Mensheviks - wai mea me neia? Party Mensheviks. Nā luna o ka Mensheviks

I kēia lā, he nui akamai i loko o ke kula o ka paipai 'ana o nā lawelawe a me nā waiwai a seriously hoʻopaʻapaʻa ana i ka alihi kaua o ka proletarian kipi, VI Ulyanov i ka loa loea marketer i loko o ke ao nei. Kona ano akamai i ia mea, ua hiki ia "kuai" i ka palahalaha nā paʻi hua o ka manaʻo o ka like, me ka hoʻohana 'pōkole, biting a me ka intelligible slogans. Vladimir Ilyich ua hiki ke hana concise a expressive hōʻailona (ka hāmare a me ka pahi, me ka elima-kuhikuhi mai la lakou hoku), a ho oholo i ka kūpono hui kālepa waihoʻoluʻu (ulaula). Akā, i ke kumu nui e piʻi like ana o Lenin waiho i koho i ka momoku ahi. Ma ka nuipa a ike paka i paa manaʻo i Bolshevism ka mea nui, ikaika, inevitable a me ka luli ole. Akā, me ka Mensheviks - ka mea, 'o kekahiʻuʻuku lā i loko o mau'ōpala.

E pili ana i ka momoku ahi i ka loa mana pili aoao o ka XX kenekulia i wahi ma ka London i ka 1903, i loko o ke kauwela.

A hiki aku ka mea, ua Bolsheviks a me Mensheviks

Mahele Party Ahaolelo Lahui i paʻa consecutively i loko o nā kūlanakauhale - Palukela a me London. ʻae nō hoʻi, nā organizers makau hoomaau ana, a imi iho la e mahuka, no ka mea, a laila, hele aku la i ka hana koe i likeʻoluʻolu a me ka hele. Lenin, a Martov nui a me ka pinepine ua kūkākūkāʻia, a me ka hiki ke hoemi i ka pā o ka hoopaapaa ana, e ina i ole, e kali no ka ohia iho, e hina ia, a he oiaio, ua kaka aku ia? Ma kekahi o kēia mau hua'ōlelo ka liʻiliʻi loa, i ka wā e hiki mai alihi kaua o ka Bolsheviks, wehewehe i ke ano o ka Meriba. Kekahi o na lala kahiko o ka RSDLP, a me ka nui aoao theoretician Martov unripe hua i ole makemake e uhai aku i na lala me ka foliage, a pana ia i ka hou ia makemake e mahaka.

Ua debater i ka manawa like i ke kipi e e global, ka mea e hiki mai ana ma nā'āina a me ka loa holomua hana, a wale laila palahalaha ae ma ka mahope o kona aupuni-moku'āina, i waena a me ka helu o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Ke ninau ua wale pehea, e haawi aku ana kāu mau koho a hiki i epekema - loio i ole lola honua. Ma hope o ke koho ana, a alakai aku ai i ka lanakila o ka Leninist laina, ka aoao Wāwahi i loko o nā māhele. Koke Lenin kapa lākou kākoʻo i ka Bolsheviks, ohui i kākoʻo o Martov - ka Mensheviks. Kēia mea i kekahi mea i hoʻoholo i ka mōʻaukala o ka XX kenekulia.

Ka mua kipi

He mea pono e uku kūikawā noonoo i ka mea e mau ai ka Bolsheviks i ole enlists ka poi pu laulā superiority i ka aoao mau poʻo i ka hoʻomaka o ka iwakalua kenekulia, ke kokololio. Lākou wae laina ma ka lola honua-poʻe hoʻoweliweli hana alakai i kekahi mahae o ka RSDLP. Ma ka III Ahaolelo Lahui, paʻa hoʻi i loko o London (1905), i makemake i nā kākoʻo o Martov ka komo ole i ka lawe, ka mea, ike iho la i ka lono kaumaha hoʻokahuli aupuni hanana e like hele ana a hiki i ka aʻe kahua o ka lawelawe 'ana i loko o Rusia, oa ka bourgeois Repubalika, a, Noord i ka Marxist kumumanaʻo. Naʻe, i loko o ka mākaukau i ke kaua uprising o March elele eheu hui, hana aku la lakou ma ka battleship "Potemkin" a ma nā unrest. Penei, hoʻopaʻapaʻa hookaawale mua ae henehene kou i loko o ka luna echelons o ka aoao, a ma ka grassroots pae mai i pāʻani i ke kūlana nui. Ma hope iho o ka suppression o kāna hana Plekhanov i olelo mai no ia me he maoli lapuwale, a e ole, a me ka venturing. I ka luna o ka Mensheviks,ʻae Martov me keia manao.

