Mōʻaukala o Chechnya, mai ka manawa kahiko

Ka mua Chechen Stateʻikeʻia i loko o ka Middle Ages. Ma ka XIX kenekulia, ma hope o ka lōʻihi Haole War ka aina i kekahi hapa o ka Russian aupuni a pau. Akā, i loko o ka wā e hiki mai mōʻaukala o Chechnya ka mea, ua piha ka contradictory a me ka lono kaumahaʻaoʻao.

ethnogenesis

Ke Chechen kanaka i ua hana no ka lōʻihi manawa. Ke Caucasus Ua mau ka oko ao ethnically like, no laila, hiki i ka 'epekema kaiāulu i no i ulu he hoʻokahi pähola' ana o ke kumu o keia lahui. Chechen 'ōlelo e pili ana i ka Nakh lālā o ka' ōlelo 'ohana Nakh-Dagestan. Ua ua i kapa vostochnokavkazskoy, e like me ka resettlement o na ohana kahiko, ka poe e noho ana i ka mua nā moku halihali mokulele o kēia mau olelo.

hoomaka Chechnya ka mōʻaukala a me ke ano o ka Vainakh (i kēia lā i kēia manawa ua manaoia i nā kūpuna o Chechens a me Ingush). Ma kona ethnogenesis komoʻano o nomadic kanaka: .. Scythian, Indo-Iranians, ka Sarmatians, etc. Archaeologists nei makou i na kupuna o ka Chechens Media Colchis a me Koban hana 'ike loea. Lākou ko läkou 'i hoʻopuehuʻia ma ka Caucasus.

kahiko moʻolelo

Aie i ka mea i ka mōʻaukala o ka mea kahiko Chechnya i wahi i loko o ka wa e kaawale aku o ka centralized moku'āina, nā hanana mea paʻakikī loa e hoʻoponopono a ka Middle Ages. Ua ua ike wale ia i loko o ka IX kenekulia ka Vainakh i subordinated i kā lākou mau hoalauna, nana i hana i ke aupuni o ke Alania a me ka mauna Avars. Latest i loko o ka VI-XI kenekulia noho i loko o ka moku'āina a me kona kapikala ma Sarir Tanus. He noteworthy i loaʻa i ua laha o Hoʻomana Mohameka a me Kristiano. Naʻe, i ka mōʻaukala o Chechnya ua like ia me ka Chechens lilo Nā Poʻe Isalama (i kū'ē, no kekahi laʻana, ma luna o kona mau hoalauna Georgians).

Ma ka XIII kenekulia hoomaka Mongol kaua. Mai Chechens waiho wela makau mau poʻe a pau lehulehu. E like me ka hiki i kekahi kuhiakau (ia i ua mau hoa), i ka mea ia manawa ia i hana mai i ka mea mua i kakahiaka nui feudal moku'āina Vainakh. Kēia ho okumu i ole mau loa ana, a ua luku i ke kaua o Tamerlane ma ka hopena o XIV kenekulia.

leki

No ka lōʻihi manawa i ka pāpū ma ka wawae o ka Caucasus Mountains i hoi malalo o ko Turkic-olelo ana ohana. No ia mea, Chechen moʻolelo ua mau ua ua hoʻopili i nā kuahiwi. Ke Aloha Hawaii o kona noho kekahi i hanaʻia e like me nā hua'ōlelo o ke kuana. Ma kaʻawale kauhale, i kekahi manawa, alakai wale kekahi alahele, i kekahi lipine. O lakou ka kenekoa ē aʻei hana ma lalo o tribal affiliation.

Ku ae la ma ke Middle Ages, leki nō nei, a eia nō nui i kŰia no ka mea a pau Chechen lehulehu. Mau ahahui i hana e hoʻopale ai e ku e iaʻano pākīkē mau hoalauna. Mōʻaukala mea replete me ka Chechen kaua a me kāna hana e lawelawe. Nāʻohana originated i ka aoao o ke koko hoʻopaʻi. Keia moolelo Ua lawe mai kona mau peculiarities i ka pili aloha ma waena teips. Inā ke kue flared i waena o kekahi mau kanaka,ʻo ia pono escalated i loko o tribal kaua a hiki i ka piha loa ana o ka enemi. Oia ua i ka moʻolelo o Chechnya, mai ka manawa kahiko o kēia'āina. Vendetta ola no ka lōʻihi loa manawa hope teip'ōnaehana i auou caiaiai ka moku'āina i loko o ka mau ano o ka olelo i ka hailona.

hoomana

Information about mea ua kahiko mōʻaukala o Chechnya, i ka manawa aneane i ole ola. Kekahi hulikoehana loaa paipai i ka Vainakh i ai i ka XI kenekulia he pegana. Ka mea, hoomana aku la i ka pantheon o kūloko akua. Ka Chechens i ka cult o ka maoli a me nā mea a pau kona ano hiʻona: .. Sacred kiʻi oʻAseterota, mauna, laau, etc. It mea, he pono ole he kilo no, hana uhane a me ka 'ē aʻe esoteric hana.

