Livonian War 1558-1583 makahiki ua lilo kekahi o ka loa nui paipai aʻo kai eʻe o ka manawa o Ivana Groznogo. A pau o ka XVI ke kenekulia, paha.
Livonian War: pokole ma luna o ka pā
Ma hope o ka nui Muscovite tsar ua hiki ke lanakila Kazan, a Astrakhan Khanate, Ivan IV huli i kona noonoo ana ma na aina Baltic, a me ka Baltic kai. ʻO ka hopu ana o kēia mau panalāʻau e noho no ke Moscow aupuni e makemake ana i olelo mua iaʻi manawa e kuai ma ka Baltic. I ka Ia manawa, i ka Kelemānia kalepa noho malaila mua, a me ka Livonian Papa ua like disadvantageous e ae hou nā kānaka hoʻokūkū i ka māhele 'āina. Hooholo o kēia mauʻokoʻa, a ua ka Livonian War, e lilo. Pōkole hai E e i e pili ana i ka 'olelo kumu no ka mea. Ka mea, i mālama ai e like me ka ole-uku o ka hookupu ma ka Livonian Papa, a me ka oihana o Dorpat i koiia e uku ma ka lokomaikai o Moscow e like me ka olelo ma ka 1554. Formally, keia i ka waiwai auhau i ola mai ka hoomaka ana o ka XVI kenekulia. Eia naʻe, ma ka hana e pili ana ia no ka lōʻihi manawa i kekahi hoʻomanaʻo. Wale me ka aggravation o ka pili aloha ma waena o nā aoao, Ivan Grozny hoʻohana i kēia mea me ka hoaponoia no Lūkini kaua i loko o ka Baltic kai.
Livonian War: pokole e pili ana i na vicissitudes o ke kaua
Lūkini poʻe hao wale, hoomaka ae la ke kaua o Livonia i ka 1558. Ka mua ke kahua o ka hookui, a mau ae la ia a hiki i 1561, i pau kaomi make o ka Livonian Papa. Poe kaua o ka Moscow tsar pogroms hele ma hikina a kikowaena Livonia. Dorpat a Riga i lawe. I ka 1559, na aoao kakauinoa i truce no eono mahina, i ua e hoʻomōhala i loko o ka maluhia Kuikahi ma hua'ōlelo o vassalage o ka Livonian Papa mai Rusia. Akā, e kōkua i ka Kelemānia naita hoʻolale ai i ke alii o Poland a me Kuekene. Korol Sigizmund II kalaiainaʻoihana kaʻa ua hiki ke lawe i ka mea ma lalo o kona mau protectorate. A me nā hua'ōlelo o ka aelike Vilna Livonian Papa i hooki i nei i loko o November 1561. Kona palena puunaueiaʻi kona aina iwaena Lithuania a me Poland. Aia iā Ivanu Groznomu e 'alo i koke ekolu ikaika ka loaʻaʻana: Duchy o Lithuania, aupuni o Poland, a me ka Kuekene. A me ka la mahope, nae, o ka Tsar o Muscovy hiki koke e malu ai no kekahi manawa. I ka makahiki 1562-63 helu kuhi puke i ka lua o ka nui-unahiʻole, i kai eʻe ma ka Baltic kai. Events Livonian War, ma keia kahua, hoomau iho la oia i ka hoʻomōhala pono. Naʻe, i loko o ka hapalua like 1560s i ke kali ke kanana nei ana ma waena o Ivanom Groznym a me na boyars koho hauʻoli. Ke kulana home 'ole ua hou ano hoomainoino ma muli i ka defection o kekahi o ka hoʻopuniʻana hoa o ko ke alii ka Andreya Kurbskogo i Lithuania, a me kona mahuka ana i ka enemi (ke kumu i ua paipaiʻia i ke alii, ua ka ulu despotism o ka Moscow na'lii a me kaʻaihue o na liberties kahiko o ka hanohano). Ma hope iho o kēia hanana, Ivan Grozny hope iho i poe paakiki, no ka mea, a puni ia paa poe kipi. Ia laua a hiki i keia hana ma kai, a me ka make ai ma ke alo, a wehewehe i ka Haku o na enemi. I ka 1569, Lithuania a me Poland hui pu i loko o ka hookahi ana i Ua Hoʻoikaika i ka lākou mau mana. Ma ka hopena o 1560 i ka - i kakahiaka nui 70 ka Lūkini poʻe hao wale e ae aku i ka moʻo o make ai, a hiki i kekahi mau wahi paa a lilo aku. Me ka 1579 kaua no ka Luna Nui Duchy o Moscow ka mea, ua ano e lawe ana i oi kūlana pale ma ka ano. Naʻe, i ka 1579 o kaʻenemi i pio Polotsk, ma ka 1580th - Great hoomana, i ka 1582, e hoomau ana i ka pua ana lōʻihi o Pskov. Ua akaka no i ka hōʻailona o ka maluhia a me ka maha no ke aupuni ma hope o makahiki o koa paipai aʻo kai eʻe.
Livonian War: pokole e pili ana i ka hopena
Ke kaua i pau ai i ka hōʻailona o ka loa lakou malaila no Moscow Plyusskogo a me Yam Zapolskoho truces. Komo i ka Baltic Sea i ole, ua loaa. Akā, Duke ho'āpono paupauaho, a luku aupuni i loko o ka loa pilikia kūlana. Ka hopena o ka Livonian Kaua hōʻeleu i ka maloko ulia i alakai aku ai i na pilikia Nui hoomaka ana o ka XVI kenekulia.