Ke kaua me Japan

Na Bolsheviks makemake i ke pio ana o Tsarist Rusia, a ua hana na mea a pau i ke olonā wāwae o ka hoomalu ioeaie o ka aina. Keia ua loa pono nō ia i ka makemake o ka Kelemānia i ke kaua, akā, i ua kālaiʻia mua mamua - ma ka Japanese. Kekahi o na kumu i ua hōʻole e komo i loko o ka Ahaolelo III o ka London RSDLP Mensheviks - i ka mea iʻikeʻia e ia i nā puke kākoʻo mai ka haoleʻenemi manao lawelawe. E hoohewa ana i kaua Martovites hiki oleʻae i ka manaʻo, e hele mai i ku okoa ana, mai kahi'ē, a me ka mea, e lawe mai i ke Kepani ma luna o lākou bayonets. Eia hou, na Mele Sun i ka manawa i nā socially a technically kŘpa a hope moku'āina, a me ka paipai 'ana o kona lanakila i i pono ma kula haʻahaʻaa kūpili. I mau, ke Menshevik ideology, e like me ka Bolsheviks alii iho la oia mai ma ka manawa o ka manawa kūpono o ka lanakila o ke kipi i loko o kekahi aupuni.

pu hou

I ka 1906, luna o nā'ēheuʻelua o ka RSDLP halawai hou i ka Ahaolelo, i kēia manawa ka mea i paʻa i loko o Stockholm. Na aoao elua ike i ka pono, e hana pu, a imi iho la e ka uwapo kahi nahā i. Oko Mensheviks a me ka Bolsheviks i keia manawa, aole ia i manao loa nui, a ua pili wale i ka hua'ōlelo o ka paukū mua o ka Party Rules. Martov i manaoia e haʻalele ua hoʻololiʻia i ka malama i ka "hoʻolaulaha", like Lenin Koi ikaika ma luna o ka "pilikino komo" ma o ka hui. Ma mua kilohi, ka like mea liʻiliʻi, akā, ma ka mea e huli mai ia ia mea o ka nui nui. Lenin imi iho la e kukulu iho la lakou i ka ikaika hierarchical 'ole kūkulu ma ka hakakāʻana, a me ka lawa Martov ka maikaʻi no ka ano o ka pilina e kamailio pu ana Shop. Ka hoʻokahuli aupuni hou 'ana i ka alihi kaua o ka Mensheviks noʻonoʻo premature, a kaumaha aku e kālele ana ma luna o indoctrination retarded heluna kanaka nunui mahiʻai aupuni, mea e oo no lakou no socialism. Aka hoi, i ka Bolsheviks lanakila 'o ia kekahi lanakila: Ua' āpono 'Lenin kēia o ka' atikala mua o ka Palapala RSBRP (O).

interwarʻokoʻa

Formally, ma hope o ka "ke kuʻikahi," o ka Stockholm Ahaolelo Lahui Party loaa solidity, akā, na realities hoike i ke alo o kāna hana e lawelawe i ka i koe. I ka make ana o ke kipi, hoʻoikaika ihola sotsdekovskoe alakai e emigrate i loko o kā lākou mau kahua i alii ai disheartening. Pono ke kala, akā, no ka Bolshevik ki ina hana like o ko lākou hoomalolo evoked i kekahi poʻe'ē he naoh mau loa ia nei hoa paio - Martov, Levitsky kona kaikaina, Potresov, Axelrod a me nā Mensheviks. Aia i ka holo ana o "liquidators" ka poe i kaheaia ke manao e pili ana i ka pono o ka piha'opi puka hana, hoopau wale o ka "eksov" ( 'o ia hoʻi, ka powa), akā, e uhi ia wale kekahi hapa o nā kākoʻo o softer hana (a me Plekhanov), ua lawe kekahi poe i ka hoohalua, e hai i ka hoʻokô' ana i ke kuʻikahi. Trotsky paʻiʻia ma ka makahiki 1912 ma Vienna, o ka nupepa "Pravda", i paʻi 'atikala ma ke akea Anati-Leninist, a ma luna o ke kumu i mai i ka papa kuhikuhiE aoao hui, o ka hālāwai kūkā i, e hana i ka paepae, i kapaʻia ka Augate. Ka pa alima i hanaʻia ma hope o ka mea, waiho wale aku no Menshevik a pau i ka hookahi kina, o na kū'ē a koke haule iho la ma ke kaʻawale. General olelo o kivila liberties, 'elele oihana i loko o ka IV State Duma a pau Walks o ke ola, a no laila, ma luna o. N. He i māʻona i ka mea'ē aʻe i komo i loko o ka hoʻokahuli aupuni neʻeʻana.