I ka XI-XII CC. ma ka māhele o ka Caucasus hoomaka ae la e hohola Kristiano i hele mai, mai Georgia a me Byzantium. Soon, nae, Constantinople aupuni a pau e hina. Kristiano i UAIAaIN e Sunni Hoʻomana Mohameka. Chechens Ua hookama ia mai hoalauna Kumyks a me ka Gula iā Goga. Ingush lilo Nā Poʻe Isalama i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, a me ka poʻe e noho ana o kākou mauna kauhale - i loko o ka XVII kenekulia. Akā, no ka mea, he lōʻihi manawa, Hoʻomana Mohameka hiki i pili i ka nohona oihana i mea nui hou ma muli o ke aupuni kuʻuna Hawaiʻi. Wale i ka pau ana o ka XVIII kenekulia Sunnism ma Chechnya i pili ana i ka ia kulana like ma ¶ʻO'Araba'āina. Ua Ua pili me ka mea i hoʻomana ua lilo nui i koʻi i loko o ka kaua e kū'ē i ka Lūkini Orthodox 'uao. Inaina o ka malihini ignitedʻaʻole wale nō ma luna o ka 'āina akā, i ma luna o kaʻoihana kai.

XVI kenekulia

Ma ka XVI kenekulia, hoomaka ae la ka Chechens e noho ma ka mea nele papu ma ke awawa o ka muliwai Terek. I ka Ia manawa, noho iho la ka hapanui o na kanaka ma na mauna, ua hakuloli i kā lākou 'āina. Hele akau huli i ka maikaʻi ola ma laila. Ka heluna kanaka maoli ai ulu, a i hiki ole no ia kumuwaiwai ua lawa. Ka eha a me ka wi, hoʻoikaika ihola na leki, e noho ma luna o hou aina. Nā colonists kūkulu i ka uuku kauhale, a i kapaia ma ka inoa o ke ano keia ano. Part o ka wahi inoa malamaia a hiki i kēia lā.

Mōʻaukala o Chechnya, mai ka manawa kahiko, ua pili i ka pilikia ma ka aoao o na nomads. Akā, i loko o ka XVI kenekulia, ka mea, ua lilo loa emi ikaika. Zolotaya Orda disintegrated. He ulus mau ma ke kaua ana me kekahi i kekahi, no ke aha la hiki ole hookupaa nui ae i ka mana hoʻomalu ma luna o kona hoalauna. Eia hou, ka mea, ua laila e hoʻomaka i ke anoe o Russian aupuni a pau. I ka 1560. Ka mea, Ua lanakila Kazan a me Astrakhan Khanate. Ivan Grozny i hooponopono ma luna o nā mea a pau o ka Volga, pela loaa komo i ka Caspian Sea, a me ka Caucasus. Ma Rusia ma ka mauna i ua kupaʻa allies i loko o ka maka o Kabardian aliʻi (Ivan Grozny a hiki mare Mary Temryukovna - ke kaikamahine a ke alii o Temryuk Kabardian).

Ka mua hui 'ana me Rusia

I ka 1567, ka mea i hoʻokumu i ka Terek Lūkini halepaahao. Keia ua Ivana Groznogo noi Temryuk, ka poe i manao e kōkua i ke aliʻi i loko o kue me ka Crimean Khan - pio e ana o ka Ottoman Suletana. Ke kukulu kahua ana o ka pā kaua,ʻo ia ka waha o ka muliwai Sunzha - Terek hookupu. Ka mea, ua ka mua Lūkini hooponopono i loko o ka wahi koke o ka aina Chechen. No ka lōʻihi manawa ka mea, ua ka springboard Terek halepaahao Moscow anoe? I loko o ka Caucasus.

