Lepo piliʻike: ano a me nā wehewehena

Ano o soils ma ka mea e hoʻoholo lākou waiwai mea hiki ole me këia lepo piliʻike. He aha ka mea a me ka mea mau i nāʻano o nāʻike holoʻokoʻa, heluhelu i ka 'atikala.

ka lepo Profile

Ke kaʻina hana o ka ho okumu ana o na soils e loli ai ka makua pōhaku hoʻouku, ai lepo waiwai lauwili i loko o ka vertical kuhikuhi. Aia ka he mau loli i loko o ka haku mele 'ana o ka aina, mai ka ili i ka hohonu i loko o ka bedrock, a i ole pili i ka lepo ho okumu kaʻina. Ua ka hana i nā. Lepo piliʻike i hanaʻia ma lalo o ka aoao o kekahi kumumea. I ka papa kuhikuhiE poʻe i:

• Waiwai komo hoʻopapakū i loko o ka'āina, mai ka lewa a mai ka groundwater. Lākou ana hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ke 'ano o ka lepo a me ka ho okumu huli ma luna o nā makahiki a me na kau.
• Hoi o ka makana o vertical kona aʻa o ka mea kanu i noho i loko o ka lepo holoholona, microorganisms.

A pau o ka lipolipo o ka lepo pili i interconnected. It pela ka hana ana i ka lepo papa o nāʻano i like ka waiwai a me nā 'ano.

Lepo piliʻike: 'ole

Lepo papa alternating hoʻopapakū, he lepoʻalihi moana. Lākou me nā hale a me ka waiwai ĸokoĸa ana nä pane. Lepo lipolipo, 'ia sequentially kekahi ma hope o ka mea' ē aʻe - o ka lepo piliʻike. Lākou 'ole mea i ho'ākāka' ia no kela a me keia lepo.

Ka 'ole o ka lepo Profile mea pili loa aku i ke kaʻina hana maoli o ka ho okumu ana o na soils, a me kā lākou hoʻohana i ka mahiai. i lepo papa o nāʻano OAOOUIEeE wale i loko o nā hiʻona a me ka waiwai, akā, i ka haku mele 'ana. Power moana lipolipo hoʻoholo vertical loa. I ka papa kuhikuhiE lipolipo:

• Ke humus lepo.
• Moana lipolipo hoʻololi mai ka mua a hiki i ka aʻe, ahu iho.
• Ke subsoil (makua mea).

na mea pili

Ka 'ole o ka lepo holoʻokoʻa ma kokoke nana ka poe noonoo ole a me ka eiiieaena. Simple lepo 'ole i ka mea i kēia pili ano:

• Primitive - he haʻahaʻa mana pae, he wahi no ka molowa ole i ka makua pōhaku.
• Kāpili 'ana - me kekahi hapa o keia pili i nā mea a pau lipolipo, typical o ka lepo. Kēlā me kēia moana lipolipo haʻahaʻa mana.
• Normal - wehewehe aku e nā mea a pau lipolipo i hanaʻia ma ka aaiaoe kiʻekiʻe. Mana auaneʻiʻoukou neerodirovannoy lepo.
• Poorly differentiated - lipolipo poorly ia.
• Pilikia ole eroded - ua wehewehe aku ma ka make ana o ka luna papa o ka'aʻaiawāʻana.

eiiieaena profile

Ano o ka aina holoʻokoʻa me ka luna '' ole nō ka penei:

• Kea laa, - i loaʻa mai i kēia Profile e kanu lipolipo a me nāʻike holoʻokoʻa paleo soils. Ma kona haku mele 'ana e i ko läkou' o kahiko lepo ho okumu.

• Profile polynomial - ua loaʻa ka wā lithological hoʻololi ai, me ka haalele ana mai o ka lepo strata.
• Polycyclic - kona ho okumu ua pili i ka papa'āweʻaweʻa kemika palapala moʻopane o nā mea aha lepo: ka lehu, muliwai alluvium sediment lehu.
• Pilikia ole hulu - wehewehe aku ma ke kahua o nāʻano: maoli pahaʻimi hoʻopunipuni. ke kūlana pâʻani 'o ia ma ka kanaka aʻe, i loko o ka lua Ma ka hihia mua - maoli, hoʻoneʻe ka wā a hiki i ka lalo lipolipo ili honua.
• Mosaic - Ua wehewehe aku i ma ka sequential ho okumu lipolipo hohonu. Hoʻololi lipolipo holoi ia lŘlŘ like me ka mosaic kumu.