Defeatists a me Patriots

Ma hope o ka hoʻomaka 'ana o ke Kaua Honua II, hele mai la i ka polokalamu Menshevik i loko o pololei kue me ka Bolshevik kulekele. Potresov, Plekhanov a me nā "defencists" i i noonoo i ka pono, e imi i ka make ana o ka tsarist? Eia i ke kumu kūʻai o ke aupuni pōʻino. Ka mea, denounced i ke kaua me ia, e kahea ana ia i kekahi-ʻano pākīkē, laila, loa "ʻolokaʻa" a hiki i ka hoʻomaopopo pono a me ka mea i ka Lūkini kaua i malama wale i ka aina. Camp RSDLP Wāwahi i loko o nā māhele: ka "internationalists" a me ka "Patriots" hiʻona e pili ana i ka hiki hopena o ke kaua ma ke alo. Ka loa lōʻihi wahi ua ia e kū ai i ka pahu hopu o ka hāʻuleʻana, a no kona wehe 'ana o ke kaua aoao "me ia ka hoʻohui'āina a me indemnities." Ka luku a me ka escalating kaua i loko o ka kivila e kue makemake Bolshevik'ēheu o ka RSDLP. Ka Mensheviks manaoio aku i ka hopena o ka maluhia i loko o kēia wahi, i hiki i ka hopena o ke ao nei kipi. ua hewa lakou.

Ka February kipi, hoomaka ae la nae ka manaʻo o ka "palena iki polokalamu", hai mai mamua RSDLP like me ka pahu hopu no ka mea e hiki mai anaʻumi makahiki.

I ka papa kuhikuhiE theses o ka Menshevik kulekele

Pela ka mea i ka likeʻole ma waena o nā Bolsheviks, a me ka Mensheviks? Ka aoao polokalamu, a, e, i ka March o kona eheu, ua i loko o ka kēia paukū.

he) ke kāʻili 'ana i ka mana i loko o ka aina me ka ole i na kumu a me elue o ole hoʻohana', ka mea i hoohalike wale kū'ē paio;

b) i Lūkini proletarian kipi, e hiki mai koe, a ma hope o kona lanakila ma ka Europa, a me ka North American States wale;

c) ka kūlana o ka lokomaikaʻi, bourgeoisie i loko o ka paio e ku ei ka autocracy mea loa nui, a ua pono no ke kōkua 'ana me ia;

d) ka peasantry - mahope o kona papa, ka mea e e hoʻohana me he kākoʻo mana a me ka Ally, akā, e hiki ole hilinai aku maluna o ia;

d) ka proletariat - i ka papa kuhikuhiE "locomotive" o ke kipi (keia wahi ua kaua kipi ma lalo o ka aoao o Bolshevism);

e) he makemake ko loio i ano o ka paio. Ka weliweli mea unacceptable.

