoʻohana 'ia no ka kuʻihao ke hooheheeia.
• Eia kekahi, ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka acetylene hiki e hoomakaukau E noa ka kalapona.
• No hoi, ua hoʻohana 'ia kēia waiwai a pau i loko o ku-wale fixtures.
• Acetylene a me nā hydrocarbons helu o keia pae i hoʻohana like aʻe paha no i kona kiʻekiʻe wela o ka'ā.

Ma keia palapala noi alkynes welau.

ka hopena

E like me ka hapa hope o ka papaʻaina o ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo no ka waiwai o acetylene hydrocarbons a me kā lākou hoʻomākaukau.

Ke Nine Inch waiwai o alkynes: papaʻaina

Name reactions	ho'ākāka	Eia kekahi laʻana helu kaulike
halogenation	Hou naoh he lātoma o ka acetylenic hydrocarbon halogen nā'ātoma (bromine, iodine, chlorine, etc.).	C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 o I 2
hydrogenation	Hou naoh o ka alkyne lātoma hydrogen nā'ātoma. Ua lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.	C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8
Gidrogalogenirovanie	Hou naoh o ka acetylene lātoma hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (nu, NSІ, HBr). Ua lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.	C 2 H 2 + nu = C 2 H 3 o au C 2 H 3 + nu o I = C 2 H 4 I 2
hydration	Reactions, a ua nānā 'ana i AaOIeIOUIeXAOAaIN me ka wai. Ua lŘlŘ ma nā kahua o ka hoʻonaʻauao.	C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = Ch 3 -CHO
Ka piha'okesaside ('ā)	Atsetilenovgo reacting hydrocarbon me ka o oxygen ma ka ke kiekie ana wela. Kēia produces kalapona monoxide a me ka wai.	2c 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2 2c 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Reactions me ka mea hiki ke hooheheeia paʻakai	Ua ninoieo i loko o ka mea ana e hookomoia me nā'ātoma i loko o nā nā lātoma o ka hydrogen acetylenic hydrocarbons ka metala nā'ātoma.	C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 AG 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2H 2 O

Loaʻa alkynes hiki ia i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua hoʻohana ekolu epekema:

• 'okanikaʻole i huiʻia;
• ma dehydrogenation o ke aloha i huiʻia;
• dehydrohalogenation hana o ke aloha 'ona.

A nānā mākou i nā mea a pau i ke kino ai, a Nine Inch ano o ka alkyne, kā lākou mau ki ina hana o ka la hoomalolo, palapala noi i loko o ka hana.