Ka 'ole o ka holoʻokoʻa ma o ka olelo o ka lepo ho okumu

Lepo piliʻike oko a. Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka lepo kahua kaʻina hana, ka mea, ua mahele ia i mau hoailona ia mea:

• Keʻano mua ua wehewehe aku ma ke kahua o ka soils ma lalo o ka hoomaemae ana, i kapaia o eluvial, a me ke kanawai o ka ona mau, mai ka lewa. Ke kimu ole e holo ana ma lalo pele o ka lepo (particles) neʻe i lalo, a me Nine Inch hehee wale.
• Description o ke kamaaina holoʻokoʻa o ka lua o ka type i kona mau ano. Kēiaʻano o ka 'ole mea ano o hydromorphic soils, a i hanaʻia ka wā ka liki ole ona mau. I ka ho okumu ana o soils lakou aloha ia i ka lepo, ka wai, a ua lako oukou i ka lepo, ahu iho.

Ka 'ole o ka hohonu piliʻike

Ke kaumaha ma muli o ka puunaue ana o ka mea okoa waiwai: limestone, humus, gypsum, nā minelala hao, paʻakai, hohonu hiki e hookoaia lepo piliʻike:

• Accumulative - ka luna lepo he he uuku nui o ka waiwai. Ka nui, me ka nui ka mea, e lilo uuku.
• Eluvial - ka nui o ka waiwai maoli me ka hohonu.
• Lepo-hoʻomāhuahua - substance accumulates mai ka honua i ka wai, a i aia ma ka lalo a waenakonu o ka pili.
• Eluvial-differentiated - uuku waiwai loaa i loko o ka luna, ahu iho, a me nā papa - ka hailona.
• Undifferentiated - i ka waiwai a ua haawi uniformly ma ka holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa.

lipolipo Profile

I kaʻawale ekolu nui lipolipo e like me:

• Peat, organogenic. Kona ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma luna o ka ili i ka ikaika oi ona mau. A ano hiʻona mea auaneʻiʻoukou e ho'ōla aku ke aloha 'ona i mea ole hoohuliia mai i loko o humus, a ua wela ole. Ma o ka haku mele 'ana o ka peat ka mauʻu, laau, ka limu, lichen, deciduous a hui. i ole e waiho mai i koe o ka mea kanu me Kinohi, kekahi hapa i ka malamaia, a waiho mai loa.

• Litter laau - kēia ahu waiwai i loko o ke aloha 'ona. Kona mana ihoiho iwakalua kenimika. He o ke kanu residues hoopaa iho la i ka loiloi mua palapala, hapa 'ia' ole ihola ia humus.
• Ho'āno, ahu iho - keiaʻilikaiʻalihi moana. Kona ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma lalo o ka herbaceous mea kanu. Ka hapa nui o ka buke o nā aʻa o nā mea kanu.
• Humus moana lipolipo - be 15-35 pakeneka o ke aloha 'ona. Ua hiki e unstructured paha i ka bata 'ole. Ka lepo Uaʻeleʻele, mazhuschayasya paʻa kūhohonu loa me ka wai.
• Moana lipolipo tillable - kona ho okumu ua pili i ka aaioee o humus a me na papa a hp'pnphp.
• Moana lipolipo humus - ua hanaʻia ma luna o kaʻilikai i ka uliuli, ka mea, he 15 pakeneka ke aloha mea.
• Eluvial moana lipolipo - i hanaʻia ma lalo o ka ke aloha lipolipo. Lepo whitish, möakäka hou.
• Mea pōhaku moana lipolipo - i ka wahi o kona ho okumu - ka waena hapa o ka pili. Paha illuvial, solonets, kalepona, ka paakai, gypsum, a hui.
• Gley moana lipolipo - ka mea, ua kapaia mea pōhaku. Ho okumu ia lŘlŘ ma hooloihi ae i 'ole ka mau excessive ona mau a me ka oxygen deficiency. Ano o ka moana lipolipo mea hoopaa coloration. Ua hiki e uliuli, uliuli-oho a me ka oliva malu.
• Makua mea - wehewehe aku ma ka haahaa o ka waiū a hiki i ka luku aʻe i loko o ke kahua o soils.

lepo waihoʻoluʻu

Lepo moana lipolipo pono'ī nona hiʻona e like me kā lākouʻano, a hilinaʻi ma o ka haku mele 'ana o ka aina, a me ka keʻano o ka hanaʻana o kona ho okumu.

• Black lepo. Kēia inoa ke kala ana i ka pouli oho hina a me ka pouli eleele soils. Lākou mau waihoʻoluʻu hilinaʻi nui ma luna o ka maʻiʻo o ka humus a compost. I ka nui o ka mea i loko o ka lepo, me ka uala eleele i ka waihoʻoluʻu. Black lepo hiki haawi i huiʻia o kekahi mau nā minelala hao, a me ka lanahu o like kêia kanaka.
• White ka lepo a me kekahi 'ē kala like' ole o ka malamalama nanahe. Oia ka waihoʻoluʻu haawi lepo limestone, gypsum, pōaka, wailana paʻakai, feldspar.
• Red lepo i ka wā i loko o ka mea accumulates mea hao'okesaside. Ka poni coloration ua loaa no ka mea, o ka maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe o manganese'okesaside, yellow - hao hydroxides.
• Aina me ka malu o ka uliuli, a me ka uliuli'ōmaʻomaʻo waihoʻoluʻu. O ke kumu ho i ka mea i ka lepo he ferrous hao i huiʻia. Kona maʻiʻo ma ka lepo - he no o ke ano o ka anaerobic kūlana (ka liki ole ona mau).