February

Menshevik aoao me he kuokoa kālai'āina ikaika i hana i loko o ka wanaʻao 1917. Ma mua kilohi, na mea a pau, hele akula e like me ka mea i aponoia kuka, ka bourgeois repubalika ala aʻela ma luna o nā wahi e pili ana o ke aupuni a pau, a me nā manawa hiki wale kali ka wā kanaka makua a me ka la ia oe i ka hou kipi, i kēia manawa i ka proletarian. Ka pilikia ua i ka hana keaka hanana o Pepeluali 1917 hopu aku koa alakaʻi o ka RSDLP. Ka Mensheviks, e like me ka Bolsheviks i kūʻole i kona papa, ma ka hui ana o ka hookahuli ana o ke alii i ole komo a me ka manawa painfully imi, e hoʻohana i ke kahua, e hoʻokō i kā lākou papahana Pahuhopu me ka pono i hiki. Koke ho okele Martovites. Ua hana ke Aupuni Kuikawa, a me ka mea, ulele kā lākou mau 'elele i loko o kona haku mele' ana. Mensheviks ma ka hou mana 'ole, he ekolu (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze poai puni i ka Petrograd Soviet, a laila, i loko o June, ma hope o ka I All-Russian Ahaolelo Lahui o Soviets i lilo Luna hoomalu Russian Central Executive Komite. Wahi hou a hoʻoikaika 'ana o ka aoao o ka kulana, hoʻonui nā papaha o kona aoao ma luna o nā nā paʻi hua.

Party Mensheviks, hoʻowahāwahā i ka maopopo successes, ka maʻi puʻuwai typical no ia lānai hou ano: kona mau mana i maheleia i ekolu paialewa. Mainua pono (poe e Potresov) noho ana i ka loa patriotic nā kūlana hana, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) hoana i ka pono, e hoʻomau i ka lawe i hoʻokahuli aupuni hana i loko o na olelo o bourgeois aupuni a ka lehulehu, akā, ma hope o ka lanakila maluna iho o ka mawaho enemi, a me ka hema (March) wale hoahewa i ke komo i loko o ka hana o ke Aupuni Kuikawa,, ka mea, koi ikaika i ka puunaue koke o ka aina a me ka maluhia.

Ma mua o ka hou kipi

Koke ma mua o ka IkuwaʻOiʻenehana haʻalele i nā kaua aoao, he nui koʻikoʻi Mensheviks. I ka polokalamu aoao o kona vagueness kipakuʻia kākoʻo a me ka luli ole, i waena o ka mea ua Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , a hiki i ka Plekhanov. Ua lilo ka nui o ma kahi o 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" ke kaʻina hana o ka pili aupuni Polenekia hui i ka Leninist'ēheu o ka RSDLP i loko o ke kupulau o 1917. Ke kumu no keia hana, ua koi aku: ka Menshevik ideology Ua discredited kākoʻo no ke kaua, mai ka heluna kanaka, disorientedʻeleu Bolshevik propaganda, e maluhiluhi. Eia hou, aia no he pinepine ke ku e ana ma waena o nā pahu hopu pili aupuni a me kekahi mau honesty o ka aoao alakaʻi, a i oleʻaʻa i ka olelo hoopomaikai mai ai na kanaka i mea e hiki ke hana. nalowale Game no ka mana i, a ma Okatoba, i ka Mensheviks hoomaopopo ia oo.

coup

October 25, aia ua he kipi a me ke kāʻili 'ana i ka mana ma ka Bolsheviks. RSDLP (O) koke hoʻomohala e hoahewa ana i ka olelo hooholo, e kahea ana i na hana o ka usurpation, akā, ka mea, ua Hawaiʻi moku. Kūloko ke kuʻikahi, a me ka hana mau nei nō i mālama. Aloha e ho okumu i kekahi aupuni hou, "ʻaʻahu", no ko ka a pau kālai'āina paialewa ma ka like wawae eha, a me ke kākoʻo i ka Constituent Ahaolelo , aole hoi i ole no kuʻu kaumaha. He umi o na lala o ka Central Komite a me na moho ekolu haʻalele i nā kaua aoao. Ua Ua mālama 'ka halawai pilikia Ahaolelo Lahui o ka RSDLP (O), akā, ua noho inconclusive no hoi, ina aole noho male' ana o ka Constituent Ahaolelo ma ka Bolsheviks i ka hoʻomaka o ka 1918. A laila hele maila ka War Kanawai, oiai i ka pono-'ēheu Mensheviks ma lalo o ka lima o O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova a me A. N. Potresova ia i ka oihana, ia meaʻenemi i ka hou Aupuni.

No ka ai e ku ei ka mea Soviet? Eia?