Colonists he Greben Cossacks, ka poe i makau i ke ola i mamao haole'āina, a me kā lākou hana, e hoomalu aku i ka pono o ka mō'ī. Ka mea, ua hoʻokumu ka hui 'ana me ka kūloko kamaaina. I ka moolelo o ka Chechen kanaka hoihoi i loko o Grozny, aʻo ia i ka mea mua Chechen kauoha malu, a hoouna aku la i ka ikaika Prince Shih-Murza Okotsky. He noi no ka palekana mai Moscow. Ua haawi ae ia i ke keiki a Ivan Groznogo Fedor Ioannovich. Naʻe, i kēia kuikahi i ole mau loa ana. I ka 1610, Shih-Murza i pepehiia, i kona hooilina hana hewa, a hoopio iho la i ka na'lii a kokoke ohana Kumyks.

Chechen a Terek Cossacks

Back i ka 1577, ka mea i hana i ka Terek Cossacks, i ke kumu o ka a ua like E neʻe i mai ka Don, Chopra a me Volga Cossacks a me Orthodox Circassians, Ossetians, Georgians a me ka Armenians. Recent holo mai ka Peresia a me ka Turkish anoe. He nui no ia i lilo Russified. Kiʻekiʻe Cossack ke kaupaona ua nui. Kēia hiki ole ole i ka kaʻina hana Chechnya. Nā kêia kanaka o ke kaua mua ma waena o nā highlanders a Cossacks ua i paa, akā, e ho'ōla clashes lilo oi pinepine a me ka commonplace.

Chechens a me nā 'ōiwi kanaka o ka Caucasus o ke kahua kaua, e hopu na holoholona laka a me nā pono keia mau mea? Iecaianoaaiiuo. Pinepine i lawe i nā civilians aku i ka noho pio ana, a ma hope hoʻi no ka uku 'ole ana ia lakou i poe kauwa. Ma muli o, ke Cossacks kekahi o ke kahua kaua i loko o nā mauna, a looted kauhale. Aka hoi, i na hihia a pau i ke koe ma mua o ka noho alii ana. Pinepine ka mea, he wā lōʻihi o ka maluhia, i ka wa i kuai na hoalauna a me kekahi i kekahi, a hoomakaukau lakou ia lakou iho me ka ohana ano laulea. Over manawa, ka Chechens, i aie mai i ka Cossacks kekahi hiʻona o ka mahiʻai, a me na Cossacks, ma ka huli, hoomaka ae la e komo kapa, mea i like loa me ka mauna.

XVIII kenekulia

I ka lua o ka hapalua o ka XVIII kenekulia i loko o ka North Caucasus i koho ma ka hana o ka hou Lūkini paʻa i laina. Ua oia mai o kekahi mau wahi paa a, ma ka hou noho i hele mai. I ka 1763, ua hookumuia oia Mozdok, laila Ekaterinodarskaya, Pavlovskaya, Maryinskaya, St. George.

Mau pakaua Ua auou caiaiai Terek halepaahao i Chechens hiki e hoʻokele i ka eke i kekahi lā. Ia manawa, i loko o nā makahiki 80 ma Chechnya hoomaka ae la e hohola Sharia neʻe. Ua lilo Popular slogans o jihad - kaua no ka Islamic manaoio.

Haole kaua

Islamic theocratic moku'āina ma Chechnya - I ka 1829 ka Haole Imamate i hoʻokumu. I ka Ia manawa i ka aina i loaa ia ia kona mau aupuni meʻe Shamil. I ka 1834, ua lilo iho la i imam. He hoʻolohe Dagestan a me Chechnya. Hohola ae la oia i ka moolelo o ka muli, a me kona mana e pili ana me ke kaua e kū'ē i ka Lūkini? anoe? i loko o ka North Caucasus.

Kaua Chechens hoomau iho la oia no kekahi mau makahiki. Ma ka kekahi kahua Haole War intertwined me ka kaua e ku e ia Peresia, e like me ka Crimean War, ka wā Western Europa aina kū'ē Rusia. He kōkua Chechnya ke helu? History Nokhchi moku'āina i loko o ka XIX kenekulia makemake ole i ka lilo ana o ka loa, ina ole no ke kākoʻo mai o ka Ottoman aupuni a pau. A nae, hoʻowahāwahā i ka mea i ke Suletana kōkua mountaineers, Chechnya i hope lanakila i ka 1859. Shamil Ua pio mua, a laila, noho iho la ia ma honorary hoʻokuewa wale 'ia i loko o Kaluga.

Ke kukuluia'na o ka Soviet mana

Ma hope o ka FebruaryʻOiʻenehana o Chechen gangs i hoomaka ai e hoouka aku i ke kaiāulu o Grozny a me Vladikavkaz alahao. Ma ka haule ana o ka 1917 a hiki i ka mua o ka First World War, oia hoi i kā lākou'āina no laila,-kapaia "maoli mahele." Ua oia o Chechens. Ka mahele i kekahi maoli kaua me ka Terek Cossacks.