He aha ka i ka 'auhau o ka moana lipolipo?

Kēia lōʻihi o kona vertical hohonu mai ka ili a hiki i ka makua pōhaku hanana. Kekahi lepoʻAno iʻokoʻa mana. Ma awelika, e papa koa mai kanaha i hoʻokahi haneri a me kanalima kenimika. No ka laʻana, ina loa? Aneie rula, lepo ho okumu kaʻina e loli ai i ka luna o ka pōhaku. I ka mana o ka lepo kīnā iwakalua i kanakolu mau kenimika. I ka hehi mau mea ma lalo o anuanu grassland -ʻelua a me nā haneri keuʻekolu.

Power o kanaka lipolipo hoahewa lepo loina. Penei, he ao ahu iho la ka humus wehewehe aku e ka nui palena pau 'ona a me ka nawaliwali elution. Podzolic soils i haahaa ma ka mahuaola, pela ka mea, e ka poe paulele nui.

chernozems

'O kēia ka loa momona lepo. Black ka lepo i loko o ka hala i hana mai i ka mānoanoa weuweu uhi, a make iho la i na makahiki, a ma lalo o ka aoao o ka mehana kauwela decomposed e hana humus, i mea he lōʻihi manawa e loaa. Currently, kokoke eʻeleʻele lepo'ō'ō palau. Humus lepo Profile i ka kēia 'ole:

• Manaʻo hehi, mana 3-4 kenimika.
• Ho'āno - kona naʻe ia 3-7 kenimika. Ua loaʻa he pouli oho waihoʻoluʻu a me ka poe make a me ka poe ola koena o na aa o kiliala. Kēia ahu iho la i ke mahi ole puupaa soils.
• Ka humus moana lipolipo - i kona mana o 35-120 kenimika. Ua loaʻa he pouli oho waihoʻoluʻuʻaʻahu waihoʻoluʻu. Featuresʻeleʻele honua lepo holoʻokoʻa i loko o kona 'ole. He granular a me ka waiwai nui. Na ka papa kuhikuhiE hiʻona - fertility.
• Transient moana lipolipo o ka humus, ahu iho i ka mea e hiki mai ana. Kona naʻe ia 40-80 kenimika, keʻano - brownish-poohina,ʻaʻahu, i nanaia mau kiko a me streaks o humus. He He He hoʻonaninani, lumpy 'ole.
• Keia moana lipolipoʻano he subtypes. Kekahi o ia mau mea hiki e hookoaia illuvial- kalepona moana lipolipo me ka brownish-lenalena kala like 'ole, a me ka prismatic' ole. Lepo moana lipolipo i pono molehills. Ka mea i piha i ka mea eleele nui e hele mai ana, mai ka moana lipolipo, e moe ana ma lalo nei. Ua ka hana e piha ai ka wormhole me ka lepo uliuli mai ka luna lipolipo.
• Pohaku ho okumu i ka lepo. Ua i He whitish a haikea yellow waihoʻoluʻu a me ka prismatic 'ole. Lepo kekahi mau wahi hohonu wehewehe aku ma ka kalepona paʻakai a me ka gypsum.

podzolic soils

Lepo podsolic lepo pili ua hanaʻia ma kiʻekiʻe humidity. Typical o kēia mau mea na ano okoa o ka mea kanu. Hiʻona o ka lepo Profile podzolic lepoʻakika. Nolaila, no ka lakou mea mea mea nui microflora e ke hakuloli i kēia mau ana ma ka mea e komo i loko o ke aloha mea residues ka palaho keʻano o ka hanaʻana. Lipolipo Profile podzolic soils e like penei:

• Litter - mana mau kenimika.
• Poorly decomposed kanu koe.
• Inclusion i loko o ka palapala o ka mycelium. Lepo waihoʻoluʻu ka malamalama eleele.
• Lumpy ole pulverulent lepo 'ole me ka pouli eleele waihoʻoluʻu.
• Humus-hoʻomāhuahua, ahu iho nona iho i kanakolu mau kenimika.
• Podzolic, ahu iho me ka ia mana.
• Ke hoʻololi mai i ka variegated 'ia nā pōpō, ahu iho nona iho i kanalima kenimika.
• Illuvial, ahu iho, kona 'auhau - 20-120 kenimika.
• Ke ahu iho o ka makua mea.

Kēiaʻano o ka aina ma ka hihiu i ka haʻahaʻa fertility, humus, ahu iho mea kokoke i lepoʻakika naoh. Podzols mai i ka hoʻokemu ona mau,ʻaʻole waiwai wale i loko o ka mahuaola, i loli ai kanu kino a me ka ulu ana.