Nā luna o ka RSDLP (O) ia i ka War Kanawai, kaʻeleu komo i loko o ka mana hale a hanaia i loko o nā panalāʻau e noho ma kela aoao o ka hooponopono ana o ka Bolsheviks. I ka Ia manawa ka Mensheviks hoʻololi i ka inoa o ka aoao, a hoomaka ae la e kapa ia lakou iho wale ma ka Russian Social-Democrats, me na palapala i loko o parentheses. Ka mea, pilipu iho laʻAha Kuhina pou ma ka Samara Komuch, Kuikawa Siberian Aupuni, Central Caspian, Ufa halawai, Urals o nā 'āina aupuni. I ka 1918, ka mea, (SPD) maoli hopu mana ma Georgia ma hope o ka Olelo Hoolaha he mea he aupuni repubalika. Ma muli o, ka Bolsheviks kipaku ka poeikohoia o ka RSDLP o nā aha. Eia naʻe, i loko o Augate 1918, i ka Menshevik aoao i ua hapa 'ia' rehabilitated, pehea e hoole i kaʻahahui me ka bourgeois ahahui.

I ka make ana o ka Mensheviks

Ke repression hoʻomau i loko o ka luawai o ka 1919, ma hope o ka ka hoʻohuiʻana o ka Bolshevik kulana i ke Kanawai ke Kaua. Ma Kiev, Odessa, a laila, i loko o ka Keokia Cheka, nui, i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o nā wai nā lālā o ka RSDLP. Ma ke alu like 'ana me ka hana manawaleʻa Army o Denikin, i hoopiiia no ka Bolsheviks. Ua pana pua aku nā Mensheviks a me Socialist-Revolutionaries, Cadets a me nā 'elele o nā' aoʻao ma ka hoʻokaʻawale, ma kekahi mau manawa (pinepine), a me kā lākou mau luna i "noho" no ka mea o ka hoʻolilo. He aha ke ano o keia makahiki 'O ia hoʻi, ka mea, ua iʻike, akā, hoʻokahi hiki ke koho. Yu Martov a Abramovich he laki: i ae la lakou e hee aku i ka aina i ka 1920. Mau makahiki ma hope, ua hoounaia mai, lulumi mai la oia i kekahi luna sotsdekov Russian - he Menshevik F. Dan. I ka Ia manawa ma Moscow ua hopu i ka pau pūʻulu o ka wa opiopio'ēheu o ka RSDLP, a ma luna o ka mea i hoʻomākaukau i ka lehulehu e hookolokolo, akā, i loko o ka hopena, i ka Soviet ka hoopai ua kaupalena i maopopo nä haumäna. Ke repression alakaʻi i ka aneane piha pio o ka Mensheviks; kanaka keena, hele lola honua, he hiki i ka makahiki 1925.

He aha hanaia i ka Mensheviks laila

Ka hopena o ka Mensheviks loaʻa iā lākou iho i loko o ke pio, Ua unenviable. Hoao mai ana e hoolaha i ko lakou mau periodicals hoao loa kumukuai nui, i noho ai "makua o Lūkini aupuni a ka lehulehu" i loko o Kelemania, i ka makahiki 1933 i haʻakoi e neʻe i Farani, a laila, ma Amerika. Akā, heʻino paha "momoku ahi" Ua lilo ke ano o ka stigma no ka poe i koe i loko o ka Soviet Union, a no kekahi kumu paha kekahi huli mai e e objectionable i Stalin ka alakaʻi. Inā pono, i kekahi lala o ka aoao ke hoole i kona Menshevik hala, i hiki mai a me ka mana. Ua paʻa ke mua kiʻekiʻe-Profile e hookolokolo i ka 1931: i 'āhewa' ana o ka loan-hoʻokahuli aupuni hui o 14 limahana o ka State Bank a me ka State Planning Komite i ka'ōlelo hoʻopaʻi i ka loa o ka hale paʻahao hua'ōlelo.

Eia naʻe,ʻaʻole i ka mea mua Menshevik Bolshevik Party käpae 'ai loa. Loio Wyszynski, diplomats A. A. Troyanovsky a me Maisky, a me kekahi mau hoa 'ē aʻe o ka banned hui noho ke ola loa luawai. 'Oiai, ma i hala lākou ia kau pahi kaua o Damocles.