Soon ma Petrograd Bolsheviks hele mai i ka mana. Lākou Red koa i hele mai i Grozny ma January 1918. Part Chechens kākoʻo i ka Soviet mana, ka mea'ē aʻe, hele akula i ka mauna, a ua kokua keʻokeʻo'ē aʻe. No ka February 1919 Grozny ua ma lalo o ka mana o nā poʻe hao wale Petra Vrangelya, a me kona Beritania allies. Ua Ua wale nō i loko o Malaki 1920, i ka Army Red hope kukulu ai i loko o ke kapikala o Chechnya.

deportation

I ka 1936, he hou Chechen-Ingush hana nona iho Soviet Socialist Repubalika i hoʻokumu. Ia manawa, ma ka mauna, he guerrillas nana lakou i ku i ka Bolsheviks. Ua lukuia o ka hope o ia gangs i ka 1938. Ke hoʻokaʻawale akā, e hoʻolaha i ka aoao o ka makaainana o ka repubalika i koe.

Soon ka Great Patriotic War, i loli a me Chechnya, a me Rusia. I ka moolelo o ka paio a me ka Kelemānia kūpono 'i loko o ka Caucasus, i pono like ma luna o nā mea a pau'ē aʻe fronts i luna' no ka mea Soviet hao wale. Kaumaha ka pōʻino i huiʻia ma ka muli o Chechen pūʻulu i hana ku e aku i ka Red Army paha e noho ana i loko o collusion me ka Nazis.

Ua haawi ala i ka Soviet alakaʻi, e hoʻomaka repression ku ei na kanaka a pau. February 23, makahiki 1944 a pau o ka Chechens a me Ingush hoalauna, nānā 'ole o ko lākou e pili ana i ka Soviet Union, i deported i Central Asia.

Ichkeria

e hiki ke hoʻi i kā lākou'āina wale nō i loko o 1957 Chechens. Ma hope iho o ka'opi o ka Soviet Union, i ka lānai hou hoalaiaʻe auanei ka hookaawale naʻau i loko i loko o ke aupuni. I ka makahiki 1991, ma Grozny, i kukala aku ai i ka Chechen Repubalika o Ichkeria. No kekahi manawa ka mea, kāna hana e lawelawe me ke aupuni pekelala ke aupuni i loko o ka paʻahau moku'āina. I ka 1994, Russian Peresidena Boris Yeltsin ua hoʻoholo ihola e hoʻolauna kaua i Chechnya e mana e hoihoi ma laila ma Moscow. Kauoha aku, i kapaʻia ai ka hana "hooikaika ana e malama i ke Kumukanawai kauoha."

Ka mua Chechen kaua i pau ai August 31, 1996, i ka wa a ka Khasavyurt aelike i kakauinoaia. I mea, keia kuikahi hana withdrawal o pekelala poʻe hao wale, mai Ichkeria. Na aoao eluaʻae e hooholo i ke kūlana o Chechnya a December 31, 2001. Me ka hoouka kaua o World Ichkeria lilo kuokoa, naʻe ka mea, ua 'aelike i ike ma Moscow.

modernity

A hiki ma hope o ka hōʻailona o ka Khasavyurt mauʻaelike, ke kahua ma ka mokuna me Chechnya koe'āina kaumaha. Lepupalika lilo i puʻuhonua no extremists, Islamists a me mercenaries pono hewa. August 7th Brigade gunmen Shamilya Basaeva a me Khattab kaua akula kokoke Dagestan. Nā extremists makemake e ho okumu ma luna o ka mokuna o ka kūʻokoʻa Islamic moku'āina.

I ka moolelo o Chechnya a me Dagestan ka loa like, a me ka ole wale no o ka mea Leeuwerikplein koke, akā, no hoi, no ka aʻo Kīwala'ō o ka lāhui a me ka haipule haku mele 'ana o ka heluna kanaka. Pekelala hao wale hoomaka loan-ka weliweli hana. Mua, ua kiola mai militants, mai ka aina mai o Dagestan. A laila, hou-komo ka Lūkini kaua ma Chechnya. Hana koa pae o ke kai eʻe i pau ai i loko o ke kauwela o ka makahiki 2000, ka wā āna i hooakea ai o Grozny. Ma hope iho ua kauoha aku nō ma luna o 9 makahiki koe counterterrorist hana. I kēia lā Chechnya - kekahi piha o ka Russian Hui.